Design Of Satellite Communication Systems Research Articles

A comprehensive review of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems

Satellite communication systems play a pivotal role in enabling global connectivity, but their energy consumption presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability and operational costs. This comprehensive review explores various aspects of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems to address these challenges. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of energy efficiency in satellite communications, including key metrics and parameters, the review delves into the analysis of energy consumption across different subsystems. Strategies for optimizing energy efficiency in transmission protocols, modulation schemes, power management, and control are examined, along with case studies showcasing successful implementations. Emerging technologies and trends in satellite communication are explored for their potential to enhance energy efficiency. Regulatory and environmental considerations are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of aligning energy-efficient design with regulatory frameworks and addressing environmental impacts. Ultimately, this review highlights the importance of prioritizing energy efficiency in satellite communication system design to mitigate environmental impact, reduce operational costs, and ensure sustainability in an increasingly interconnected world.

Reliability analysis and redundancy design of satellite communication system based on a novel Bayesian environmental importance

Satellite communication system holds a crucial role in modern society, so it is significant to improve its reliability and stability. Optimizing reliability and designing redundancy become imperative methods to ensure continuous and efficient operation of the system in the intricate space environment. In this paper, we initially model the satellite communication system using a Markov Bayesian Network in conjunction with a non-working reserve system, facilitating a systematic analysis of its reliability. Secondly, we propose a novel Bayesian environmental importance measure by considering the unique attributes of the space environment. This importance measure verifies the contributions and significance of the individual subsystems within the satellite communication system. Subsequently, we formulate a redundancy design strategy for critical subsystems to maximize reliability while minimizing costs. To solve the optimal number of redundancies of components in the subsystem, we employ the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a satellite communication system.

A review of link budget analysis of satellite communication systems

At present, the link budget of satellite systems has become an essential part of the engineering design of satellite communication systems. Through the link budget, the performance of communication equipment and the loss of signal attenuation and interference during transmission can be comprehensively analysed, and the equipment resource configuration and device parameters can be continuously optimised to meet the user's communication capacity and quality requirements while leaving appropriate margins. This study aims to explore the link budget of the satellite system, study the parameters, channel characteristics and application of the satellite link budget, and provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the design and performance optimisation of the satellite communication system. Firstly, the research background and significance of satellite communication links are introduced, and the characteristics and advantages of other communication systems are analysed and compared from multiple dimensions. The main factors affecting the link budget, such as path loss, related atmospheric attenuation, and carrier-to-noise ratio, were mainly discussed using the parameter estimation method and comparative analysis. Then, from the perspective of channel characteristics, the critical issues of satellite link budget, including signal-to-noise ratio, code rate and other factors, are discussed. Based on the above research, this paper summarises the performance evaluation of satellite communication systems and provides a reference for practical applications.

The Laplacian Energy of Hesitancy Fuzzy Graphs in Decision-Making Problems

Decision-making (DM) is a process in which several persons concurrently engage, examine the problems, evaluate potential alternatives, and select an appropriate option to the problem. Technique for determining order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) is an established DM process. The objective of this report happens to broaden the approach of TOPSIS to solve the DM issues designed with Hesitancy fuzzy data, in which evaluation evidence given by the experts on possible solutions is presents as Hesitancy fuzzy decision matrices, each of which is defined by Hesitancy fuzzy numbers. Findings: we represent analytical results, such as designing a satellite communication network and assessing reservoir operation methods, to demonstrate that our suggested thoughts may be used in DM. Aim: We studied a new testing method for the artificial communication system to give proof of the future construction of satellite earth stations. We aim to identify the best one from the different testing places. We are also finding the best operation schemes in the reservoir. In this article, we present the concepts of Laplacian energy (LE) in Hesitancy fuzzy graphs (HFGs), the weight function of LE of HFGs, and the TOPSIS method technique is used to produce the hesitancy fuzzy weighted-average (HFWA). Also, consider practical examples to illustrate the applicability of the finest design of satellite communication systems and also evaluation of reservoir schemes.

