Design Of Sensor Networks Research Articles

Tuning a hybrid SA based algorithm applied to Optimal Sensor Network Design

Sensor network design problem (SNDP) in process plants includes the determination of which process variables should be measured to achieve a required degree of knowledge about the plant. We propose to solve the SNDP problem in plants of increasing size and complexity using a hybrid algorithm based on Simulated Annealing (HSA) as main metaheuristic and Tabu Search embedded with Strategic Oscillation (SOTS) as a subordinate metaheuristic. We are researching on the adjustments of its control parameters to obtain the best HSA performance. Experimental results indicate that a high-quality solution in reasonable computational times can be found by HSA effectively. Moreover, HSA shows good features solving SNDP compared with proposals from the literature.

Soil moisture sensor network design for hydrological applications

Abstract. Soil moisture plays an important role in the partitioning of rainfall into evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff, hence a vital state variable in hydrological modelling. However, due to the heterogeneity of soil moisture in space, most existing in situ observation networks rarely provide sufficient coverage to capture the catchment-scale soil moisture variations. Clearly, there is a need to develop a systematic approach for soil moisture network design, so that with the minimal number of sensors the catchment spatial soil moisture information could be captured accurately. In this study, a simple and low-data requirement method is proposed. It is based on principal component analysis (PCA) for the investigation of the network redundancy degree and K-means cluster analysis (CA) and a selection of statistical criteria for the determination of the optimal sensor number and placements. Furthermore, the long-term (10-year) 5 km surface soil moisture datasets estimated through the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are used as the network design inputs. In the case of the Emilia-Romagna catchment, the results show the proposed network is very efficient in estimating the catchment-scale surface soil moisture (i.e. with NSE and r at 0.995 and 0.999, respectively, for the areal mean estimation; and 0.973 and 0.990, respectively, for the areal standard deviation estimation). To retain 90 % variance, a total of 50 sensors in a 22 124 km2 catchment is needed, and in comparison with the original number of WRF grids (828 grids), the designed network requires significantly fewer sensors. However, refinements and investigations are needed to further improve the design scheme, which are also discussed in the paper.

Critical Analysis of Localization and Time Synchronization Algorithms in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges

In underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), localization and time synchronization plays a critical role among many underwater applications. However without time synchronization, localization does not provides guarantee to be accurate, because these procedures are depending upon each other and in most of the application in UWSNs needs time accuracy in nodes. Protocols that have been design for wireless sensor networks cannot apply on UWSNs since these algorithms are not design for the calculation of propagation delay, high error rate and mobility of nodes. This study is going to present a comprehensive survey about the algorithm that have been designed for the localization and time synchronization in underwater sensors networks by classifying them in categories and analyze them on the basis of challenges faced by localization and time synchronization in UWSNs such as type of sensors, ranging methodology, communication mode, time interval, coverage area, energy consumption and computational complexity. This study will critically provides the analyses based on these factors and the comparison of the previously developed techniques which will help in concluding better technique for localization and time synchronization. The propose of this detail discussion is to provide a plat form for the upcoming researcher, they can proceed their research by using the information for the localization and time synchronization as this study will also discusses the open research challenges for future direction.

Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor network

An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.

Designing Laboratory for IoT Communication Infrastructure Environment for Remote Maritime Surveillance in Equatorial Areas Based on the Gulf of Guinea Field Experiences.

The steady increase of the world population and economy leads to an increase in both types and amounts of goods transported over seas, which further inevitably leads to an increase of criminal activities in the maritime arena. In order to stifle criminal activities nations are forced to develop sophisticated sensor networks. The backbone of any sensor network is a communication network which connects all sensors with the command centers, most often located hundreds of kilometers away from the sensors. In developing countries, communication networks are very often poorly developed, leaving only satellite links as somewhat reliable means of communication. Henceforth, in this paper, a laboratory for the Internet of Things (IoT) communication infrastructure environment designed to facilitate maritime sensor network design process in areas where communication network is dependent on data transfer over satellite links is presented. In order to successfully describe and develop a laboratory for IoT communication infrastructure environment, necessary data are collected during the design and deployment of a maritime surveillance network in the Gulf of Guinea. The main advantage of the proposed laboratory environment is the inclusion of satellite link simulation in the IoT laboratory environment. This feature provides an opportunity to cover a much broader scope of IoT solutions compared to other IoT laboratories.

