Desloratadine Tablets Research Articles

Cold-induced urticaria after black ant bite anaphylaxis.

Acquired cold-induced urticaria is a form of physical urticaria that is usually spontaneous. However, reports have shown that bees, wasps, or jellyfish stings can trigger it. We report the first case of cold-induced urticaria following black ant bite-induced anaphylaxis. A 41-year-old lady with no chronic illness with a known black ant bite allergy history. Three years ago, she sustained a black ant bite that required an emergency room visit to treat anaphylaxis. A few days later, she developed attacks of generalized hives on exposure to cold air and objects. She was started on desloratadine tablets which controlled her symptoms. The patient was given EpiPen and instructed to avoid black ants' approach and exposure to cold. She was then followed up in our clinic. Acquired cold-induced urticaria is a form of physical chronic inducible urticaria. Physical urticarias account for 25 % of chronic urticarias. The patient can have wheals, angioedema, or both in response to the cold exposure. Symptoms can be mild or severe, limiting the patient's quality of life. Acquired cold urticaria is idiopathic; however, cases have been reported after different triggers, such as insect stings (bees, wasps, and jellyfish). The black Samsum ant is a recognized trigger of allergic reactions in Qatar and the Gulf region. In a study done in Qatar, 23.5% of anaphylaxis cases were due to black ant stings. There are no validated or standardized skin tests or immunotherapy for the black Samsum ant, which necessitates physicians to be careful in assessing such patients and focus on taking a detailed history. The limitation of testing and immune therapy makes history the tool for diagnosis, and avoidance is the mainstay of treatment.

Comparative in-vitro Evaluation of Some Desloratadine Tablets Marketed in Tripoli Libya

Comparative in-vitro Evaluation of Some Desloratadine Tablets Marketed in Tripoli Libya

Comparative in-vitro Evaluation of Some Desloratadine Tablets Marketed in Tripoli Libya

Comparative in-vitro Evaluation of Some Desloratadine Tablets Marketed in Tripoli Libya

The effect of intranasal steroid in the treatment of allergic rhinitis with and without oral antihistamine (comparative study)

Backgrounds & objectives: Numerous studies have investigated the efficacies of steroid nasal sprays for adults with allergic rhinitis. However, research on their effectiveness in combination with oral antihistamines is limited. This study compared the efficacies of a steroid nasal spray (mometasone furoate) with an oral antihistamine (desloratadine tablet) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. The patients who attended the outpatient department at Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil city were examined for clinical features of allergic rhinitis. Patients with moderate-severe and/or persistent symptoms were included in this study. In this study, 120 patients with allergic rhinitis were randomly assigned to receive mometasone furoate nasal spray alone (control group) and a combination of mometasone nasal spray and oral desloratadine (experimental group). Results: This study showed a statistically significant effect of combination therapy in comparison with intranasal steroids alone. The effect of the combination therapy was more apparent among patients with moderate-severe persistent symptoms. The score was 11.05 in patients who received the combination therapy compared with 7.85 among patients who received single therapy. Conclusions: This study showed that the efficacy of mometasone nasal spray in combination with antihistamine was higher than single steroid nasal sprays therapy

Effects of Biminkang mixture on AQP5 level in allergic rhinitis rats

Objective To observe the effect of Biminkang mixture on allergic symptoms and AQP5 level in allergic rhinitis rats. Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, western medicine group and low, middle and high dose of TCM group. All rats in the treatment group were established AR model. After modeling, corresponding drugs were given for 14 days. At the same time, each TCM group were treated with semiconductor laser. Two weeks later, observing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis rats. The expression level of AQP5 was detected also. Results At the end of treatment, the symptoms in each treatment group were significantly reduced compared with the model group. The effect of middle and high dose of TCM group and western medicine group was better than that of TCM group in low dose (P<0.050. The expression of AQP5 in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). Desloratadine tablets and Biminkang mixture could significantly reduce the expression of AQP5, which was statistically significant compared with the model group(P<0.01). Conclusion Biminkang mixture can effectively alleviate the nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis rats, its main role is to reduce eosinophil proliferation, inhibit the expression of AQP5, so as to reduce the secretion of nasal mucosa glands, reduce the nasal irritation performance, which is worthy of further clinical application.

