Road Pavement Design Research Articles

The Relationship Between Loading Frequency and Truck Speed on Asphalt Pavements

The mechanistic-empirical road pavement design methods necessitate knowledge of the dynamic modulus master curve of asphalt mixtures. This requires the designer to accurately define both the load frequency and the temperature of the pavement structure. The parameter of load frequency is of great importance in laboratory fatigue tests. However, it presents a challenge since road structures are loaded in the time domain, not the frequency domain. This complexity has prompted researchers to develop time-frequency conversion methods to estimate the corresponding frequency from the duration of traffic-induced stress or deformation pulses. Recent findings indicate that the time-frequency equivalence factor is considerably lower than previously assumed. In this study, we introduce a new four-parameter empirical RAMBO material model, derived from the Ramberg–Osgood equation, which offers parameters to determine the time-frequency equivalence factor for asphalt mixtures. The relationship between the moving wheel load velocity and the load impulse time is analysed, primarily based on experimental data and computational methods from existing literature. A method for determining the wavelength of the load impulse is proposed. The theoretical correlation indicates that a wheel load travelling at 100 km/h results in a dynamic deformation frequency of 10 Hz. However, for a strain impulse, the same speed corresponds to a much lower frequency of 3–4 Hz. This study offers a refined understanding of the time-frequency equivalence factor, which is of crucial importance for more accurate road pavement design and fatigue testing.

Use of Lignin, Waste Tire Rubber, and Waste Glass for Soil Stabilization

The complex interactions between soil and additives such as lignin, glass powder, and rubber tires were investigated using principles of material and soil mechanics. Previous research has mainly focused on individual additives in clay soils. In contrast, this study investigates soil improvement with two different types of waste materials simultaneously. The improvement of soil properties by hybrid waste materials was evaluated using several laboratory tests, including the standard Proctor test, the unconfined compressive strength test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and cyclic triaxial tests. The aim of this research is to identify key parameters for the design and construction of road pavements and to demonstrate that improving the subgrade with hybrid waste materials contributes significantly to the sustainability of road construction. The mechanical and physical properties were evaluated in detail to determine the optimal mixtures. The results show that the most effective mixture for the combination of waste glass powder and rubber tires contains 20% glass powder and 3% rubber tires, based on the dry weight of the soil. For the combination of waste glass powder and lignin, the optimum mixture consists of 15% glass powder and 15% lignin, based on the dry weight of the soil. These results provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of waste materials for soil stabilization in road construction projects.

Investigating the Mechanical Behaviour of Unbound Granular Material (UGM) for Road Pavement Construction Applications: A Western Victoria Case Study

The behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGMs) used in road construction is crucial in determining the longevity and performance of road pavement. Geotechnical analysis can assist engineers in selecting suitable materials and designing road pavements that meet industry standards. This paper presents the results of laboratory geotechnical tests conducted on unbound granular materials (UGMs) collected from three sites (Roses Gap, Rules East, and Polkemmet Road) in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. UGMs were investigated for their mechanical behaviour and suitability as subgrade materials for road pavements. The study utilised laboratory geotechnical tests, including particle size distribution (PSD), Atterberg limits, compaction (Proctor) test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests, to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the UGM samples. The study indicates that UGM samples collected from different locations displayed variations in their geotechnical properties, such as particle size distribution, water absorption, and CBR strength. Roses Gap samples showed weak cohesion properties, and significant vertical displacements after repeated triaxial tests. However, among the samples in this site, samples with higher clay content (RG21) demonstrated the most promise in triaxial tests. Similarly, the Rules East samples were found to be suitable for low-traffic subgrades due to their satisfactory CBR and RLT testing results, albeit with little cohesion from clay content. Out of three locations, Polkemmet samples were identified as potential subgrade applications, with PR12 being the top recommendation overall. It satisfied PSD, CBR, and RLT test conditions due to acceptable particle size in the largest range, highest CBR strength value, and lowest permanent displacement. The study's findings provide useful information for the design of road pavements using these materials and the characterisation of rural materials around the Horsham region for future use in various other contexts.