A wireless sensor network for high-tech agriculture

This paper presents the design of wireless sensor network (WSN) based on low-power wide area network technology for high-tech agriculture. This WSN allows the farmer to collect data such as air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture. The WSN system consists of components: 02 wireless sensor nodes, 01 gateway, 01 cloud server and smartphone app. This WSN tested for data transmission in two zones: zone 1 (dense urban environments) at a distance of 500m and zone 2 (urban environments - less obstacles) at a distance of 1,500m and 1,700m. The data collected at different times of the day and updated every 15 minutes. The results show that the wireless sensor network system operates stably, data constantly updated to LoRa Server and there was not data packet loss. The power consumption of sensor node and gateway determined in three operating modes: transmitting, receiving, turn-off. This shows the advantages of LoRa technology in the development of wireless sensor network which is the distance of data transmission distance and low power consumption. Besides this WSN also tested in the net house of aquaponics of the Research Center for High-tech Application in Agriculture (RCHAA), University of Science, Vietnam National University-HCM. The results show that the WSN system is working reliably and promising which brings significantly benefits to smart agriculture as aquaponics, clean vegetable farms, aquaculture farms…

Design and Optimization of a Hybrid Sensor Network for Traffic Information Acquisition

With the development of sensor and network technologies, a type of hybrid sensor network (HSN) has been developed in traffic information acquisition systems. Sensor types in HSNs are diversified, mostly by batteries or solar energy as their energy source. Energy determines their lifetime. If energy consumption of sensors can be reduced from the aspect of communication, their energy consumption can be saved and lifetime can be increased, so as to improve the benefit and efficiency of the whole network. To optimize the efficiency and consumption of HSNs, a graph theory-based model was proposed by considering nodes’ connectivity power and the energy consumption of data transmission. Targeting different data volumes, two undigraph-based algorithms (PMST and DSPA) were introduced to solve the proposed optimization model. For a low data volume, the minimum spanning tree network based on PMST will be the optimal topology of an HSN. For a high data volume, the shortest path network based on DSPA will be the optimal topology. A numerical example of comprehensive traffic information acquisition at a signalized intersection was used to verify the proposed algorithms. The solution process and final optimal topologies based on the PMST and the DSPA were shown. Moreover, the energy parameters of different optimal topologies of HSNs were discussed, and it was proved that the optimal topology of an HSN is dependent on the data volume of each sensor node.

Application of Remote Wireless Sensor Network in Power System

This paper mainly studies the design and research of remote wireless sensor networks. This system features low power consumption, strong anti-interference ability, large capacity, real-time acquisition, and safe and reliable data transmission. The research idea of this paper: The host connects up to 255 extensions through the wireless transmission module, and the host sends standard MODBUS (RTU) access commands to control the operation of each extension.

An Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for WSNs Using Intelligent Fuzzy Rules in Precision Agriculture

Many agricultural activities can be highly enhanced by using sensor networks and data mining techniques. One of these activities is the regulation of the quantity of water in cultivated fields. Moreover, wireless sensor network have become a more emerging technology in precision agriculture during the recent years. The important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks is the utilization of energy and to enhance the lifetime of the sensor nodes. In this paper, a new intelligent routing protocol has been proposed to improve the network lifetime and to provide energy efficiency in the routing process which is used to provide data to the irrigation system. This novel intelligent energy efficient routing protocol uses fuzzy rules and the protocol is called as Terrain based Routing using Fuzzy rules for precision agriculture. The fuzzy inference system developed in this work has been used to take decisions for routing. The system has been implemented and compared with two routing algorithms called Region Based Routing and Equalized Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the other existing algorithms.

Design and Implementation of a Virtual Sensor Network for Smart Waste Water Monitoring.

Monitoring and analysis of open air basins is a critical task in waste water plant management. These tasks generally require sampling waters at several hard to access points, be it real time with multiparametric sensor probes, or retrieving water samples. Full automation of these processes would require deploying hundreds (if not thousands) of fixed sensors, unless the sensors can be translated. This work proposes the utilization of robotized unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms to work as a virtual high density sensor network, which could analyze in real time or capture samples depending on the robotic UAV equipment. To check the validity of the concept, an instance of the robotized UAV platform has been fully designed and implemented. A multi-agent system approach has been used (implemented over a Robot Operating System, ROS, middleware layer) to define a software architecture able to deal with the different problems, optimizing modularity of the software; in terms of hardware, the UAV platform has been designed and built, as a sample capturing probe. A description on the main features of the multi-agent system proposed, its architecture, and the behavior of several components is discussed. The experimental validation and performance evaluation of the system components has been performed independently for the sake of safety: autonomous flight performance has been tested on-site; the accuracy of the localization technologies deemed as deployable options has been evaluated in controlled flights; and the viability of the sample capture device designed and built has been experimentally tested.

