Desoxyribose Nucleic Acid Research Articles

Functional molecular expression of nature killer cells correlated to HBsAg clearance in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients during PEG-IFN α-2a therapy.

To explore whether the frequencies and functional molecules expression of Natural Killer cells (NK cells) are related to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) disappearance in hepatitis B e envelope antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) throughout peginterferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN α-2a) treatment. In this prospective research, HBeAg-positive patients with CHB received PEG-IFN α-2a treatment, completing 4-year follow-up. After PEG-IFN α-2a treatment, undetectable HBV DNA, HBsAg loss, and HBeAg disappearance were defined as functional cure. Proportions of NK, CD56dim, CD56bright, NKp46+, NKp46dim, NKp46high, and interferon alpha receptor 2 (IFNAR2)+ NK cells, and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of NK cell surface receptors IFNAR2 and NKp46 were detected. 66 patients were enrolled into the study in which 17 patients obtained functional cure. At baseline, hepatitis B virus desoxyribose nucleic acid (HBV DNA) titer in patients with functional cure was remarkably lower than that in Non-functional cure group. Compared with baseline, HBV DNA levels, HBsAg levels, and HBeAg levels significantly declined at week 12 and 24 of therapy in patients with functional cure. At baseline, the negative correlation between CD56bright NK% and HBV DNA and the negative correlation between CD56dim NK% and HBV DNA was showed; CD56bright NK% and IFNAR2 MFI in patients with functional cure were remarkably higher than those in patients without functional cure. After therapy, CD56bright NK% and NKp46high NK% in patients with functional cure were higher than those in patients without functional cure. In Functional cure group, after 24 weeks of treatment NK%, CD56bright NK%, IFNAR2 MFI weakly increased, and NKp46high NK% and NKp46 MFI significantly increased, meanwhile, CD56dim NK% and NKp46dim NK% decreased. Only NKp46 MFI increased after therapy in patients without functional cure. The lower HBV DNA load and the higher CD56bright NK% before therapy, and the higher the post-treatment CD56bright NK%, IFNAR2 MFI, NKp46high NK%, the easier to achieve functional cure.

Cytokine profiles and CD8+ T cells in the occurrence of acute and chronic hepatitis B.

We explore the expression of functional molecules on CD8+ T lymphocytes, cytokines concentration, and their correlation to occurrence of hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus (HBV) desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in patients infected with HBV. This is a single center study. 32 patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB), 30 patients with immune tolerant (IT) phase chronic HBV infected, and 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were enrolled. The activation molecules (CD69) and the apoptosis-inducing molecules (CD178) on surface of CD8+ T lymphocytes were tested by the flow cytometry. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and Interferon α2 (IFN-α2) were quantitated by Luminex assay. We use linear regression analysis to analyze their correlations to ALT, HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg. The frequency of CD69+CD8+ T lymphocytes in CHB and AHB groups were increased significantly compared with IT group (4.19[3.01, 6.18]% and 4.45[2.93, 6.71]% vs. 3.02[2.17, 3.44]%; H=26.207, P=0.001; H=28.585, P=0.002), and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD69 in AHB group was significantly higher than IT and CHB groups (27.35[24.88, 32.25] vs. 20.45[19.05, 27.75] and 23.40[16.78, 28.13]; H=25.832, P=0.005 and H=22.056, P=0.008). In IT group, HBsAg levels and HBV DNA loads were negatively correlated with CD69MFI (β=-0.025, t=-2.613, P=0.014; β=-0.021, t=-2.286, P=0.030), meanwhile, HBeAg was negatively related to the frequency of CD69+CD8+ T lymphocytes (β=-61.306, t=-2.116, P=0.043). In AHB group, IFN-α2 was positively related to the frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes (β=6.798, t=2.629, P=0.016); however, in CHB group, IFN-α2 was negatively associated with frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes (β=-14.534, t=-2.085, P=0.043). In CHB group, HBeAg was positively associated with frequency of CD69+CD8+ T lymphocytes (β=43.912, t=2.027, P=0.048). In AHB group, ALT was positively related to CD69MFI (β=35.042, t=2.896, P=0.007), but HBsAg was negatively related to CD178MFI (β=-0.137, t=-3.273, P=0.003). The activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes was associated with the occurrence of AHB and CHB. However, due to the insufficient expression of functional molecules of CD8+ T lymphocytes and the depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, CHB patients were difficult to recover from HBV infection.