A promising approach to design thermosensitive in situ gel based on solid dispersions of desloratadine with Kolliphor® 188 and Pluronic® F127

Desloratadine (DSL) is an anti-allergic agent but its efficacy is limited with its low dissolution rate and aqueous solubility results in restricted bioavailability. The current study examines the probability of using Kolliphor® 188 (K188) and Pluronic® F127 (P127) as solubility improving agents of DSL that can be used to formulate in situ gel systems intended for nasal application in order to extend the contact time with nasal cavity and thereby maintain uptake of the drug. Solid dispersions (SDs) having various mass ratios of polymers and DSL were formulated using solvent-lyophilization method. SDs were evaluated for morphology, crystallinity, thermal behavior, solubility and dissolution rate to assess the efficiency of the polymers as solubility modifiers. SDs prepared with K188 and P127 demonstrated soft and fluffy structure, smaller particle size and narrower size distribution. DSC, FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectra confirmed the constitution of SDs and supplied information about the state of DSL in polymeric network. As the solubility of DSL was determined as 0.106 ± 0.009, all SDs prepared with K188 and P127 displayed enhanced solubility from 42- to 115-fold. Drug dissolution rate of DSL for all SDs was remarkably higher than of the pure DSL. K1 and P1 formulations were selected as optimum for designing nasal in situ gel systems. Gels designed by cold method were determined to show modified release fitted best to Peppas-Sahlin model. The transparent gels designed using sufficient quantities of polymers can be reducing the mucociliary clearance appear to be a feasible alternative to commercially available DSL tablets..

VALIDATION OF THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROCEDURE FOR DESLORATADINE ASSAY IN TABLETS APPLYING THE UNCERTAINTY CONCEPT OF THE STATE PHARMACOPOEIA OF UKRAINE

Aim. This work aimed to validate an assay procedure for desloratadine tablets by direct spectrophotometric method. Materials and methods. A pilot-scale batch of the pharmaceutical preparation Alerdez, film-coated tablets containing 5 mg of desloratadine, manufactured by PJSC SIC “Borshchahivskiy CPP”, Ukraine, was used as an object of the study. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer Lambda 25 (Perkin Elmer), analytical balance Mettler Toledo XP 205DR, and class A volumetric apparatus were used in the study. Validation of the procedure was performed following the metrological approach of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU), whose requirements for the target uncertainty and bias, which rest on the risk assessment of making incorrect decisions on compliance (a confidence level of 95 %), were translated into criteria for all validation characteristics recommended by ICH. All calculations were made in normalised coordinates. The linearity, accuracy and precision (repeatability) were studied in a single experiment using nine different concentrations that uniformly covered the range of ±30 % from the nominal concentration of desloratadine. For validation of the procedure, an SPhU reference standard of desloratadine was used. Results. The experiment design and validation characteristics being tested were in full compliance with ICH Q2(R1) recommendations. All performance characteristics conformed to the criteria recommended by the SPhU. Requirements for the target uncertainty (1.6 %) and bias for any systematic source of variation (≤0.51 %, negligible in relation to 1.6 %) were established. The analytical procedure was specific – the absorbance from the placebo solution was insignificant (A %=0.36). The procedure met the requirements for linearity, accuracy, and precision at the repeatability level. The residual standard deviation s0 was 0.34 (≤ 0.84); correlation index Rc was 0.9998 (≥0.9991); intercept а was 0.045 (less than its confidence interval ∆a=1.14). The confidence interval for recovery ∆Z, which was used as a precision estimate, was 0.55 % (less than the target uncertainty). The mean recovery, which was used as an accuracy estimate, statistically insignificantly deviated from 100% (|Zmean ‑ 100| = 0.022 %). The confidence interval for the intermediate precision ∆intra was 0.33 % (less than the target uncertainty). The developed analytical procedure was found to be robust. Conclusions. A spectrophotometric procedure suitable for the assay of desloratadine in film-coated tablets Alerdez with content limits of ±5 % was validated by the SPhU approach.

