Factor In Destabilization Research Articles

Moving Beyond the Hierarchical Approach to Legal Pluralism in the South Pacific

In countries of the South Pacific, societies are often discussed in terms of the dichotomy between ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’. Similarly, legal systems are often described by reference to the dichotomy between ‘customary’ or ‘traditional’ law and ‘state law’, and between ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ justice. In fact, these divisions are becoming a thing of the past, gradually blurred by changes in the pattern of society and by the interaction between different systems of law. Further, the approach taken to the accommodation of customary law, which has been to formally ‘recognise’ it in constitutions, has, at least in theory, put an end to its independent operation. In the search for a more effective approach to legal pluralism, the existing dichotomy may often obscure a more complex interplay between the interwoven spheres of ‘traditional law’ and ‘state law’ and a new sphere of ‘blended’ law. In each of these spheres there are uncertainties, including questions of definition and scope, which constitute a potentially destabilising factor and have significant rule of law implications.Commencing with an overview of the different sources and types of law within the ‘customary’ and ‘state’ law spheres in the South Pacific region, this paper discusses some of the uncertainties and tensions that arise from pluralism in practice. Examples drawn mainly from Solomon Islands are used to illustrate the various ways in which the lines between customary law and state law have been blurred. These include attempts to incorporate customary law in statutes. Two examples of statutes which provide for this are considered, and the case-law arising from them is discussed.Commencing with an overview of the different sources and types of law within the ߢcustomaryߣ and ߢstateߣ law spheres in the South Pacific region, this paper discusses some of the uncertainties and tensions that arise from pluralism in practice. Examples drawn mainly from Solomon Islands are used to illustrate the various ways in which the lines between customary law and state law have been blurred. These include attempts to incorporate customary law in statutes. Two examples of statutes which provide for this are considered, and the case-law arising from them is discussed

Colony Dehydration and Water Collection by Specialized Caste in the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta Sexdens Rubropilosa

Social organization enables leaf-cutting ants to keep appropriate micro-ecological nest conditions for the fungus garden (their main food), eggs, larvae and adults. To maintain stability while facing changing conditions, individual ants must perceive destabilising factors and produce a proper behavioral response. We investigated behavioral responses to experimental dehydration in leaf-cutting ants to verify if task specialization exists, and to quantify the ability of ant sub-colonies for water management. Our setup consisted of fourteen sub-colonies, ten of which were randomly assigned to different levels of experimental dehydration with silica gel, whereas the remaining four were controls. The ten experimental sub-colonies were split into two groups, so that five of them had access to water. Diverse ant morphs searched for water in dehydrated colonies, but mainly a caste of small ants collected water after sources had been discovered. Size specialization for water collection was replicable in shorter experiments with three additional colonies. Ants of dehydrated colonies accumulated leaf-fragments on the nest entrance, and covering the fungus garden. Behaviors that may enhance humidity within the nests were common to all dehydration treatments. Water availability increased the life span of dehydrated colonies.

Neuromusculoskeletal Torque-Generation Process Has a Large Destabilizing Effect on the Control Mechanism of Quiet Standing

The delay of the sensory-motor feedback loop is a destabilizing factor within the neural control mechanism of quiet standing. The purposes of this study were 1) to experimentally identify the neuromusculoskeletal torque-generation process during standing posture and 2) to investigate the effect of the delay induced by this system on the control mechanism of balance during quiet standing. Ten healthy adults participated in this study. The ankle torque, ankle angle, and electromyograms from the right lower leg muscles were measured. A ground-fixed support device was used to support the subject at his/her knees, without changing the natural ankle angle during quiet standing. Each subject was asked to mimic the ankle torque fluctuation by exerting voluntary ankle extension while keeping the supported standing posture. Using the rectified soleus electromyogram as the input and the ankle torque as the output, a critically damped, second-order system (twitch contraction time of 0.152 +/- 0.027 s) successfully described the dynamics of the torque-generation process. According to the performed Bode analysis, the phase delay induced by this torque-generation process in the frequency region of spontaneous body sway during quiet standing was considerably large, corresponding to an effective time delay of about 200 to 380 ms. We compared the stability of the balance control system with and without the torque-generation process and demonstrated that a much smaller number of gain combinations can stabilize the model with the torque-generation process than without it. We concluded that the phase delay induced by the torque-generation process is a more destabilizing factor in the control mechanism of quiet standing than previously assumed, which restricts the control strategies that can stabilize the entire system.