Dynamic Changes of Cytokine Profiles and Virological Markers Associated With HBsAg Loss During Peginterferon Alpha-2a Treatment in HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.

ObjectiveTo explore dynamic changes of cytokines and virological markers associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss during peginterferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN α-2a) treatment in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.MethodsIt was a single-center prospective cohort study. HBeAg-positive CHB patients were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. Cytokines were detected at baseline, week 12 and 24 of PEG-IFN treatment. HBsAg disappearance rate was the primary evaluation index at 48 weeks of PEG-IFN treatment.ResultsAmong 100 patients who completed the 48-week PEG-IFN α-2a treatment, 38 patients achieved serum HBeAg disappearance, 25 patients achieved HBeAg seroconversion, 9 patients achieved functional cure, 37 patients had HBsAg decline of ≥1 log IU/ml, and 8 patients produced hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb). Albumin (ALB), fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3-L) and interferon-alpha2 (IFN-α2) in the clinical cure group were significantly lower than those in the non-clinical-cure group at baseline. After 12 weeks of treatment, HBsAg in the clinical cure group was significantly lower than that in the non-clinical-cure group (median 1.14 vs. 3.45 log10IU/ml, Z=-4.355, P < 0.001). The decrease of HBsAg and hepatitis B virus desoxyribose nucleic acid (HBV DNA) in the clinical cure group was significantly higher than that in non-clinical-cure group (median: HBsAg 1.96 vs. 0.33 log10IU/ml, Z=-4.703, P< 0.001; HBV DNA 4.49 vs.3.13 log10IU/ml, Z=-3.053, P=0.002). The increase of IFN-α2 in the cure group was significantly higher than that in the non-clinical-cure group (497.89 vs. 344.74, Z=-2.126, P=0.034). After 24 weeks of treatment, HBsAg, HBeAg, Flt3-L, and IL-10 in the clinical cure group were significantly lower than those in the non-clinical-cure group (median: HBsAg 0.70 vs. 3.15 log10IU/ml, Z=-4.535, P< 0.001; HBeAg 1.48 vs. 13.72 S/CO, Z = 2.512, P = 0.012; Flt3-l 0.00 vs 2.24 pg/ml, Z = 3.137, P=0.002; IL-10 0.70 vs. 2.71 pg/ml, Z=-4.067, P < 0.001). HBsAg decreased significantly in the clinical cure group compared with non-clinical-cure group (median 3.27 vs. 0.45, Z=-4.463, P < 0.001).ConclusionDynamic changes of cytokines and virology markers during early PEG IFN α-2a treatment were associated with HBsAg loss in HBeAg-positive CHB patients.

Incorporation of Polycaprolactone to Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanocarrier for Potent Gene Delivery

AbstractStability of polyplex and safety are key factors to achieve stable gene transfection and high transfection efficiency. In this report, a star‐like amphiphilic biocompatible cyclodextrin‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐poly(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate), β‐CD‐g‐(PCL‐b‐PDMAEMA) x copolymer, consisting of biocompatible cyclodextrin core, biodegradable and stable poly(ε‐caprolactone) PCL segments, cationic and hydrophilic PDMAEMA blocks, is synthesized to achieve high efficiency of gene transfection with enhanced stability, due to the micelle formation by hydrophobic PCL segments. In comparison with polyethylenimine (PEI‐25k), a golden standard for nonviral vector gene delivery, this copolymer shows higher encapsulated plasmid desoxyribose nucleic acid (pDNA) ability and the persistence of transgene expression. More interestingly, this gene delivery platform by β‐CD‐g‐(PCL‐b‐PDMAEMA) x shows lower toxicity but better gene transfection efficiency at low N/P ratios, indicating high potential in gene therapy applications.

Cyclodextrin-Based Star-Like Amphiphilic Cationic Polymer as a Potential Pharmaceutical Carrier in Macrophages.

