Design Know-how Research Articles

Entrance and run angle variations of hull form preserving the prismatic coefficient

There are several methods of hull form variation that can be used in initial ship design, such as offset variation, line variation, and hull form variable variation. Hull form variations are typically done manually, and different results can be obtained according to the designer's know-how. This study proposes a conversion method that uses the Free-Form Deformation method to vary the entrance angle and run angle among the variables that are capable of converting hull form. The Free-Form Deformation is a method for transforming shapes. The variation using Free-Form Deformation method has the advantage of allowing for smooth conversion of the overall shape of the object to be varied, so the local variation is smoothly controlled when a designer manually transforms. However, if the Free-Form Deformation method is used, the varied entrance angle and run angle of the bow and stern will be changed, as will the prismatic coefficient, which is a constraint. Therefore, to obtain the same prismatic coefficient from before the variation, a method of correcting the prismatic coefficient converted 1-CP variation while maintaining the entrance angle and run angle was proposed, and the result was verified. The proposed method can shorten the time needed to generate various hull form data to identify the optimal hull form. It will also help strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium-sized shipbuilders who lack hull form variation technology, as they can use the proposed method to obtain an optimal hull form.

Unfolding design and technology for superior sales growth under moderating effect of technological environment

PurposeFirms use design capability across the globe to compete and increase sales, e.g. Apple. However, the payoff from design know-how has been overlooked thus far. Academic research lags in this space despite the intersection of sales, technology and design in practice. This paper provides researchers and managers with implications of the interplay between design capability and technological market conditions to enhance a firm's sales.Design/methodology/approachFirms' capability design, and sales impact have been studied in this paper across different technological market conditions. Primary technological conditions of the industry under which firms operate are captured, which are technological intensity (TI), technological competitive intensity (TCI) and technological maturity (TM). Their interplay has been studied using panel data analysis, examining fixed and random effects.FindingsDesign is an important, interesting and non-imitable capacity that yields positive firm execution results. It provides an urgent differentiator and improves deal development. This study found that all four hypotheses are generally supported. The main finding is that, provided underlying technology is good, design significantly improves sales, but design alone cannot substitute for poor technology.Practical implicationsThe results of this study link the three technological environment conditions, namely, TI, TCI and TM with sales growth. The authors find that design can and does add to superior performance, provided technological excellence exists prior. But, in the absence of good technology, design alone will hinder performance.Originality/valueThis paper examines the effect of firm design capability on sales growth. The paper finds a positive moderating effect of TCI and TM but a negative moderating effect of TI. The researchers believe these aspects of the design have not been studied before.

Lightweight Design and Additive Manufacturing of a Fatigue-Critical Automotive Component

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Metal additive manufacturing is finding growing applicability in motorsports and high performance car sectors. Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is the most developed AM technology for lightweight aluminum alloys producing near-net-shape components of complex geometry that achieve outstanding lightweight targets. A key issue in the widespread industrial acceptability of L-PBF is the structural integrity of these lightweight components when subjected to dynamic loading conditions because it requires in-depth knowledge of the fatigue behavior of L-PBF aluminum under the combined effect of stress gradients, residual stresses, surface condition and process-induced internal defects. This contribution overviews the presentation and application of an integrated design workflow that includes the following phases: i) a topological optimization phase to achieve lightweight targets, ii) a design for additive manufacturing phase supported by process simulation to optimize part production, iii) actual part fabrication in an industrial-grade L-PBF system using AlSi10Mg alloy powder followed by post fabrication heat treatment iv) production and fatigue testing of witness specimens providing relevant design data; v) fatigue testing of the parts to determine actual performance and vi) final assessment of the design know-how developed for fatigue-critical additively manufactured metal components.</div></div>

Patient-specific cardiovascular superelastic NiTi stents produced by laser powder bed fusion

To date, there is a general lack of customizability within the selection of endovascular devices for catheter-based vascular interventions. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has been flexibly exploited to produce customized implants using conventional biomedical alloys for orthopedic and dental applications. Applying LPBF for cardiovascular applications, patient-specific stents can be produced with small struts (approximately 100-300 µm), variable geometries, and clinically used metals capable of superelastic behaviour at body temperature (eg. equiatomic nickel-titanium alloys, NiTi). Additionally, the growing availability and use of patient-specific 3D models provides a unique opportunity to outline the necessary manufacturing process that would be required for customizable NiTi devices based on patient geometry. In order to fulfil the potential of the patient-specific superelastic stents, process and design know-how should be expanded to the novel material and fine details at the limits of conventional LPBF machines. In this work, a framework for developing a patient-specific superelastic NiTi stent produced by LPBF is demonstrated. At a proof-of-concept stage, the design procedures are shown in a geometry similar to the artery. The stents with 100 µm nominal strut diameter are later produced with a Ni50.8Ti49.2 powder and heat treated. The results confirm the possibility of producing stents with a design suitable for highly complex patient-specific anatomies and having superelastic behavior at body temperature.