A Randomized Study on the Bioequivalence of Desloratadine in Healthy Chinese Subjects and the Association of Different Metabolic Phenotypes With UGT2B10 and CYP2C8 Genotypes.

Desloratadine is a drug with a phenotypic polymorphism in metabolism and has been approved for use in many countries to treat allergic diseases. CYP2C8 and UGT2B10 are metabolic enzymes, which may be involved in the metabolism of desloratadine. This study aimed to demonstrate bioequivalence between the test product (desloratadine tablet) and the reference product AERIUS (5mg), both orally administered. And the role of UGT2B10 and CYP2C8 genotypes in healthy Chinese subjects with different Desloratadine metabolic phenotypes was examined. It was a randomized, open-label, and four-sequence, single-dose crossover study conducted on 56 healthy Chinese subjects. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of the test and reference Desloratadine products were compared. UGT2B10 and CYP2C8 genotypes were determined by the TaqMan assay using genomic DNA. Multiple linear regression was applied to analyze the correlation between genotypes and the metabolic ratio. The mean serum concentration-time curves of desloratadine and 3-OH-desloratadine were similar between the test product and the reference product. For the PK similarity comparison, the 90% CIs for the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of desloratadine and 3-OH-desloratadine of test and reference product were completely within 80-125%. None of all 56 subjects had serious adverse events. Only 2 subjects were poor-metabolizers in 56 healthy subjects. There was no significant correlation between investigated genotypes of CYP2C8 and UGT2B10 and the metabolic ratio. The test desloratadine tablet was bioequivalent to the reference product. No direct relationship between CYP2C8 and UGT2B10 genotypes and desloratadine metabolic ratio was identified.

An assessment of the sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae on asthma control level and pulmonary function of allergic asthma and rhinitis in adult patient

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy, asthma control level and pulmonary function of sublingual immunotherapy on allergic asthma and rhinitis in adult patient. Method:This retrospective analysis of 182 cases of adult patient from 18-60 years with allergic asthma and rhinitis, according to the patients' wishes they were divided into drug group（66 patients） and SLIT group（116 patients）. Drug group patients were treated with low to moderate doses of inhaled corticosteroids+long-acting β2 receptor agonists and mometasone furoate nasal spray+desloratadine tablets as symptomatic treatment. SLIT group was treated by SLIT with Dermatophagoides farina drops on this basis. Before treatment and 1 year, 2 year and 3 years after treatment, the ACT, PEF%, DASS, NASS, TNSS and TMS were evaluated. Result:The ACT, PEF%, DASS, NASS, TNSS and TMS had continuously improved significantly 1 year, 2 year and 3 years after treatment in both groups comparing with baseline（P<0.05）. Compared with 1 year after treatment, SLIT group had lower ACT, PEF%, DASS, NASS, TNSS and TMS in 2 years after treatment（all P<0.05）, whereas drug group had lower TMS and DASS（all P<0.05）. In 3 years of treatment, only SLIT group resulted in significant continuous improvement in DASS and TMS（all P<0.05）. After 1 year, 2 and 3 years of treatment, SLIT group resulted in significantly better ACT, PEF%, DASS, NASS and TMS than drug group（all P<0.05）. After 2 and 3 years of treatment, TNSS of SLIT group were significantly lower than in drug group（P<0.05）. Conclusion:Sublingual immunotherapy for 3 yearswith Dermatophagoides farinae dropsin adult patient with allergic asthma and rhinitis was more effective than drug therapy alone, and asthma control and lung function improved significantly.