Effective delivery of therapeutic genes or small molecular drugs into macrophages is important for cell based immune therapy, but it remains a challenge due to the intracellular reactive oxygen species and endosomal degradation of therapeutics inside immune cells. In this report, the star-like amphiphilic biocompatible β-cyclodextrin-graft-(poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)x (β-CD-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA)x ) copolymer, consisting of a biocompatible cyclodextrin core, hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) PCL segments and hydrophilic PDMAEMA blocks with positive charge, is optimized to achieve high efficiency gene transfection with enhanced stability, due to the micelle formation by hydrophobic PCL segments. In comparison with lipofetamine, a currently popular nonviral gene carrier, β-CD-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA)x copolymer, shows better transfection efficiency of plasmid desoxyribose nucleic acid in RAW264.7 macrophages. More interestingly, this delivery platform by β-CD-g-(PCL-b-PDMAEMA)x not only shows low toxicity but also better dexamethasone delivery efficiency, which might indicate its great potential in immunotherapy.

Molecular biological techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Infectious agents have traditionally been detected in clinical samples by microscopic identification, by isolation after culturing or by detection of a specific host immune response31- Microscopy is useful in identifying bacteria, fungi and parasites, but is generally not able to recognize viruses. Although considered the most sensitive diagnostic method, culture cannot be used routinely in all cases, especially in viral diseases. The progress immunology has achieved in recent years has made possible the detection of many micro­organisms through immunocytochemistry and by different serologic reactions using ELISA and radioimmunoassay. However, some infections cannot be identified due to low amount or absence of relevant antigens or antibodies.In the last few years molecular biology experienced a tremendous advance and provided powerful tools to diagnose many infectious diseases. Today, Desoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA) technology is becoming increasingly used as effective options for the detection of infectious agents. All microbes have their own individuality expressed at the genetic level in their sequences of nucleic acids. The pinpointing of these specific sequences by the procedures described below permits accurate, sensitive and effective diagnosis of a large number of infectious diseases.FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR HYBRIDIZATIONThe rationale for diagnostic molecular biological techiniques is based on nucleic acid

A microspectrophotometric study of desoxyribose nucleic acid content in exfoliative cells of the oral cavity. I. I. A comparison of normal cheek cells with tumor cells

A microspectrophotometric study of desoxyribose nucleic acid content in exfoliative cells of the oral cavity. I. I. A comparison of normal cheek cells with tumor cells

Cellular growth of human placenta: III. Intrauterine growth failure

Placentas from infants with intrauterine growth failure were examined for total organ weight, desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein. In eight infants with severe malformations, the placentas were entirely normal when compared with those from physically normal infants of comparable gestational age. In seventeen infants with low birth weight but with no malformations there was a proportional reduction in weight of the placenta and in its DNA and protein contents; there was, however, a marked elevation of RNA content. Thus protein/DNA was normal whereas the RNA/DNA ratio was elevated. It is suggested that this increased ratio may be a manifestation of placental insufficiency.

Cellular growth in human placenta: II. Diabetes mellitus

Placentas from 10 diabetic and 7 prediabetic women were analyzed for total weight, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). Placentas from all 7 prediabetic and 2 diabetic patients with poorly controlled disease were large for gestational age, whereas those from 8 patients with well-controlled diabetes were at the upper limits of normal in size. However, when compared to fetal weight, all the placentas were at the lower limits of normal. All placentas contained normal quantities of DNA, RNA, and protein for placentas of comparable weight. The increase in placental size is due to an increased number of cells of usual size.

The process of cervical regeneration after electrocauterization. II. Histochemical, autoradiographic and pH study.

summaryDetailed studies were made of certain aspects of regenerating cells produced in response to destruction of cervical erosions by electrocautery. These aspects were local pH variarions by a polarographic technique, autoradiographic studies, studies of the formationof the epithelial basement membrane and phagocyte properties of the regenerating cells.The range of pH environment over the regenerating area was 7‐7.4. There was evidence indicating that lower values induced a keratinproducing epithelium and higher values induced a mucinproducing epithelium. Labelled thymidine incorporation showed desoxyribose nucleic acid sythesis to be active in cells migrating into the wounded area. It was especially active in presumptive squamous epithelium formed by these cells. Ribosenucleic acid synthesis and amino acid uptake was distributed throughout the regenerating tissue but was especially marked in new squamous epithelium.Evidence is presented that the basement membrane of the epithelium is produced by a restriction of the pericellular glycoprotein capsule of the migrating cells to their basal aspect. The capsule beneath each cell then joins its neighbours laterally.Regenerating cells are actively phagocytic toward spermatozoa.