Automated Design Workflow for Structural Nodes of Space Frame Structures

Large-scale structures are often built using space frames or trusses. These can become complex if the geometry of the space frame structure is customizable and if they do not contain any recurring components. Consequently, the design effort required, and the production cost of these unique components become large. Further, designing and creating these structures is challenging for novice designers as these processes require large design know-how. This challenge can be addressed with a knowledge-based engineering (KBE) approach. Design processes for specific, repeating tasks are analyzed and broken down into individual steps, which can be automated as a rule-based design procedure.This work introduces an automated design workflow that follows a KBE approach. The workflow automates the design process for irregular space frame structures. The workflow takes a mesh geometry of the space-frame structure as an input, and decomposes the mesh to nodes, bars, and panels. The workflow then generates and exports the fabrication data that are required for production: STL files for the three-dimensional node geometries that are additively manufactured with multi jet fusion, cutting lines for the planar panels that are produced with a laser-cuter, and length values that are used to cut straight bars. The work describes in detail the rules applied for the automation of the design process. This automated design workflow enables novice designers to create space frame structures with reduced design effort. The workflow is applied on a horse sculpture to demonstrate the manufacturability of the parts and the assembly of the space frame structure.

Cubesat Antenna Analysis and Design: Are you using the right computational electromagnetic tool?

Antenna systems play a critical role in establishing wireless communication links and sustaining remote sensing requirements for Cubesat applications. In addition to the usual antenna design requirements, Cubesat-based spacecrafts impose additional stringent constraints related to the on-board available space, power consumption and development costs. To develop optimal antenna prototypes while considering all these constraints and decrease trial and error related costs, computational electromagnetics (CEM) simulation tools are used. The accuracy of simulation results depends to a great extent on the choice of the appropriate CEM tool for the particular antenna problem to be analyzed; ergo, identifying and answering key questions about design objectives and requirements is necessary for informed decision-making throughout the selection and design processes. However, this could be quite challenging because of existing gaps both in the practitioners’ knowledge about different CEM tools capabilities, limitations, and design know-how. This is especially true for non-specialists such as students and academics involved in student driven Cubesat projects. Therefore, the rationale of this manuscript is to bridge those gaps and clarify some common misconception commonly encountered during the selection and design processes. In that regard, first, an overview of existing antenna configurations commonly used in Cubesat communications is provided. Next, antenna design general workflow is presented. Then, capabilities and limitations of different CEM solving methods are presented. After that, CEM software selection process trade-offs and possible sources of errors are discussed from a practical viewpoint. Finally, a case study of Masat-1 antenna system design is presented as practical example.

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2021

Design of small scale, axial flux, permanent magnet wind generator in Vietnam

This paper presents the design of light weight, small scale, disk type, axial flux, permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for wind applications. This article also shows the partial works done under state projects in renewable energy in Vietnam to find out the most suitable, reliable, self - made wind generator types for rural and remote areas. The collaboration project of Hochiminh City University (HCMUT) - Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST) - Berlin University of Technology (TU Berlin) resulted in some small scale, axial flux, slow speed, permanent magnet (PM) generators which best suited for Vietnam countryside areas. The researches in rare earth PM from HUST, the electrical machine design knowhow of TU Berlin and the renewable energy research experiences of HCMUT, especially in slow speed wind turbines have shown many promising applications. The small scale, permanent magnet wind generator for remote and rural areas as a cheap source of power supply is necessary in Vietnam. Though there are many large wind farms built in many provinces recently but the needs for telecommunication, family lighting in the heights, mountain, unreachable electric grid communes are still necessary. Further research should be done to match the generator for hydro power stations, diesel coupled internal combustion engine. These prospects are very promising.

The role of gamut, intuition and engagement in colour management in a design context

AbstractColour management is ubiquitous in the digital world. However, despite the many advances in colour management over the last couple of decades, it remains an imperfect process. In the art and design community there is often a level of dissatisfaction and deep cynicism about colour management that can lead to lac of engagement with the process. This research explores colour management in a design context though three issues: the gamut issue, the intuitive issue and the engagement issue; each relates to areas where colour management could better connect with tacit design knowhow. The work focusses on the selection of colour in a digital context since for many users this is the first touch point that they have with colour management. Psychophysical studies have been carried out in both laboratory and design‐studio settings. It is shown that users can better predict the results from subtractive colour mixing than from additive colour mixing. The performance of various types of colour picker are explored and consequences for the design of user interfaces are discussed.