Towards Sustainable Road Pavements: Sound Absorption in Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures

In the last decade, various asphalt paving materials have undergone investigation for sound attenuation purposes. This research aims to delve into the innovative design of sustainable road pavements by examining sound absorption in rubber-modified asphalt mixtures. More specifically, the impact of alternative sustainable materials on the sound absorption of asphalt mixtures across different temperatures, precisely crumb rubber (CR) derived from recycling of end-of-life tires, was investigated. The acoustic coefficient and its Gaussian fit parameters (Peak, BandWidth, and Area Under the Curve) were evaluated. Five different types of asphalt mixtures were studied, encompassing dense, discontinuous, and open mixtures with 0%, 0.75%, and 1.50% CR incorporated through the dry process (DP). The results of sound absorption indicated a slight influence of crumb rubber at temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 60 °C, particularly in mixtures with high void content. On the other hand, as expected, the void content proved to be highly correlated with sound absorption. These findings facilitated the establishment of predictive models that correlate acoustic absorption spectra with the characteristics of asphalt mixtures. As a result, these models will be valuable in the design of the next generation of sound-absorbing pavements.

Evaluation of Subgrade Resilient Modulus using CBR Test Data to Facilitate Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPD)

Sri Lankan road pavement design has relied on empirical design guidelines, and it is now transforming to a more modern approach known as the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPD) method, aligning with global best practices. One crucial input parameter in this new methodology is the Resilient Modulus (RM) of unbound materials. Determination of RM and establishment of typical values is essential to implement the MEPD. This study has devoted significant attention to the RM evaluation process and developing predictive models for determiningRM from CBR values. Furthermore, typical RMvalues for locally available soil types have been established. In addition to that, ageospatial database has been established with information on soil properties and RMvalues throughout Sri Lanka. This database is a valuable resource for M-E road pavement design, providing quick reference data to conceptual designs and Level 3-MEPD.

Perbandingan VDF Jembatan Timbang Tanjung Balik Terhadap VDF MDPJ 2017 Berdasarkan Beban Aktual

The 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual is a basic reference for road pavement planning in Indonesia, with the provision of a tolerance limit for the overload of 50%. However, the case of violation of the overload that occurs causes a significant increase in the damage to the road. The purpose of this research is to assess the validity of the VDF value in the 2017 MDPJ. This study uses vehicle weight data obtained from UPPKB Tanjung Balik West Sumatra by classifying vehicles, calculating each load distribution, and calculating the VDF value as a value that will be compared to the VDF that has been set in the 2017 MDPJ. Based on the analysis carried out, the VDF values ​​for each vehicle class 6a, 6b, 7a, and 7b were 0.39, 8.17, 9.28, and 4.53, with the determination of the VDF value in the 2017 MDPJ was 0.5, 3.0, 9.8, and 36.9. From these results, it is concluded that the VDF value in vehicle class 6b does not meet the VDF value that has been set so it is necessary to make corrections to the manual.

Induction heating and induced healing evaluation of the asphalt concretes incorporating conductive aggregates exposed to microwave radiation

This study investigates the application of aggregate-based conductive additives, including steel slag, Iron slag, and ferrosilicon, in asphalt concretes for induction heating and induced healing purposes. The research focuses on evaluating the mechanical properties, induction heating capabilities, induced crack healing, environmental impacts, and cost of various conductive asphalt concretes. The Gray Relation Analysis (GRA) technique is then employed to determine the sustainability ranking of these mixtures based on the aforementioned criteria. The mechanical properties of the asphalt concretes were evaluated through the Indirect tensile strength at intermediate temperature and semi-circular bending tests at intermediate and low temperatures. The homogeneous induction heating rate of the mixtures was also examined. Additionally, the healing indices for the breaking-healing cycles were investigated. The environmental impacts and fabrication cost of conductive asphalt concretes were compared to identify the most sustainable conductive mixture with optimal performance and durability. The results demonstrate that the addition of aggregate-based conductive additives significantly improves the mechanical properties and homogeneous heating rates under microwave radiation. Furthermore, the conducted tests indicate that the introduced conductive asphalt concretes possess the ability to heal and restore their mechanical properties after damage or cracking. Moreover, the sustainability analysis reveals that the mixtures incorporating steel slag, especially asphalt concrete incorporating fine steel slag, are more sustainable and cost-effective compared to conventional asphalt mixtures. These findings provide valuable insights for road infrastructure and pavement design, aiming to incorporate innovative and environmentally friendly materials and methods to enhance the healing competencies and performance of flexible pavements.