The effect of splenic extract on the reaction of cells to phytohaemagglutinin.

Bain, Vas and Lowenstein (1963, 1964) reported a reaction between peripheral blood leucocytes from different healthy donors, grown together in mixed culture. Cells were mixed in equal numbers in their own plasma following separation from red cells by centrifugation. Control cultures of the cells from each donor were grown separately. Cultures were examined at 5 days. Smears from the mixed cultures showed that some of the cells had undergone blastic transformation and occasional mitoses were observed. Autoradiographs after exposure to 3H‐thymidine revealed a striking increase in cells synthesizing desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) compared with the controls. Other elements of the blood, red cells, platelets, and plasma did not have this effect on homologous leucocytes. Hirschhorn, Bach, Kolodny, Firschein and Hashem (1963) observed a similar reaction with both viable and frozen‐thawed lymphocytes. Skin extracts either from a biopsy specimen, or long‐term cultures of human skin fibroblasts, also produced mitosis when added to lymphocytes of an unrelated individual. Hashem and Rosen (1964) fractionated extracts from human lymphocytes and found that fractions containing ribose nucleic acid (RNA) were mitogenic to homologous lymphocytes. This action was inhibited by RNA‐ase.Craddock (1960) and his co‐workers had noticed that intact or homogenized human granulocytes inhibited DNA synthesis by dog thoracic duct lymphocytes. A later paper from one of his collaborators and a colleague (Perry and Marsh, 1964) indicated that this same effect could be observed with human leucocytes in cultures. When cells from a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia were grown for a few hours in vitro, normal granulocytes or homogenates of normal or leukaemic cells inhibited DNA synthesis. In contrast to this, ‘incubation supernates’ from chronic myeloid leukaemic cells increased DNA synthesis.These findings with cellular material suggested it would be interesting to observe the effect of extracts from the reticulo‐endothelial system. Extracts of healthy human spleen were obtained and the effect on cells growing in tissue culture observed. Normal peripheral blood leucocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and then 24 hours later splenic extract added. In some cases, the extract was added first and the phytohaemagglutinin after 24 hours. Activity in the cultures was assessed by the number of cells taking up 3H‐thymidine.

SENSITIVITY TESTS FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.

THE ENORMOUS chemical heterogeneity of histologically similar tumors has been noted by Heidelberger,1Danielli,2Knock,3and others. Nowhere is this seen more clearly than in the variability of response of histologically similar human tumors to sulfhydryl inhibitors.4,5Such variability would be expected from profound influence exerted by intimate submicroscopic chemical milieu on reactions of functional groups like sulfhydryl in cellular protein through steric, coulombic, and entropy effects, for example.6 Investigation of sulfhydryl inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy appears desirable because sulfhydryl-containing7residual protein bound to desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) has been shown by Mirsky and co-workers to be as indispensable to the structure of chromosomes as is DNA itself8and because sulfhydryl inhibitors preferentially cause blebbing of cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Associated with this preferential blebbing of cancer cells produced by sulfhydryl inhibition can be events of profound cellular significance—

THE QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE NORMAL HUMAN LIVER LOBULE.

Abstract With the use of microdissection and microchemical techniques, measurements were made of protein, desoxyribosenucleic acid, and seven enzymes in periportal and centrolobular areas of the normal human liver lobule. The whole portal tracts and their components were also studied. The enzymes measured participate in one or more systems in the metabolism of carbohydrates: glycolysis, glucogenesis, the pentose pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Alkaline phosphatase was also measured. Activities being expressed on either a protein or a desoxyribosenucleic acid basis, phosphoglucoisomerase and lactic dehydrogenase were demonstrated to be more active in periportal areas of the normal, human liver lobule, but isocitric dehydrogenase, ,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were more active in centrolobular areas. Malic dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase had comparable periportal and centrolobular activities. On both a protein and a desoxyribosenucleic acid basis, the whole portal tract revealed a greater activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase than did parenchymal cells, but relatively lower activities for the other six enzymes. A study of the components of the portal tract on a desoxyribosenucleic acid basis revealed that arterioles and venules contribute importantly to the activity of each enzyme in the portal tract as a whole. Halt, ever, in the bile ducts, only alkaline phosphatase, malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucoisomerase contributed importantly to the activity in complete portal tracts. These -results in the human liner lobule are compared to our previously reported intralobular distributions of enzyme activities in the normal rat liver. In both species, enzymes participating in anaerobic glycolysis have higher periportal activities, while those participating in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates have higher centrolobular activities.