Kashmiri separatism and Pakistan in the current global environment

The theme of this paper is to review the extent to which, in the post-9/11 environment, it became difficult for Pakistan to continue its covert support of the Kashmiri separatist movement at the same time as assisting the United States and its allies in the global ‘War on Terror’. The paper will explain the origins of Pakistan's support and also examine the potential that the dispute between India and Pakistan over the state of Jammu and Kashmir still has to act as a de-stabilising factor in Pakistan and the region. The argument is that the Kashmir issue no longer has the same explosive characteristics it had 20 years or even 10 years ago, and that a genuine attempt has been made by the Pakistan government to curtail cross-border terrorism—although it has not been entirely successful, mainly because the militant groups have succeeded in establishing a momentum of their own. Yet, even after 60 years, there remains a general reluctance to let go of the Kashmir issue without some tangible political gain.

Theoretical study on the stability and mechanical property of Cr 7C 3

The ground state properties of Cr 7C 3 cell are studied in this paper by using first-principles calculations; the covalent bond in this compound is a kind of p and d hybridization between carbon (C) and chromium (Cr). The Fermi surface of projected density of states (PDOS) is dominated by d bands of Cr atoms and the whole structure has a metallic character. The calculated formation enthalpy is −116.55 and −120 kJ/mol for Pnma and Pmcn, respectively. We use two empirical equations of state (EOS) to investigate the lattice properties. The obtained average bulk modulus value is 308 GPa and the estimated mean shear modulus is 143.85 GPa, both of these two values are larger than Fe 3C and Fe 2B. The population analysis reveals some destabilization factors exist in Fe 2B and Fe 3C, but the attractive interactions for Cr 7C 3 are dispersed in the whole crystal. Due to the above reasons, we conclude that mechanical property and chemical stability of Cr 7C 3 are both much better than Fe 2B and Fe 3C.

Loss of concentrated organic matter by rocks during catagenesis: A factor of geodynamic destabilization

Loss of concentrated organic matter by rocks during catagenesis: A factor of geodynamic destabilization

A Quantitative Scale for the Degree of Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity: A Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Enthalpies of Hydrogenation

Chemical structures and transition states are often influenced by aromatic stabilization or antiaromatic destabilizing effects, which are not easy to characterize theoretically. The exact description and precise quantification of the aromatic characteristics of ring structures is difficult and requires special theoretical investigation. The present paper suggests a novel, yet simple, method to quantify both aromatic and antiaromatic qualities on the same linear scale, by using the experimentally measured or theoretically computed enthalpy of hydrogenation reaction of the compound examined [DeltaHH2(examined)]. A reference hydrogenation reaction is also considered on a corresponding nonaromatic reference compound [DeltaHH2(reference)] to cancel all secondary structure destabilization factors, such as ring strain or double bond strain. From these data the relative enthalpy of hydrogenation may easily be calculated: DeltaDeltaHH2=DeltaHH2(examined)-DeltaHH2(reference). In the present work concept, the DeltaDeltaHH2 value of benzene defines the completely aromatic character (+100%), and the closed shell of the singlet cyclobutadiene represents maximum antiaromaticity (-100%). The component DeltaHH2 values were computed at different levels of theory offering a computational "method-independent" measure for aromaticity. A total of 28 well-known aromatic, antiaromatic and nonaromatic, neutral and charged compounds were examined to demonstrate the efficiency of this methodology. Finally, a correlation was made between the calculated aromaticity percentage of the compound examined and their popular Schleyers NICS values.