A Novel Information Theoretic Measure Based Sensor Network Design Approach for Steady State Linear Data Reconciliation

The current work proposes a novel information theoretic based sensor network design (SND) approach for data reconciliation in a steady state linear process. The proposed approach is based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD), which measures the difference of a density function from a reference density function. In particular, the optimal design is the one that leads to the smallest KLD value of the designed density function of the estimates from a reference density function. This reference density function can be provided by the end-user, and the approach thus enables explicit incorporation of the end-user’s preference in the SND procedure. Additionally, the approach does not assume specific forms for the density functions of the estimates and is thus also applicable for cases when the estimates have non-Gaussian density. The significance of the approach is illustrated on a small example. To demonstrate its utility in obtaining optimal sensor networks, it is also applied to a popular case study from SND literature and results are compared with existing approaches.

Sensor network design for smart manufacturing – Application on precision machining

Energy consumption in a manufacturing facility comprises direct energy used in the manufacturing operations and indirect energy consumed by activities to maintain proper equipment conditions (e.g., heating and cooling). Reducing the energy consumption in a manufacturing facility requires sensors to monitor the energy usage patterns (“energy profiles”) and a concomitant data analytics process for correlating them with the activities being performed. This work explores the design and integration of optimal sensor networks for measuring and identifying the context of energy usage in manufacturing processes. This information is useful in production planning and scheduling to optimize energy usage and reduce energy cost. We explore a system-level representation of precision machining for optimal sensor locations and types that allow the monitoring of energy consumption. This is accomplished through maximization of a measure of the information matrix, subject to constraints on the cost of sensors. First, a system-level model is presented for predicting energy consumption in precision machining. A formulation is then presented for the selection of sensors and the operating mode for maintenance tests in manufacturing. The sensor network design is cast as a mixed-integer non-linear program that selects possible sensors based on their contribution to information gain with respect to energy consumption and their impact on equipment cost. For this purpose, we explore the sensitivity of the machining process with respect to admissible inputs at different system fault scenarios.

Design and deployment of a LoRa-based wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring system

Design and deployment of a LoRa-based wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring system

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В БЕЗДРОТОВИХ СЕНСОРНИХ МЕРЕЖАХ

The problem of information security in wireless sensor networks is considered in this paper. An analysis of existing recommendations for information security in wireless sensor networks. It was found that one of the key problems of information security is the hardware limitations of the sensor nodes of the network. It is substantiated that the use of more complex cryptographic protection mechanisms will increase the load on the network. Safety requirements and their description are given. The main groups and types of information security threats in wireless sensor networks are considered. The classification of attacks and protection of wireless sensor networks according to the OSI model is presented. The existing solutions for information security are considered and analyzed. The shortcomings and vulnerabilities of the considered solutions are revealed. The method of public key cryptography is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are revealed. The analysis and comparison of ECC and RSA encryption methods are carried out. It is substantiated that the use of ECC in wireless sensor networks is more efficient than RSA. The method of cryptography with a symmetric key is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are indicated. It was found that cryptographic methods using a symmetric key are more priority for use in wireless sensor networks. Cryptographic key management protocols in wireless sensor networks are considered. The classification of key management protocols is given. Secure routing protocols are considered. The classification of secure routing protocols is given. Methods of secure data aggregation are considered. Contradictions between the requirements for confidentiality and data aggregation have been revealed. The method of intrusion detection is considered, the main advantages and disadvantages of this method are revealed. The results of this work should be used in the design of wireless sensor networks.

Design of Wireless Vision Sensor Network for Smart Home

In recent years, wireless vision sensor network (WVSN) is being used to retrieve video content from different image sensors which are connected to different devices wirelessly. This information is used to do video analysis which can help to automate different tasks such as video surveillance. For such systems, power consumption during processing and communicating information has been a challenge because of limited energy sources at the node. To deal with the energy consumption problem, in this paper WVSN is proposed with its algorithm and hardware implementation for a smart home application. The computation tasks have been divided between the sensor node and the central server. While taking care of privacy issues during the transmission of data, a low complexity system has been developed for sensor nodes. For video analysis, foreground segmentation, object labeling, and object tracking have been performed. An efficient binary data compression technique has been proposed to compress the information during the labeling process. The proposed system has a high recognition rate for gesture recognition and human tracking. The system can achieve eight frames per second during processing information on Raspberry Pi board. This system can be extended further to include other smart home applications.