DESIGN AND PLANNING OF SCAFFOLDING SYSTEM

In this paper, the automatic design method of scaffold was proposed. This method was programmed using web based PHP program under the safety standard and the designer's know-how. The size and the numerical quantity of the scaffold were calculated considering the relation between the scaffolding condition and the constructing structure. Three dimensional positions and the numbers of the individual scaffold materials were calculated and recorded in the data server simultaneously. Then, three dimensional structural drawings were made automatically using the AutoCAD with VBA by using the previously designed material positions. Therefore, 3D drawings were done automatically. From the proposed design method, the precise quantities of scaffold materials were obtained. Also, the drawing of the scaffold was done automatically without any laborious drawing by hands.

「構造感覚の体得」と「コミュニケーション力」のデザイン

「構造感覚の体得」と「コミュニケーション力」のデザイン

Monitoring of process and tool status in forging process by using bolt type piezo-sensor

The objective of this study is to introduce the new possibility of sensing technology based on the bolt type piezo-sensor to monitor the status of workpiece and tools in the forging process. In order to validate the effectiveness of proposed sensing technology, the bolt type piezo-sensor and designated measurement system were applied into a typical closed forging die-set used for the manufacturing of precision automotive part. The locations to implement the bolt type piezo-sensor were selected carefully by the design engineers based on their design know-how to obtain the necessary information to satisfy the desired purpose of process monitoring. From the measurement results of the bolt force change during one forging cycle, it was found that the proposed monitoring system can provide useful information to understand the detailed behaviors of die-set and tools in the closed die forging process.

Design and Dynamic Force Verification of Instrumented Charpy Strikers for the Tinius Olsen Pendulum Impact Tester

Abstract The reliable measurement of characteristic force values from instrumented Charpy impact tests is considered of high importance at SCK•CEN in view of the “Enhanced Surveillance” of nuclear reactor pressure vessels. The previous development of instrumented strikers for the Toni MFL pendulum impact tester at SCK•CEN demonstrated that the static and dynamic performance of instrumented strikers is influenced by their design, especially the location of the strain gauges. To further improve our design know-how, instrumented ASTM (8 mm radius) and ISO (2 mm radius) strikers are developed for a Tinius Olsen pendulum impact tester. The dynamic performance of these strikers is greatly improved by incorporating new insights in the design. The strikers are extensively tested and meet the requirements of the current ISO 14556 and ASTM E2298-15 standard on the permissible error for the static force calibration of the striker and the limitations on the difference between the absorbed energy and the energy computed from the force-time curve. The ASTM strikers even meet the more stringent requirement on the permissible energy difference of the ISO 14556 standard of ±5 J. The verification of the dynamically measured maximum force value using NIST reference material failed for SRM 2112 but succeeded for SRM 2113 specimens. Because the dynamic force verification using standard reference material is not always reliable, an alternative verification method was evaluated. The comparison of the general yield stress inferred from instrumented Charpy impact tests, using Server’s equation, with the yield stress obtained from dynamic tensile testing of the same material at an equivalent strain rate, demonstrated to be a good method for the verification of the dynamically measured force. This method proved to be independent of the striker radius for our design.

Developing a transformative business strategy through the combination of design thinking and futures literacy

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a systematic methodology that combines futures literacy and design thinking to enable the collective discovery of new and disruptive business niches. It is a participatory approach centred on design know-how, which promotes innovative forms of engagement and articulation. The proposed methodology balances experience in designing and applying foresight approaches and futures literacy knowledge labs together with a multidisciplinary understanding of institutional context.The methodology fosters decision making processes that embrace complexity and treat uncertainty as a resource, thus improving an organisations’ capacity to use the future to expand its understanding of the present. It has been applied at the Center for Strategic Studies and Management (CGEE), an organisation where institutionalised foresight and technology assessment takes place in Brazil, especially in support of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy design and implementation, as well as evaluation. However, its clients also include different ministries within government and industries alike.The article outlines the ways in which the organisation involved all its collaborators in jointly rethinking its future, building upon collective intelligence, narrative building, sense making, framing and reframing. The design principles called for these experiments to follow a collective learning curve that enable a renewed focus on systemic and transformative innovation. The crafting of new strategic questions was inspired by jointly expanding the understanding of the imaginary futures of the interrelated systems in which the organisation might play a role. As a consequence, new and disruptive possible roles for the institution were identified. These insights then informed the assessment and choices for the redesign of the business strategy.This paper presents the methodology for combining design thinking and futures literacy, the application of this methodology to CGEE, and the major findings of the overall exercise. Readers will find out about the impact of this exercise on the organisation’s approach to both its own strategic positioning and to the design and implementation of foresight and strategic studies. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of the proposed methodology for foresight practice.