A Research on effective Management of Manufacturing defects to avoid Product Recalls: A Challenge to Pharmaceutical Industry

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) forms the backbone of any professionally managed pharmaceutical industry. Despite having GMP systems and SOPs in place, regulators/FDAs are finding faults and wrong doing by pharmaceutical firms and identify the manufacturing defects in marketed brand or generic medicines which ultimately leads to product recall from the market. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality issues of different solid dosage forms collected from hospital pharmacy/retail outlets. Few captured quality issues include Multivitamin Tablets, Omeprazole magnesium & Domperidone Tablets, Glibenclamide & Metformin Tablets, Desloratadine Tablets, Hydroxyurea Capsules, Primose oil & Vitamin E gelatin capsules and carried out thorough investigation. The physical examination yielded few critical and major defects in the solid oral dosage form. The various defects, probable root causes were investigated, and remediation was suggested in each of the cases. Clinical significance of each case was also analysed. Recently, product recalls issues are becoming major threat of doing business in regulated markets. The studied quality issues are prime reasons for product recalls. Product recalls damages the reputation, patient's perception about company/generic brand and these companies will have a negative impact. Quality is the responsibility of all personnel involved in manufacturing a product, its testing and release. A strong Quality Assurance (QA) system with commitment for quality at plant level will reflect positively on product quality resulting in a product with zero defects.

Effect of azelastin nasal spray combined with desloratadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Objective To investigate the effect of azelastin nasal spray combined with desloratadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods Two hundred patients with allergic rhinitis were selected.According to the digital meter method, the patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 100 cases in each group.The control group was treated by azelastin nasal spray, the observation group was given azelastin nasal spray combined with desloratadine.The clinical effects of the two groups were compared. Results The effective rate of the observation group(96.00%) was higher than that of the control group(80.00%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.235, P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of runny nose, nasal itching, nasal congestion, sneezing and the inferior turbinate swelling in the observation group were (1.1±0.2)points, (1.2±0.7)points, (1.1±0.3)points, (0.8±0.3)points, (0.9±0.2)points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(1.4±0.9)points, (1.9±0.6)points, (1.8±0.8)points, (1.7±0.7)points, (1.9±0.9)points] (t=5.154, 5.226, 5.154, 5.226, 5.011, all P<0.05). Conclusion Azelastin nasal spray combined with desloratadine tablets in the treatment of allergic rhinitis can quickly relieve the patients' clinical symptoms, improve the effective rate, and it is safe and worthy of clinical popularization and application. Key words: Rhinitis, allergic, perennial; Azostatin; Diloratine

Development and Validation of a Dissolution Method for Desloratadine Coated Tablets

The aim of this work was the development and validation of a dissolution methodology for desloratadine-coated tablets by spectrophotometry on ultraviolet (UV). 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), pH 4.5-citrate buffer and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer were tested as dissolution medium. In addition, influences of apparatus, and rotation speed were evaluated. After an UV scan spectrum from 500 to 200 nm, to determine the maximum wavelength absorbance, samples were analyzed by UV visible spectrophotometric method. The parameters selected were 0.1 M HCl as dissolution medium, using paddles as apparatus at 50 rpm, with analysis at wavelength of 280 nm. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines, and the results showed that the dissolution methodology for desloratadine-coated tablets with 0.1 M HCl as dissolution medium, using paddles as apparatus at 50 rpm, with analysis at wavelength of 280 nm, with sampling points at 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes is specific, linear, precise and accurate and could be applied for quality control of desloratadine tablets, since there is no official monograph.

Loratadine in combination with desloratadine for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria in children: a clinical observation

Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of loratadine combined with desloratadine in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in children. Methods A total of 177 children with CSU were enrolled into this study, and randomly and equally divided into 3 groups: combination group treated with an age-based dose of desloratadine tablet every morning and a weight-based dose of loratadine tablet before sleep every night for consecutive 28 days, loratadine group treated with a half tablet of placebo (starch tablet) every morning and oral loratadine tablet before sleep every night for consecutive 28 days, and desloratadine group treated with a half tablet of placebo (starch tablet) every morning and oral desloratadine tablet before sleep every night for 28 consecutive days. Possible adverse reactions were observed and recorded after the start of treatment, and therapeutic effects were evaluated at the end of treatment. Results A total of 166 patients completed the trial, including 55 in the combination group, 56 in the loratadine group and 55 in the desloratadine group. After 28-day treatment, the total response rate was significantly higher in the combination group (90.9%, 50/55) than in the loratadine group (71.4% [40/56], χ2 = 6.865, P 0.05). Conclusion Combination of loratadine and desloratadine was superior to loratadine or desloratadine alone in the treatment of childhood CSU, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among the 3 treatment groups. Key words: Urticaria; Loratadine; Randomized controlled trials; Child; Desloratadine