Modeling and optimization of multi-altitude leo satellite networks using cox point processes

This research focuses on the modeling and optimization of multi-altitude Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks using Cox point processes to achieve efficient coverage and performance analysis. LEO satellite networks have gained attention for their potential to provide global connectivity with reduced latency and increased network capacity. Accurately modeling the spatial distribution of satellites at different altitudes and optimizing their deployment pose significant challenges. This research proposes a mathematical framework based on Cox point processes to capture the randomness and irregularity of satellite deployments. Optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithms, are employed to determine the optimal satellite locations, altitude allocation, and network parameters. Performance analysis considers metrics such as coverage probability, signal strength, interference levels, capacity, and quality of service. The research contributes to the development of advanced modeling techniques, optimization algorithms, and performance analysis frameworks, enabling efficient coverage and performance optimization in multi-altitude LEO satellite networks. The numerical examples and discussions illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed approach in enhancing the design and operation of satellite communication systems

System Modeling and Design Aspects of Next Generation High Throughput Satellites

As compared to terrestrial systems, the design of Satellite Communication (SatCom) systems requires a different approach due to differences in terms of wave propagation, operating frequency, antenna structures, interfering sources, limitations of onboard processing, power limitations and transceiver impairments. In this regard, this letter aims to identify and discuss important modeling and design aspects of the next generation High Throughput Satellite (HTS) systems. First, communication models of HTSs including the ones for multibeam and multicarrier satellites, multiple antenna techniques, and for SatCom payloads and antennas are highlighted and discussed. Subsequently, various design aspects of SatCom transceivers including impairments related to the transceiver, payload and channel, and traffic-based coverage adaptation are presented. Finally, some open topics are identified and discussed.

Evaluation of some rain attenuation prediction models for satellite communication at Ku and Ka bands

Propagation of radio waves between terrestrial and earth-space links at frequencies above 10 GHz are adversely affected by weather, especially rain. Rain-induced attenuation is an important propagation effect that has to be considered in satellite communication system design. Prediction of rain attenuation for earth-space links in North Central Nigeria at Ku and Ka bands is investigated using five rain attenuation models: The ITU-R P.618 model, Bryant model, Garcia-Lopez model, Svjatogor model and Simple attenuation model (SAM). The main objective is to determine the optimal rain attenuation prediction models for satellite communication in this region. 33 years (1983–2015) daily rainfall data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) were used. Three elevation angles were considered: 55° 42.5° and 23°. The results obtained showed that the ITU-R P.618, Garcia-Lopez and Bryant models performed best in this region. Also, attenuation ranged from 14 dB to 16 dB at 55° elevation angle, 15 dB–16 dB at 42.5° elevation angle and 20 dB–22 dB at 23° elevation angle for exceedance time percentage of 0.01% at Ku-band in all the stations. For the Ka-band, attenuation varied between 33 dB and 37 dB at 55° elevation angle, 33 dB and 37 dB at 42.5° elevation angle and between 42 dB and 48 dB at 23° elevation angle for same 0.01% exceedance time percentage. From the values of rain attenuation predicted for 0.01% time exceedance, availability of signal is possible at 42.5° and 55° elevation angles but impossible at 23° elevation angle at Ku-band. At Ka-band, the predicted rain attenuation values for 0.01% time exceedance have shown that availability of signal is impossible at all three elevation angles, which implies total signal fade out during such rainfall events in the region.

Analysis and comparison of tropospheric scintillation prediction models at Covenant University

Knowledge of tropospheric scintillation is an important phenomenon in the design of satellite communication system. One year (January 2015-December 2015) scintillation data extracted from Astra 2E/2F/2G Satellite link measurement installed at Covenant University, Ota (Lat: 6.7 oN, Long: 3.23 oE) southwest Nigeria, at an elevation angle of 59.9o and a frequency of 12.245 GHz was used in this study. The analysis and the result were compared with some reputable scintillation prediction models so as to obtain best performance model for Ota region. From the result, it was discovered that the Karasawa model gives the lowest percentage error rate for both fade and enhancement of about 0.57% at 0.1 percentage of time and 6.93% at 0.01 percentage of time respectively and therefore was best found fit for the prediction of propagation impairment for the region. However, the model should be tested further using higher frequency band such as Ka and V bands to confirm the accuracy of the model. The information provided in this study will help in fade margin for antenna sizing and performance needed for satellite communication link in the region.