Ergonomic footwear for Sri Lankan primary schoolchildren: A review of the literature

Foot ailments are common among schoolchildren, some of which may be attributed to wearing ill-fitting footwear. As schoolchildren often participate in athletic activity, they are doubly vulnerable to foot ailments, and are particularly vulnerable to conditions such as hallux valgus, Achilles tendonitis, athlete's foot, corns and calluses. Thus, there is an acute need for the design and manufacture of ergonomic footwear for this target group. While research on appropriate footwear for children has been carried out in relation to child populations in other societies, research on the circumstances of Sri Lankan schoolchildren is lacking. Neither the requisite design know-how nor the information for design is available to footwear manufacturers. This review of the literature is aimed at confirming the need for ergonomic footwear from the point of view of the effects of wearing ill-fitting shoes and at identifying the requirements in terms of design information, especially for schoolchildren of the age group five to ten years, to empower footwear manufacturers. PubMed, Google scholar and Science Direct were used for the literature search. 208 publications were read in full, 94 of which are referenced in this review. The review shows morphological measurements, behavior and activity patterns of schoolchildren and environmental conditions they are exposed to should be determined to formulate design information.

Ten questions about natural ventilation of non-domestic buildings

Throughout history, natural ventilation has remained the preferred choice for the majority of residential buildings, while, in commercial buildings, natural ventilation went from being the single option to somewhat of a lost art as mechanical ventilation systems and air conditioning became the standard during the second half of the twentieth century. Recently, as a result of environmental concerns, in particular the greenhouse gas emissions from buildings, interest in natural ventilation in commercial buildings has seen a resurgence. Unfortunately, the hiatus in natural ventilation use in these buildings has resulted in the loss of existing design know-how and consequently limited new developments in a period during which comfort and indoor air quality performance standards have continuously risen. Nevertheless, the past 25 years has seen significant advances in our understanding of the fluid mechanics of natural ventilation and Architectural Fluid Mechanics has developed as a new subject. In response to these new scientific advances and in an attempt to restore confidence in the applicability of natural ventilation in practice, this paper presents ten questions about building natural ventilation that span the different scales of the problem, from an urban context down to the neighbourhood and the building itself. These questions are commonly asked when a designer is considering natural ventilation as the preferred means of cooling a non-domestic building, and the answers are intended to provide succinct links to the latest knowledge, identify areas that require additional research and assist designers in making appropriate decisions.

A Grounded Theory Study on the Language of Data Visualization Principles and Guidelines

Current automated visualization techniques use only a small set of basic guidelines, mostly based on perceptual principles. Yet, in literature a broad set factors are discussed for effective visualization design. In this paper, we analyzed principles and guidelines extracted from academic papers, books, and blogs and examined factors that influence visualization design to aid the design of automated visualization systems. We used grounded theory to code and examine concepts and relationships extracted. We found a variety factors, including domain, semantics, user tasks, insight, and display characteristics and found a variety of interactions between these factors including causal, contextual, and logical relationships. Our findings suggest that automatic approaches need to handle not only broader set of factors but also complex interactions among them. Furthermore, several factors such as domain and semantics are likely to gain even more importance, necessitating flexibility in terms the specification of design know-how as input to automatic visual analytics systems.

The Savvy Separator Series: Part 1. Design of Cyclone Separators: Internals and Liquid Levels

The SPE Separations Technology Technical Section launches ’The Savvy Separator,’ a series of articles that will present helpful design know-how, lessons learned, and solutions for separation problems. In this inaugural article, the interdependency of cyclonic inlets, cyclonic mist eliminators, and liquid level is highlighted.

Shaping Future — Adapting design know-how to reorient innovation towards public preferences

Public acceptance is vital to innovation. By synchronising long-term research trajectories with public preferences, we can ensure the viability of scientific and technological advances. This synchronisation requires a systematic method that can enable people both to think in terms of societal and technological co-evolution and to anticipate their future needs and wants. To this end, Shaping Future has developed an original participatory foresight methodology that is centred on design know-how and promotes innovative forms of preference articulation.This paper presents the approaches and findings that guided the project and its results, including the developed methodology. Implications for prospective research conclude.

A decision model development for crowdsourcing in the fashion industry

Crowdsourcing is emerging as a tactic for the fashion industry to better integrate customers' needs and quickly react to the industry's rapidly changing environment. This is a visible shift from the past focus on a designer's know-how based on individual experience and creativity.Yet there is a lack of academic research on the use of crowdsourcing in the fashion industry. How can crowdsourcing go through a methodological evaluation process? What specific criteria are important for fashion companies to evaluate designs based on objective parameters? The purposes of this study are: (1) to generate an evaluation standard for a crowdsourced fashion design, and (2) to build an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision model for making final design selections. Two methods are used to produce the robustness of a decision model: taxonomic analysis and AHP. This study reveals that the most important evaluation factors are brand suitability, design excellence, production efficiency, marketing effect, and additional management considerations. Another important feature is the paper's attempt to evaluate a design, a strategic asset of any fashion brand, by approaching the subject with a systematic, scientific method.