In-Vitro Evaluation of Different Brands of Desloratadine Tablets Available in Bangladeshi market

Desloratadine, a long acting antihistamine with high selectivity for peripheral histamine H1- receptors has a rapid onset of action and a duration of action of 24-hours. Due to difference in the formulation process for different brands different physicochemical properties may vary which ultimately leads to change in the efficacy and duration of action of the drug when given orally. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality and stability of desloratadine 5mg tablet by evaluating various in-vitro parameters. For this purpose, five different brands from different pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh were collected. The quality control parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration test and dissolution test were performed to get a comparison between these marketed products. As desloratadine is an INN (International Nonproprietary Names) drug, it has no specific dissolution method in USP (United State Pharmacopoeia) or BP (British Pharmacopoeia). So, a dissolution method listed by USFDA (United States Food &amp; Drug Administration) was followed. Various results were obtained from the test and compared with the specifications. Minimum disintegration time was found 31 sec. Best Dissolution was shown 97.67% after 45 minutes. From the study, it can be concluded that the most brands of desloratadine tablets of the local brands have the desired and optimum therapeutic efficacy.

Prevalence of Desloratadine Slow-metabolizer Phenotype and Food-dependent Pharmacokinetics of Desloratadine in Healthy Chinese Volunteers.

Desloratadine, the major active metabolite of loratadine, is a non-sedating long-acting antihistamine that is widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of desloratadine slow-metabolizer (DSM) phenotype and the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of desloratadine and its active metabolite 3-OH-desloratadine in healthy Chinese volunteers. A total of 46 healthy Chinese male volunteers were included in this investigation. All subjects received a single dose of a 5-mg desloratadine tablet under fasting or fed conditions and the plasma concentrations of desloratadine and 3-OH-desloratadine were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic profiles were analyzed using a non-compartmental method in the Phoenix WinNonlin program. The individuals with a 3-OH-desloratadine-to-desloratadine exposure ratio lower than 10% or a desloratadine half-life (t 1/2) of ≥50h were supposed to be DSM. There was only one DSM among the 46 volunteers, with a prevalence of 2.2%. Moreover, administration in a fed state resulted in 34.07 and 32.06% decreases in maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity for desloratadine and 47.26 and 48.46% for 3-OH-desloratadine compared with those values under fasting conditions. Taken together, these results indicated that the incidence of the DSM phenotype in the Chinese population was low and that food intake could significantly decrease the absorption rate and extent of desloratadine.

Formulation of Desloratadine Oral Disintegrating Tablets

Desloratadine (DS) is a tricyclic antihistaminic, characterized bitter taste and slight water solubility. The aim of this study is to prepare DS as orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) to mask the bitter taste and improve compliance. Twelve different placebo ODT (F1-F12) were prepared using mannitol as diluent, in addition to functional. The formulations were evaluated for relevant in vitro characteristics. DS powder was treated by different techniques and polymers (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Eudragit RL 30, and Eudragit EPO) for taste masking of DS. The placebo and DS- ODT tablets were assessed for taste masking efficiency by a panel of 10 volunteers. All placebo formulations were non sticky except four formulations (F8- F11), and compressible with the exception of F2. F12 showed the least disintegration time (20 sec) without sticking tendency. The compressible non sticky formulations were used for preparation of DS tablets and subjected to further in vitro evaluation. Fairly good weight uniformity values were observed in all the tested ODT formulations. F12 exhibiting the shortest wetting time (14.7 seconds) and the least disintegration time (20 seconds). 100% DS release was attained after 2.5 min DS-ODT, compared to 82% from conventional marketed tablets (Aerius®) at same time interval.