Community Building Education and Greek Diasporic Networks

Globalisation has proven a prevailing and flexible system with great impact on social, economic and political values and principles. In addition, globalisation was a destabilizing factor for ethnicity due to the greater global connectedness and de-territorialisation (ethnicities are not tied to any specific territory of polity) of the symbolic links between individual and their imagined communities. The continuous immigration flows show that normative expectations for assimilation were interrupted by experiences of people who maintained multicultural, multilingual and diasporic attachments to places outside the national shore. At the same time global market crises and the loss of public social and economic security have been said to lead to a more sophisticated version of the old assimilationism (the fear about racial differentiation-the racial 'others') and nationalisms. Finally, globalisation has had a profound impact on education and in particular ethnic schooling by forcing educational agencies to reposition themselves. Rethinking the role of part-time school networks is, thus, an urgent task. The new complexities of the knowledge economy demand new thinking and contemporary skills and attributes as well as the capacity to deal with cultural diversity. Education needs to develop global learners open to autonomous, assisted and collaborative learning enhancing at the same time their global/diasporic consciousness and sense of identity. The globalisation of education provides opportunities for building transnational and diasporic collectivities thought collaborative action learning projects among global students. This paper will focus on the so-called cultural globalisation and the dynamics of diasporic educational networks as change forces.

Differential regulation of ARE-mediated TNFα and IL-1β mRNA stability by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 cells

Messenger RNA degradation is a mechanism by which eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression and influence cell growth and differentiation. Many protooncogene, cytokine, and growth factor RNAs contain AU-rich element (AREs) in the 3′untranslated regions which enable them to be targeted for rapid degradation. To investigate the mechanism of ARE-mediated RNA stability, we demonstrate the expression and regulation of TNFα and IL-1β mRNAs in LPS-stimulated macrophages. TNFα mRNA was rapidly induced by LPS and showed short half-life at 2-h induction, whereas IL-1β mRNA was induced slowly and had longer half-life. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the LPS-induced destabilization factor tristetraprolin (TTP) could bind to TNFα ARE with higher affinity than to IL-1β ARE. HuR was identified to interact with TNFα ARE to exert RNA stabilization activity. The expression and phosphorylation of TTP could be activated by p38 MAPK pathway during LPS stimulation. Moreover, ectopic expression with TTP and kinases in p38 pathway followed by biochemical assays showed that the activation of p38 pathway resulted in the phosphorylation of TTP and a decrease in its RNA-binding activity. The ARE-containing reporter assay presented that the p38 signal could reverse the inhibitory activity of TTP on IL-1β ARE but not on TNFα ARE. The present results indicate that the heterogeneity of AREs from TNFα and IL-1β could reflect distinct ARE-binding proteins to modulate their RNA expression.

Positive effects of a physiological dose of GH on markers of atherogenesis: a placebo-controlled study in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency

GH deficiency is associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality. Fifty-five patients with adult-onset GH deficiency (AO-GHD) (24 female, 31 male, mean age 49 years) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study to investigate the effects of GH therapy on a variety of cardiovascular risk factors representing different aspects of atherogenesis, including apolipo-proteins (Apo A-1, Apo B), markers of subclinical inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6) and markers of endothelial function (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, von Willebrand factor and sCD40L (a pro-atherogenic factor and marker for plaque destabilization)). GH therapy was individually dosed to obtain an IGF-I concentration within the normal range for age and sex. GH and placebo were administered for 9 months each, separated by a 4 month washout period. The final mean dose of GH was 50% higher for women and IGF-I increased to the same level in both sexes. Compared with placebo, substitution with GH showed a significant effect on Apo B (mean change -0.15 (-0.22 to -0.08) mg/l) and CRP (-1.8 (-3.3 to -0.3) mg/l). The baseline level of and change in IGF-I during treatment with GH contributed significantly to the improvement in both markers. No effects were found on interleukin-6 or Apo A-1, or on markers of endothelial function. No gender differences were observed for any of the markers at baseline or following intervention. GH substitution to naïve patients with AO-GHD at a low, individually titrated dose aiming at normalizing IGF-I was followed by significant reductions in Apo B and CRP, indicating a positive effect of GH on cardiovascular risk.