Cloud attenuation modelling for satellite network links performance improvement

All local climate zones need to develop relevant climatic models such as cloud attenuation model which can serve as correlative resources to global satellites applications and a means of determining local link margins for satellite networks services in localities. Effects of suspended water droplets (SWD) and suspended ice crystals (SIC) which constitute clouds are major concern in the design and successful operation of satellite communication system at frequencies above 3GHz because the hydrometeors reduces the services availability critically as frequency increases. This work is a review of cloud attenuation modelling, using as a case study typical research work been carried out, to develop cloud attenuation model for tropical Ota (6.7oN, 3.23oE), southwest Nigeria. Cloud attenuation modelling for a station involve obtaining clouds parametric system equation from their numerical representations, taking into consideration the climatic initial and boundary conditions. The numerical representations are collected climatological and radiometric data, derived from well-designed experiments in which cloud parameters measurements are carried out using radiances change measured by satellites and visual observations from the surface station(s) on land and ships in the ocean. The on-going research work begin with the study of performance of eight foundation cloud models at the station, through their detailed evaluation from cloud cover data and radiosonde data analysis, followed by analysis of collected over three years spectrum analyser signal attenuation data. Then modelling analysis of the station spectrum analyser data collected at computed elevation angle 56.18o to Astra 2(E-G) Satellite located at 28.2oE, which involve comparisons of the derived attenuation distribution curves, both of the spectrum analyser data and those of the existing cloud models for the station, with the derived attenuation distribution curves of output data generated by each run session of the station simulation equation program. The general representation of the station cloud attenuation model is stated and the specific model equation is been worked on.

Anti-jamming Technology in Small Satellite Communication

Small satellite communication has an increasingly important position among the wireless communications due to the advantages of low cost and high technology. However, in view of the case that its relay station stays outside the earth, its uplink may face interference from malicious signal frequently. Here this paper classified enumerates existing interferences, and proposes channel signals as main interference by comparison. Based on a basic digital communication process, then this paper discusses the possible anti - jamming techniques that commonly be realized at all stages in diverse processes, and comes to the conclusion that regarding the spread spectrum technology and antenna anti-jamming technology as fundamental direction of future development. This work provides possible thought for the design of new small satellite communication system with the coexistence of multi - technologies. This basic popular science can be consulted for people interested in small satellite communication.

Analysis of non-rainy attenuation on earth-space path in Ota, Southwest Nigeria

Propagation effects due to atmospheric gases and tropospheric scintillation requires accurate modelling in the design of satellite communication systems. The combination of the two attenuation phenomena was observed within the period of August 2014 to December 2015. The result of this paper presents the on-going observation and data analysis of non-rainy attenuation on earth-space path in Ota, Southwest Nigeria. Results of clear-sky attenuation vary between 0 dBm and 4.85 dBm in January and February 2015 respectively. While a value of 4.23 dBm and 4.75 dBm were observed in October 2014 and 2015 respectively. The results will be useful for satellite communication system design and will be submitted to ITU-R Study group 3 Databank.

Cloud Attenuation Statistics Prediction From <italic>Ka</italic>-Band to Optical Frequencies: Integrated Liquid Water Content Field Synthesizer

The impact of cloud impairments on satellite links is increasing with the employment of higher frequency bands. In this paper, a model for predicting cloud attenuation statistics for satellite communication systems operating from Ka-band to optical range is presented. The cloud attenuation must be accurately quantified for the reliable design of satellite communication systems. A stochastic dynamic model for the generation of integrated liquid water content (ILWC) fields is proposed. The model is based on the stochastic differential equations and incorporates the spatial and temporal behavior of ILWC. Classifying the cloud types based on the cloud vertical extent and using the microphysical properties of clouds, the well-known Mie scattering theory and the global statistics for ILWC by International Telecommunications Union-Radio (ITU-R), a unified space-time model for the prediction of induced attenuation due to clouds for frequencies above Ka-band up to optical range is presented. The proposed model is tested in terms of first order statistics, compared first with ITU-R P.840-6 model and then with data obtained in the literature, showing encouraging results. Moreover, the probability of cloud occurrence for optical satellite single and site diversity system is calculated. Finally, the limitations and the applicability of the proposed model are discussed.

A Rain Cell Model for the Simulation and Performance Evaluation of Site Diversity Schemes

This letter presents a rain cell model for the simulation and performance evaluation of site diversity schemes, useful for the design of satellite communication (SatCom) systems operating at very high frequency (e.g., Ka-band and above) for which the use of effective fade mitigation techniques (FMTs) is mandatory. The model takes advantage of MultiEXCELL for the synthesis of the local rainfall environment, whose interaction with the SatCom system is simulated to estimate the diversity gain for site separation distances up to 250 km. Tests against the data included in the diversity experiment database maintained by the ITU-R indicate a very good prediction accuracy. The proposed model represents a synthesis, in terms of applicability, of the two methodologies currently recommended by ITU-R, and, in addition, it is more flexible, enabling the analysis of diversity schemes of any order, configuration, and complexity.