Fundamental Aspects of Radiosensitivity

A single ionizing event may alter some biological processes. Other, equally significant processes are apparently unaffected by a billion times as much radiation. Few physical or chemical events can be measured over such a great range; even fewer pharmacological events can be toxic over such a wide range of measurements. Even if there were no radiation-accident problem in medicine, the subject of radiosensitivity would have a theoretical importance in the science of pharmacology. To discuss the questions of how and why of such an extremely wide range of sensitivity to radiation in living organisms, a symposium of many disciplines was held at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in June, 1961. This comprehensive book is a report of the proceedings. The proceedings do not set up desoxyribose nucleic acid ( DNA) as the key to life in newspaper fashion, but they pay proper homage to a quarter of a century of biochemical research.

Genes, Enzymes, and Inherited Diseases: Biological Studies

Perhaps in no discipline of biology is the movement toward a molecular basis for understanding clearer than in genetics. From the descriptive studies of genotype and phenotype, genetics has evolved to its present concern with nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes in a fruitful effort to understand the mechanisms of heredity. In a brief, clearly illustrated text, the author presents a lucid summary of recent trends in genetics. The scope of subjects covered is extremely broad, ranging from desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) to therapy of inherited disease. Despite the combination of ambitious scope, brevity, and an assumption of a minimal biochemistry background, the book is clear, accurate, and understandable. No topic is covered in depth, but a good selection of recent references is given. The orientation of this book is not clinical; a variety of texts treat the problems of inherited disease more thoroughly. But, increasingly, the concepts developed in terms

AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN HUMAN SEMEN*

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 99, Issue 2 p. 271-279 Full Access AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN HUMAN SEMEN* Sheldon J. Segal, Sheldon J. Segal Laboratory of the Population Council, The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorKenneth A. Laurence, Kenneth A. Laurence Laboratory of the Population Council, The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author Sheldon J. Segal, Sheldon J. Segal Laboratory of the Population Council, The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorKenneth A. Laurence, Kenneth A. Laurence Laboratory of the Population Council, The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb45312.xCitations: 22 * The work described in this paper was supported in part by Research Grant RG-5280 from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. AboutReferencesRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Coulter, W. H. 1956. High speed automatic blood cell counter and size analyzer. National Electronics Conference. Chicago , Ill . 2 Tyler, E. T. 1961. Sterility. McGraw-Hill. New York , N. Y. . 3 Duijn, C. van, Jr. 1961. Size frequency distribution in spermatozoa. Fertility and Sterility. 12: 509. 4 Duijn, C. van, Jr. 1957. Biometry of human spermatozoa. J. Roy. Microscop. Soc. 77: 12. 5 Moench, G. L. & H. Holt. 1932. Biometric studies of head length of human spermatozoa. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 17: 297. 6 Shettles, L. B. 1961. Differences in human spermatozoa. Fertility and Sterility. 12: 20. 7 Bishop, D. W. 1960. X and Y spermatozoa. Nature. 187: 255. 8 Lord Rothschild 1960. X and Y spermatozoa. Nature. 187: 254. 9 Farris, E. 1950. Human Fertility—the Male. The Author's Press, Inc. White Plains , N. Y. . 10 Glover, F. A. & L. W. Phipps. 1962. Preliminary study of an electronic method of counting and sizing bull spermatozoa. J. Reproduction. In press. 11 Kubitschek, H. E. 1960. Electronic measurement of particlesize. Research (London). 13: 128. 12 Scheidt, R. A. & W. J. Blake. 1961. Use of a suspension of latex particles of known concentration for monitoring the Coulter counter. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 35: 293. 13 Leuchtenberger, C., D. R. Weir, F. Schrader & D. P. Murmanis. 1955. The desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) content in spermatozoa of repeated seminal fluids from fertile and infertile men. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 45: 851. Citing Literature Volume99, Issue2Applications and Methods of Counting and Sizing in Medicine and BiologyJune 1962Pages 271-279 ReferencesRelatedInformation RecommendedTHE SCREEN-FILTRATION PRESSURE METHOD FOR DETECTING PARTICULATE MATTER IN FLUIDSRoy L. Swank, Kathleen H. Prichard, Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesDISCUSSION OF PART VI: RADIATION AND PARTICULATE MATTERFrank E. Lundin, Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesLinking ambient particulate matter pollution effects with oxidative biology and immune responsesFrank J. Kelly, Julia C. Fussell, Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesCapacitation and Acrosome Reaction in Nonapoptotic Human SpermatozoaSONJA GRUNEWALD, THOMAS BAUMANN, UWE PAASCH, HANS-JUERGEN GLANDER, Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE MATTER IN INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS USING MEMBRANE FILTERSBen Trasen, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Effect of anterior pituitary preparations on rat mammary gland growth.