Serum levels of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction

OPG (osteoprotegerin) has been suggested to have an important role in atherogenesis and vascular calcification. In the present study, we have investigated serum OPG and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand) concentrations in patients with ST elevation AMI (acute myocardial infarction) and established CAD (coronary artery disease). OPG and RANKL were measured in 58 male patients hospitalized in the coronary care unit with ST elevation AMI, in 52 asymptomatic male patients with an established diagnosis of CAD and in 52 healthy male controls. These last two groups were matched with the AMI patients for age and body mass index. OPG was significantly (P<0.05) higher in patients with AMI at 1 h after AMI (8.04+/-4.86 pmol/l) than in both patients with established CAD (4.92+/-1.65 pmol/l) and healthy subjects (3.15+/-1.01 pmol/l). Subjects with established CAD had significantly (P<0.05) increased OPG levels compared with controls. RANKL levels in patients with established CAD (0.02+/-0.05 pmol/l) and with AMI (0.11+/-0.4 pmol/l) were significantly (P<0.05) lower compared with controls (0.32+/-0.35 pmol/l). In the AMI group, OPG decreased significantly (P<0.05) at 1 and 4 weeks after infarction (8.04+/-4.86 compared with 6.38+/-3.87 and 6.55+/-2.6 pmol/l respectively), but OPG levels, either at 1 h or 1-4 weeks after AMI, remained significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with established CAD (4.92+/-1.65 pmol/l) and controls (3.15+/-1.01 pmol/l). Our data show for the first time that OPG levels are increased in ST elevation AMI within 1 h of infarction. Whether the increase in OPG is a consequence or a causal factor of plaque destabilization deserves further investigation.

Role of Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Disease

The role of angiogenesis in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases has emerged as a major unresolved issue. Angiogenesis has attracted interest from opposite perspectives. Angiogenic cytokine therapy has been widely regarded as an attractive approach both for treating ischemic heart disease and for enhancing arterioprotective functions of the endothelium; conversely, a variety of studies suggest that neovascularization contributes to the growth of atherosclerotic lesions and is a key factor in plaque destabilization leading to rupture. Here, we critically review the evidence supporting a role for angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in atherosclerosis and neointima formation, emphasizing the problems raised by some of the landmark studies and the suitability of animal models of atherosclerosis and neointimal thickening for investigating the role of angiogenesis. Because many of the relevant studies have focused on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), we consider this work in the wider context of VEGF biology and in light of recent experience from clinical trials of VEGF and other angiogenic cytokines for ischemic heart disease. Also discussed are recent findings suggesting that, although angiogenesis may contribute to neointimal growth, it is not required for the initiation of intimal thickening. Our assessment of the evidence leads us to conclude that, although microvessels are a feature of advanced human atherosclerotic plaques, it remains unclear whether angiogenesis either plays a central role in the development of atherosclerosis or is responsible for plaque instability. Furthermore, current evidence from clinical trials of both proangiogenic and antiangiogenic therapies does not suggest that inhibition of angiogenesis is likely to be a viable therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease.

The parkinsonism producing neurotoxin MPP + affects microtubule dynamics by acting as a destabilising factor

Dysfunction of the microtubule system is emerging as a contributing factor in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Looking for the potential role played by the microtubule cytoskeleton in neuron degeneration underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD), we investigate the influence of the parkinsonism producing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) on microtubule dynamics. We find that it acts as a strong catastrophe promoter causing a decrease of the average length of microtubules assembled from purified tubulin. We also find that it reduces the number of microtubules nucleated from purified centrosomes. Finally, binding assays demonstrate that the neurotoxin binds specifically to tubulin in the microtubule lattice in a close to stoichiometric manner. This paper provides the first evidence that dynamic instability of microtubules is specifically affected by MPP + and suggests that it could play a role in neuronal cell death underlying PD.

Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Vulnerability to Rupture

Observational studies of necrotic core progression identify intraplaque hemorrhage as a critical factor in atherosclerotic plaque growth and destabilization. The rapid accumulation of erythrocyte membranes causes an abrupt change in plaque substrate characterized by increased free cholesterol within the lipid core and excessive macrophage infiltration. Neoangiogenesis is associated closely with plaque progression, and microvascular incompetence is a likely source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Intimal neovascularization is predominantly thought to arise from the adventitia, where there are a plethora of pre-existing vasa vasorum. In lesions that have early necrotic cores, the majority of vessels invading from the adventitia occur at specific sites of medial wall disruption. A breech in the medial wall likely facilitates the rapid in-growth of microvessels from the adventitia, and exposure to an atherosclerotic environment stimulates abnormal vascular development characterized by disorganized branching and immature endothelial tubes with "leaky" imperfect linings. This network of immature blood vessels is a viable source of intraplaque hemorrhage providing erythrocyte-derived phospholipids and free cholesterol. The rapid change in plaque substrate caused by the excessive accumulation of erythrocytes may promote the transition from a stable to an unstable lesion. This review discusses the potential role of intraplaque vasa vasorum in lesion instability as it relates to plaque rupture.

Portfolio Insurance Strategies by a Large Player

Market liquidity risk refers to the degree to which large size transactions can be carried out in a timely fashion with minimal impact on prices. Emphasized by the G10 report in 1993 and the BIS report in 1997, it is one factor of destabilization in the financial markets, as illustrated recently by the Asian crisis, the failure of the hedge fund LTCM during the Russian crisis. So in order to assess welfare implications of portfolio insurance strategies, it would be to estimate the dynamic hedging activity in securities markets through a specific parsimonious and realistic model. In the paper, large traders hold sufficient liquid assets to meet liquidity needs of other traders, and so bear the risk of their imbalanced derivatives portfolio. As ar esult of their dynamic hedging strategies, through endogenous non-linear positive effects, they buy and sell derivatives at prices shifted by an amount that depends on their net holding. We show how dynamic hedging may directly and endogenously give rise to empirically observed bid-offer spreads, of which we then analyse the two main underlying factors: inventory holding costs and informational asymmetry, thus requiring specific strategic trades in order to tackle portfolio insurance strategy paradox. More specifically we offer partial hedging strategies, such as “feedback volatility” pricing and state-dependent threshold value strategies, illustrating a trade-off between maximizing expected gains and minimizing mis-hedging risk. Moreover we also discuss delicate positions’ gamma hedging, which requires creating vega positions in order to profit from the feedback volatility, in both long and short term. Finally we model the information asymmetry linked to the specific structure of the options portfolio and devise intertemporal arbitrage strategies for the large player.

Evidence for vascular macrophage migration inhibitory factor in destabilization of human atherosclerotic plaques

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential role of MIF in the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by stimulation of vascular MMP-1 expression. MIF and matrix metalloproteinase protein-1 (MMP-1) expression in human atherosclerotic plaques were determined by immunohistochemistry. The functional activity of MIF was examined by its ability to induce MMP-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. Two-color immunohistochemistry demonstrated that MIF was strongly upregulated in vulnerable, but not in fibrous plaques. Upregulation of vascular MIF was associated with macrophage accumulation (p<0.01), strong expression of vascular MMP-1 (p<0.001), and collagenolysis in vulnerable atheromatous plaques, but not in the fibrous lesions. Co-expression of MIF and MMP-1 in vulnerable atheromatous plaques appeared to contribute to the weakening of fibrous caps and plaque disruption. The role of MIF in vascular MMP-1 expression was demonstrated by the ability of MIF to directly stimulate VSMCs to express MMP-1 mRNA and protein, and to increase MMP-1 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was blocked by a neutralizing MIF antibody (p<0.001). MIF and MMP-1 are markedly upregulated in vulnerable atheromatous plaques and are associated with the weakening of the fibrous cap. The ability of MIF to induce MMP-1 expression and collagenolytic activity in VSMCs suggests that MIF may play a role in the destabilization of human atherosclerotic plaques.