Coding for shared satellite channel communications

This paper investigates the design and performance of a two-user satellite communication system. Each user is independently encoded using a structured Turbo code with identical symbol interleavers. This permits Turbo decoding to be performed using the combined component code trellises, which provides significant gains over independent decoding. The design of the code-matched symbol interleavers is described. Both ideal and imperfect knowledge of the relative phase shift between users is considered. Performance is compared to the single user case and the performance degradation due to a third unknown user is considered. These investigations show that the proposed system performs well in a variety of conditions.

Time varying interference statistical distribution for direct-to-user satellite applications

Adjacent co-channel satellite systems might lead to unacceptable mutual radio interference levels due to their close spacing in orbit and to the reduced antenna sizes at the user's reception. Tropospheric propagation impairments along with the interference effects are of utmost importance for the reliable design of modern satellite communication systems operating at Ku (14/12 GHz) and Ka(30/20 GHz) frequency bands and above. The objective of this Letter is the presentation of a novel analytical and accurate methodology for the prediction of the time varying carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) statistical distribution under rain fading conditions. Appropriate physical space-time structure is employed for the correlation between the rain-induced attenuations on the two converging slant paths. The analysis proposed is flexible and incorporates various operational and geometrical parameters of the interference scenario. Numerical results illustrating the impact of those parameters on the space-time varying CIR statistics are presented and useful conclusions are drawn.

A novel approach to model the land mobile satellite channel through reversible jump markov chain monte carlo technique

A key issue in the design of a mobile satellite communication system is an adequate knowledge of the statistical behavior of the propagation channel. To achieve this goal, the development of very accurate models plays a very important role. In contrast to traditional multi-state Markov chain based models, the novel approach proposed in this paper makes no prior assumptions on the number of states or on the statistical distributions characterizing each state. The sequence of channel states is blindly estimated using a Reversible Jump Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm.

Tropospheric Scintillation Measurement in Malaysia at KU-band

This paper compares the predicted monthly scintillation means of nine scintillation prediction models to the monthly mean of the empirical data collected from the beacon receiver located at USM which has a frequency of 12.255 GHz and elevation angle of 40.1°. The impact of tropospheric scintillation has to be considered in the design and planning of satellite communication systems at frequencies above 10 GHz.

Cross‐layer protocols for satellite communication networks: part I

Cross‐layer protocols for satellite communication networks: part I

저궤도 소형위성 통신시스템 개념설계 프로그램의 개발

This paper addresses development of the conceptual design program of satellite communication system. A database for more than 200 small satellites of LEO which are between 10kg and 200kg was constructed to conduct a sequential process of conceptual design. General parameters based on the database were derived to be able to use for initial design of satellite communication system. The general conceptual design process developed and programed in this work is applicable to micro-class small satellites without regard to mission types. This conceptual design algorithm is consisted of five sequential steps, in which various parameters are defined every phase. These parameters are utilized for conceptual design through database analysis. The validity of an entire design algorithm has been demonstrated via program simulation.

Seasonal and diurnal variations of total attenuation measured with the ITALSAT satellite at Spino d'Adda at 18.7, 39.6 and 49.5 GHz

AbstractThe ITALSAT satellite experiment started in January 1991 and ended in January 2001, permitting an extensive program of propagation measurements at 18.7, 39.6 and 49.5 GHz. In these frequency bands, up‐ and down‐links experience severe signal attenuation due to meteorological effects such as those due to gas (oxygen and water vapour), clouds, turbulence and, especially, rain. The propagation measurement campaigns aim mainly at assessing and at modelling the appropriate fade margin compensating propagation attenuation in the design of satellite communication systems. This margin depends significantly on the season and on the time of the day, due to variations of meteorological conditions. This paper reports the results obtained from copolar signal measurements carried out at the Earth station of Spino d'Adda, near Milano (North Italy), at the three frequencies during 7 years (from 1994 to 2000). The measured cumulative distribution functions of total attenuation are compared to ITU‐R models' prediction. Moreover the statistics conditioned to single months of the year, seasons and 4 h contiguous periods of the day are also shown. These statistics can be useful for telecommunication systems whose service quality and design must be matched to the season of the year or the time of the day. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.