SummaryUsing desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) as an index of mammary gland growth, crude and purified anterior pituitary extracts were tested for mammary gland growth promoting (mammogenic) effectiveness. Acetone dried AP powder and an initial extract of AP were shown to be effective in stimulating production of mammary gland DNA. Initial residue, Mammogen “A” and “C”, shown previously to produce mammary gland growth in mice, were found to be ineffective in rats. Fractions rich in lactogen and growth hormone were found to be minimally effective in stimulating mammary gland lobule-alveolar growth.

Effects of anterior pituitary preparations on mammary gland growth in mouse.

SummaryMammogenic potencies of a number of crude and purified anterior pituitary fractions were determined by estimation of mammary gland desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) in treated ovariectomized mice. Crude bovine AP, initial residue (IR) obtained by depleting AP of known hormones, a newly developed mammogen extracted from IR (mammogen “C”) and lactogenic preparation produced lobule-alveolar development. Extracted mammogen “C” was white, crystalline, apparently salt-free and water soluble. Crude and purified FSH and growth hormone exhibited little or no mammogenic effects when injected with a synergizing dose of estradiol benzoate in ovariectomized mouse.

Residues in Tissues and Eggs of Poultry Dusted with Co-Ral (Bayer 21/199)1

Thirty White Leghorn hens were dusted with P32-labeled Co-Ral ® ( O, O -diethyl O-(3 -chloro-4-methylumbelliferone) phosphorothioate or Bayer 21/199) at 50 mg./kg. Twenty hens were dusted once, while 10 hens received two applications at weekly intervals. Some intact Co-Ral remained on the feathers and skin for 28 days after treatment. The liver, kidney, and bone contained more radioactivity than other internal tissues. By 3 days after treatment, acetonitrile-soluble residues in internal tissues were negligible. The eggs contained minute quantities of acetonitrilc-soluble residues at 5 to 7 days after treatment of the hens, but these residues were not characterized as Co-Ral or its oxygen analog. Radioactive materials excreted in the feces consisted of residual Co-Ral, the oxygen analog, O, O -diethyl phosphoric and O, O -diethyl phosphorothioic acids. Phospholipids, ribose nucleic acid, desoxyribose nucleic acid and acid-soluble phosphorus compounds were isolated from the liver and feces.

Local bone-marrow changes secondary to therapeutic irradiation.

There is little available information in the literature concerning the effect in man of therapeutic roentgen doses to the mediastinum on the cellularity of the sternal bone marrow. Radiosensitivity of the various cellular components of the marrow has been thoroughly investigated (1–4). Irradiation affects the nucleic acids, principally desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) (5), with the production of chromosomal damage, associated with mitotic abnormalities (6–10) and perhaps a forced pathological cell maturation (11). The sequence of events in the bone marrow of animals and man exposed to total-body irradiation has been carefully studied (4, 12–14). After exposures in the range of 300 r there is a gradual depression of the bone marrow with regeneration usually occurring within twelve to sixteen weeks. Denstad (10) believes that after large doses of radiation, the cellularity of the marrow continues depressed. The pattern of recovery from injury follows the same cellular order as is seen initially (4). The most ...