Acute urticaria as a side effect of the Mirena® (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system): a case report

BackgroundThe levonorgestrel intrauterine system, Mirena®, is widely used for contraception and the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. Here, we reported one case of acute urticaria following Mirena® implantation to increase the awareness of possible adverse side effects associated with Mirena®.Case presentationThe case presented is a 27-year-old Chinese woman who received Mirena® implantation for her adenomyosis and menorrhagia. The operation was successful and the patient did not experience any discomfort during the operation. However, she developed acute urticaria on her entire body accompanied with pruritic, slight left lower quadrant pain, and slight dizziness two hours after the operation. The patient was recommended to have the Mirena® removed immediately, and she took 10 mg oral methylprednisolone and 5 mg desloratadine tablet daily for five days. Her urticaria resolved and did not recur.ConclusionThe patient’s acute urticaria seems to have been associated with the Mirena® levonorgestrel intrauterine system implantation, since she had no history of allergic reactions to materials used during the operation such as plastic, metal, alcohol, medications, and povidone-iodine.

Discussion on efficacy of different treatment regimen of BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid in chronic urticaria

Objective To explore the clinical effects of different treatment regimen of BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG-PSN) in chronic urticaria and to optimize medication.Methods According to random number table,120 patients were divided into control group,treatment group A and treatment group B,40 patients in each group.Patients in control group were treated only with desloratadine tablets,5 mg once daily orally.Based on control group,patients in both treatment groups were treated with BCG-PSN by intramuscular injection at a dose of 2 ml each time for 30 consecutive days,treatment group A once every other day and treatment group B once every 3 days.We observed efficacy on the 10th,20th and 30th day,therapy cost and adverse reaction were recorded.Results Effective rates of both treatment groups were higher than those of control group after 10 days of treatment.Effective rates on day 20 and 30 of treatment group A were 82.50％ and 90.00％ respectively,and those of control group were 57.50％ and 67.50％ respectively,there were significant differences between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05).And those of treatment group B were 80.00％ and 87.50％ respectively,compared with control group,there were statistical significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Effective rates showed no significant differences between treatment group A and B (P ＞ 0.05).Average therapy cost of treatment group B was markedly less than that of treatment group A,there was statistical significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion BCG-PSN has comparable efficacy used in chronic urticaria in different regimens,but the best treatment regimen is once every 3 days by intramuscular injection. Key words: BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG-PSN); Desloratadine tablets; Chronic urticaria; Treatment regimen

Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy of allergic rhinitis in children between 4 and 5 years age group and 11 and 12 years age group

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides fannie drops on children with allergic rhinitis of different age groups (4 - 5 years old group and 11 - 12 years old group). Sixty-two children aged 4 - 5 years, and 71 children aged 11 - 12 years, who suffered from dust mite induced allergic rhinitis, was randomly divided into the sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) + drug group and drug group. SLIT + drug group was treated with a standardized sublingual immunotherapy drops of Dermatophagoides fannie and combined with symptomatic therapy, drug group was treated with mometasone furoate nasal spray and desloratadine tablets as symptomatic treatment. These children were followed up for 2 years with one visit in every 3 months, then visited at the end of the study and 2-years after the treatment ended. Symptom scores and medication scores were recorded at each visit. Comprehensive evaluation of symptoms, medication, and patients' degree of satisfaction were used. Two years after SLIT finished, symptom scores (SLIT + drug group: 1.13 ± 1.05; drug group: 4.68 ± 3.09), medication scores (SLIT + drug group: 0.07 ± 0.04; drug group: 0.36 ± 0.25) of SLIT + drug group were significantly lower than those in drug group (t value were -8.43, -8.87, respectively, all P < 0.01). Also, the subjective assessment of patients' symptoms, medication, and treatment satisfaction in SLIT + drug group was significantly lower than those in drug group. Subjective assessment symptoms, medication, and treatment satisfaction in age group 4 - 5 was the same as in age group 11 - 12. After SLIT ended for 2 years, subjective assessment and treatment satisfaction in age 11 - 12 group was better than those in age 4-5 group in medication score. SLIT demonstrated clinical improvement in children of different ages during 2 years treatment. Two years after withdrawal, the symptom scores, medication score and subjective satisfaction in 11 years old group are better than those in 4-5 years old group.

Azelastine nasal spray provides greater relief from the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) than desloratadine tablets,

Azelastine nasal spray provides greater relief from the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) than desloratadine tablets,