Simulation Method of an Expandable Lamb Wave Sensor Network for Aircraft Smart Skin

In order to realize a large-scale and lightweight Lamb wave sensor network, which is important to develop aircraft smart skin for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), the expandable sensor network based on the island-interconnect design is a feasible way. However, the analysis of mechanical properties and expandability is the key point to design such sensor network. In this paper, the simulation method of thin island-interconnect structures with arbitrary shape is proposed based on ABAQUS. It includes two key parts. The first is buckling mode analysis to extract buckling modes and corresponding eigenvalues of the structure. The second is postbuckling behavior analysis to analyze mechanical properties of the structure under large tensile deformation, based on a certain buckling mode. The simulation method is not limited by the manufacturing process and can be combined with micro- or nano-manufacturing process or conventional Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) process. Three simulation cases are given and analyzed, including serpentine, serpentine-based fractal and irregular island-interconnect structure. Based on the fractal island-interconnect structure, an expandable Lamb wave sensor network is designed and manufactured by the FPC process for validation of the simulation method. Results of the tensile test show good agreements with the simulation results. And the sensor network can be applied to Lamb wave-based SHM. The simulation method can provide an effective analysis tool and guidance for further design of expandable sensor networks.

Wireless Acoustic Sensor Nodes for Noise Monitoring in the City of Linares (Jaén).

Noise pollution is a problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Over the last few years, many researchers have devoted their attention to the design of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs) to monitor the real data of continuous and precise noise levels and to create noise maps in real time and space. Although WASNs are becoming a reality in smart cities, some research studies argue that very few projects have been deployed around the world, with most of them deployed as pilots for only days or weeks, with a small number of nodes. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a complete system for a WASN deployed in the city of Linares (Jaén), Spain, which has been running continuously for ten months. The complete system covers the network topology design, hardware and software of the sensor nodes, protocols, and a private cloud web server platform. As a result, the information provided by the system for each location where the sensor nodes are deployed is as follows: LAeq for a given period of time; noise indicators Lden, Lday, Levening, and Lnight; percentile noise levels (LA01T, LA10T, LA50T, LA90T, and LA99T); a temporal evolution representation of noise levels; and the predominant frequency of the noise. Some comparisons have been made between the noise indicators calculated by the sensor nodes and those from a commercial sound level meter. The results suggest that the proposed system is perfectly suitable for use as a starting point to obtain accurate maps of the noise levels in smart cities.

Identification of an Optimized Network Topology for WSN Based on Reliability and Power Efficiency

Wireless Sensor Networks have number of sensor nodes with limited energy resources that can be deployed regularly or randomly in the applications area. Compared to conventional technologies WSN plays vital role in major applications including structural health monitoring, hospitals, environment monitoring, defense, mining, manufacturing and industry automation. In WSN reliability of network architecture is the crucial parameter. In this paper the study of reliability of three different topologies of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) namely star, ring and mesh networks are explained. This paper explains the energy utilized by an each sensor node for during data transmission in each topology. The simulation results will provide useful idea for selection of topologies for sensor network designers for continuous transmission and reception of data for their applications.

Interference-aware lifetime maximization with joint routing and charging in wireless sensor networks

Radio Frequency based Wireless power transfer (RF-WPT) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Its ability to harvest Radio Frequency (RF) energy enables a novel approach to charge low-power wireless devices, resulting in benefits to product design, usability, and reliability in wireless sensor networks (WSN). It is however known that RF-WPT also introduces interference to wireless communications, leading to poor data throughput. The joint routing and charging remains a challenging job in RF energy harvesting networks. In this paper, we take initial steps towards understanding both data routing and charger scheduling in WSNs. We propose a smart interference-aware scheduling to maximize network lifetime and avoid potential data loss caused by charging interference. Then, we theoretically prove the optimality of the proposed design, i.e., $$1 - \frac{\phi }{W}$$, where W is an arbitrary positive integer and $$\phi$$ is determined by network properties. The evaluation indicates that the proposed design can guarantee 99% optimality and significantly improve network lifetime in WSNs.

Low-cost wireless sensor network applied to real-time monitoring and control of water consumption in residences

The objective of this work is to explore the implementation of a low-cost real-time monitoring and control of water consumption together with a user feedback interface. Water usage information will be available in a cloud storage and can be accessed through a mobile application. The collected data allows access and supervision of both client- and water concessionaire. Project feasibility is analyzed in terms of hardware and software, as well as each element required for the design. The simulations were carried out with the purpose of verifying system operation, considering the following metrics: transmission rate, signal strength and transmission quality. After the simulations, the hardware and software were integrated, and the final result was presented through a mobile application. This work presents and applies a design and development methodology of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and Smart City in water-distribution systems.