Design Of Spar Research Articles

Impact of climate change on the design of multi-megawatt spar floating wind turbines

Increased frequency and intensity of extreme events can make offshore constructions unsafe due to the rapidly shifting wind-wave pattern. The consequences of climate change are disregarded by the current performance-based design of offshore wind turbines (OWT). The Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm are used to present a simplified approach to enable the inclusion of future climatic projections in the design of spar-floating wind turbines. A two-variable statistical equation employing an Artificial Neural Network is established for calculating wind-induced wave height for the North Sea and West Coast of India, which is a valuable parameter for the site-specific design of offshore constructions. Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the North Sea's most likely wind speed is anticipated to decrease by 11 %, whereas the west coast of India experiences a slight decrease in wind speed. Serviceability responses, such as tower deflection, rotation, and nacelle acceleration, are expected to rise by 8–10 %. In contrast, a decrease in these responses is projected in the North Sea due to a decrease in future wind speed and wave height. Climate change has a greater impact on shutdown conditions than on normal operations, primarily due to the pronounced shifts in extreme climate conditions.

Additive Manufacturing for Powering the Blue Economy Applications: A Tidal Turbine Blade Case Study

As the marine renewable energy industry continues to expand, innovation in the manufacturing space must grow accordingly to reduce costs and ensure the economic feasibility of new technologies. Additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3D printing, provides an alternative for rapid prototyping of marine hydrokinetic technologies, particularly supporting Powering the Blue EconomyTM initiatives of the U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office. This study explores the application of additive manufacturing in the development of marine hydrokinetic structures, focusing on material and printing method selection, design, and analysis of a 3D-printed spar for an axial-flow tidal turbine blade. Corrosion-resistant metals were deemed ideal due to the loads and harsh marine environment the blade would experience. Laser metal deposition methods were determined to be the most effective and scalable for the considered scale. The designed spar adapts its geometry to the blade—a feature uniquely suited to additive manufacturing—and is intended to serve as the blade's primary structural component. A finite element model was used to study stresses and deformations under loading conditions. The spar was manufactured using 316L stainless steel through direct energy deposition, and defects were assessed and recorded. Future efforts will include mechanical testing of the spar. This research establishes a benchmark process for using additive manufacturing in developing marine hydrokinetic structures, paving the way for future optimization and techno-economic analysis.

Strength analysis of the conceptual model of a main rotor blade spar with actuators

This paper concerns the conceptual design of a main rotor blade spar with actuators. A three-dimensional model of a main rotor blade is based on the preliminary geometric blade setting angle to increase the aerodynamic performance caused by different linear velocities of individual cross-sections. A modification of the blade setting angle results in a change of the angle of attack and influences the value of the lifting force in a given blade cross-section. The geometric setting angle was applied in designing both the main rotor blade spars and the blade. The overall dimensions of the blade depended on the available surface of the outmost blade airfoils. The important element of the designed spars was a cut in the form of a notch enabling the upper and lower crossbars of the designed spar to move during the operation of actuators. The FEM analysis was carried out on the parts of the designed blade spars. Three types of materials were compared in the finite element analysis. The internal stresses and displacements of the outmost edges of the crossbars were analyzed. The Catia V5 software was used for the designing work. The sections of the spars were analyzed using the Finite Element Method. The Pre/Post module of NX 12 was used for the FEM analysis. The displacement results were analyzed, which allowed us to determine their twist angle.

Optimal Design of a Spar Cross-Section for Fabric-Covered Wind Turbine Blades

Wind turbine blades and aircrafts have grown in size to improve energy efficiency and reduce cost. The weight of these structures has also increased due to their larger sizes. Reducing the weight of these structures can increase efficiency and lower fuel consumption, and decrease the structural load. Fabricating structures using composite materials is currently the most popular way to reduce weight. Several optimization algorithms are employed to achieve optimal composite structure design. A combination of these composite materials and a well-developed optimization algorithm can be effectively applied to improve the design of these larger composite structures. This study investigated the design of a composite spar and its feasibility by analyzing static conditions under extreme loads. Structural properties and stress analyses were calculated using the VABS program. Pre-processing and post-processing were performed by applying in-house MATLAB-based codes. The maximum stress failure theory was applied to check and confirm the composite laminate failure. A particle swarm optimization algorithm was also applied to analyze the design of the composite spar. The analysis results show that the proposed design method in this study is feasible and applicable to the design of composite spars for wind turbine blades and aircraft wings.

단면분할 원통형 복합재료 날개 보 설계 및 해석

단면분할 원통형 복합재료 날개 보 설계 및 해석

Comparison between the Use of Aluminum and Composites in the Design of a Wing-Spar of an Airplane

In this paper a comparison between the results of the stress analysis of wing spar of metallic and composite materials has been done in order to assess how the use of composites modifies the weight and strength of the structure. To perform this assessment, the Ansys tutorial program was used to check our results for metallic and composite materials. This test was made for different arrangements of composite material to reach the best design of the composite spar to use it in manufacturing airplanes. There is a large amount of analysis and validation performed at the certification to demonstrate the Airworthiness requirements of aircraft structure so that, the composites have been subject of permanent interest of various specialists at the previous years. This secures the safe operation of the airplane under standard operating environments and also load conditions that the aircraft is intended to operate through its design service life. It is a trial to prove that the composites have a lot of advantages in the manufacturing process.

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Wing Spar with Different Materials using ANSYS

Design and Analysis of Aircraft Wing Spar with Different Materials using ANSYS

Computer-aided design of spar for rotor blade of wind-power plant

Розглянуто проблему визначення розміру та площі лонжерона лопаті вітроенергетичної установки. Реалізовано оптимізацію ваги лонжерона

Probabilistic Manufacturing Tolerance Optimization of Damage-Tolerant Aircraft Structures Using Measured Data

Manufacturing tolerances play an important role in designing low-cost and low-weight aircraft structures. A probabilistic cost model is developed that explicitly models performance cost along with quality and manufacturing costs to optimize manufacturing tolerances for damage-tolerant aircraft structures. The tolerance optimization is demonstrated for the design of a wing spar with fastener holes. The advantage of including performance cost is illustrated by comparing to an optimum found by ignoring the performance cost, showing substantial change in the optimum tolerance and total cost. The random aspect of quality cost is illustrated using measured manufacturing error data collected from the wing spar assemblies of a business jet. The paper also quantifies the uncertainties in the optimum due to finite samples of measured data used for modeling manufacturing error distributions, which were found to be small due to a large number of samples.

Mooring truncation design of a deepwater SPAR

To solve the dimensional limitations of physical models in tests, an equivalent water depth truncated design for a classical SPAR working in 913 m water was investigated. The water depth was reduced to 736m and then to 552m. As this was done, the mooring line lengths, EA value, and mass per meter were adjusted. Truncation rules and formulas for parameters and truncation factors were proposed. SPAR static characteristics were made to be consistent with those at full water depth. Then further time-domain coupled analysis was carried out for the SPAR when the mooring system experienced waves. The mooring lines were simulated by quasi-static method. Global responses and mooring line forces were found to agree well with test results for a prototype at that water depth. The truncation method proved to be robust and reliable.