The Effect of Molecular Crowding with Nucleotide Length and Cosolute Structure on DNA Duplex Stability

The thermodynamics of DNA duplex structures in the presence of high concentrations of cosolutes in solution were investigated to discern nucleic acid structures and functions in living cells. In the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (MW = 200-8000), the stability of the oligomer DNA duplexes with differing nucleotide length varied, depending on the nucleotide length as well as the size of PEG. It was also revealed that the decrease of water activity is the primary factor for destabilization of the short (8-mer) duplex by addition of high molecular weight PEGs as well as low molecular weight PEGs and other low molecular weight cosolutes. In addition, the number of water molecules taken up per base pair formation was the same for all the PEGs and for 1,2-dimethoxyethane, which was greater than in the cases of glycerol, EG, 1,3-propanediol, and 2-methoxyethanol, suggesting that the solvation of nucleotides may differ, depending on the cosolute structure. These findings are useful not only for understanding nucleic acid structures and functions in cells but also for the design of oligonucleotides applicable for cells, such as antisense nucleic acids, RNAi, and DNA chips.

Oxidation of buried cysteines is slow and an insignificant factor in the structural destabilization of staphylococcal nuclease caused by H2O2 exposure.

The oxidation of buried cysteine or methionine residues can destroy the enzyme activity of a protein by disrupting structure. Engineering in such an oxidatively triggered switch for enzyme activity would only be useful if the effects of substitution are relatively minor, while the effects of the oxidized side chain upon structure are significant and the oxidation relatively easy. To assess the feasibility of this strategy for controlling enzyme activity, the effects of such substitutions and their oxidation were studied in a well characterized model protein, staphylococcal nuclease. Stability and enzyme activity of the oxidized proteins was assessed and compared to the stability and enzyme activity of the unoxidized proteins. Cysteines were found to be generally well tolerated in buried positions but these mutants were not more destabilized than wild-type when oxidized. This shows that buried cysteines are difficult enough to oxidize that this is not likely to be a useful protein engineering strategy or a commonly used regulatory modification. Similar effects were observed for methionine.

Angiopoietins in tumours: the angiogenic switch.

On first view, the literature pertaining to the expression of the angiopoietins in tumours is confusing and does not readily offer a consensus pattern. Apparently conflicting publications report increased, decreased or unchanged expression levels of both angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in a wide range of tumours. However, closer scrutiny of the literature, taking into account relative increases or decreases of each factor, reveals a consensus pattern, seen in almost all instances of expression profiling of the angiopoietins in tumours. What becomes apparent is that although absolute levels of either angiopoietin may increase or decrease, the ratio of Ang-1:Ang-2 shifts in favour of Ang-2. Given that Ang-2 is a destabilization factor, rendering vasculature in a more plastic state amenable to sprouting (under the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or regression, this analysis suggests that tumours shift the angiogenic balance towards a pro-angiogenic state through altering the balance between the angiopoietins. This in turn implicates Ang-2 as a candidate for the angiogenic switch and also as an important potential therapeutic target.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of cation distribution in MgAl 2 O 4 ?MgFe 2 O 4 spinel solid solution

Synthesis experiments in the system MgAl2O4–MgFe2O4 [MgAl2− x Fe x O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2)] were carried out using a PbF2 flux. The crystalline products synthesized in the compositional range of 0.6 <x ≤ 1.2 consisted of two spinel phases, whereas those synthesized in the compositional ranges of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 and 1.2 < x ≤ 2.0 crystallized as single spinel phases. Structure refinements of the spinel single crystals, which grew in the ranges of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 and 1.2 < x ≤ 2.0, show that the degree of randomness of cation distribution between A and B sites increases as x approaches the two-phase region. This means that the degree of the size mismatch among Mg2+, Fe3+ and Al3+occupying each equivalent mixing site increases as x approaches the two-phase region. Consequently, if the coexistence of two spinels observed in the intermediate compositions reveals the existence of a miscibility gap at low temperatures, this increase in the degree of the size mismatch among the three cations is suggested as a factor of energetic destabilization to form the miscibility gap.