Development of road pavement structures using zeolite of the Tatar-Shatrashanskoe deposit

Introduction. The growing dynamics of road construction, the active improvement of domestic road structures and technologies, and the modernization of the production base will make it possible to form a comprehensive sustainable transport framework for the country, which will provide an impact to the entire economy of the Russian Federation. One of the economically and technologically advantageous solutions for this is the development and construction of road structures using zeolite - pozzolanic additive. The analysis of Russian and foreign sources indicates that pozzolanic additives improve the physical and mechanical properties of road building materials. The purpose of the work is to develop road pavement structures using zeolite from the Tatarsko-Shatrashanskoe deposit. To achieve this purpose, the tasks such as the development of road building materials using zeolite ( local mineral materials treated with Portland cement and zeolite are used for base layers, warm asphalt concrete with zeolite is used for coating layers), the design and calculation of road pavements using zeolite from the TatarskoShatrashanskoe deposit were solved.Materials and methods. The experimental laboratory studies of materials in accordance with GOST 23558, GOST R 70396, GOST R 58406.8, GOST R 58406.9, GOST 9128, GOST 12801 were carried out. The calculation of road pavement structures in the Credo Radon software package for permissible elastic deflection, shear resistance, bending resistance, static load, frost resistance, drainage layer for climatic conditions typical of the Republic of Tatarstan, according to PNST 265, GOST R 58818 was carried out.Results. As a result of the research, the physical and mechanical properties of samples of road building materials using zeolite, which correspond to regulatory requirements were determined. The design and calculation of road pavements using zeolite in the Credo Radon software package was carried out. Structural transverse profiles of highways of categories IV and V using zeolite from the Tatarsko-Shatrashanskoe deposit have been proposed. The use of developed materials and road structures will currently improve the economy, rational environmental management of the region and, in general, provide an opportunity to improve the quality of life in cities and towns by successfully completing the five-year road activity plan.

Comparison of road damage analysis using PCI method and Bina Marga method and the analysis of road improvement methods using the road pavement design manual (Case study: Citayam – Parung road)

The Citayam - Parung road section is an inter-district and city route between Bogor Regency and Depok City, West Java Province, on this road section there is high mobility. This research aims to determine the type of road damage using the PCI method and Bina Marga method and analyze repairs using the 2017 MDP. Data collection was carried out by direct survey and interviews with related agencies. The results of the research analysis of damage to the Citayam - Parung road are alligator cracking, block cracking, edge cracking, transverse longitudinal cracks, utility patches and excavations, polished aggregate, photoles and weathering and raveling. The PCI method damage analysis has a value of 71.96 with Very Good pavement quality, and the results of the Bina Marga method damage analysis have a priority order of 10 with the priority order of the Routine Maintenance Program. The relationship between the PCI method is directly proportional to the Bina Maarga method, with a PCI value between 71-85 and the priority order for Bina Marga, namely 10, the regression equation obtained is PCI = 207.52 – 13.296*(BM). The results of the repair analysis are a 45 mm thick non-structural overlay with an estimated cost of Rp. 2,404,076,800.00.

An Updated Cyclic CBR Test with Realistic Stress Values under the Plunger for Resilient Modulus Calculation

The design and assessment of forest and rural road pavements made from unbound natural and recycled materials require the careful determination of their physical-mechanical properties. The fundamental parameter for characterizing the soil material property is considered to be the resilient modulus Mr. The generally accepted alternative solution for its calculation is the cyclic CBR test, which uses standard CBR testing equipment. To perform tests on intact specimens and under stress conditions corresponding to expected states of stress in a pavement structure, an updated cyclic CBR test is proposed. In contrast to the standard cyclic CBR test, the applied loading force for repeated loadings is not determined in the first loading step by the plunger penetration to the prescribed depth, but by the stress value that is expected in an actual pavement structure. The updated test was verified on 240 tested specimens taken from a total of 40 soil samples belonging to nine soil types according to the USCS system. The resilient modulus results obtained are compared with those obtained using the standard cyclic CBR test and the cyclic triaxial test.

Definition of new stopping criteria for the characterization of permanent deformation of granular materials

In the characterization of the plastic deformation of granular materials for pavement use, it is possible to identify different behaviors throughout the load application in the triaxial equipment. In certain stress pairs, some soils may present very small accumulated deformation variations, reaching accommodation, not requiring the application of thousands of load cycles, as suggested in the Brazilian approach. In this sense, a preliminary assessment of this type of behavior can save time and resources in paving works. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the applicability of shakedown classification criteria for soils from a sampling region and to determine the effect of prior disruption in single-stage testing, in case of accommodation. For this purpose, 58 tests were analyzed for 7 soils, applying 9 stress pairs and 150,000 load cycles at a frequency of 2 Hz. The rutting calculation in a pavement section suggested that, for soils whose total deformation was less than 2 mm, stopping the procedure after about 30,000 cycles would generate approximately 0.1 mm variations compared to the values obtained at 150,000 cycles. Realizing that the criteria available in the literature would not be adequate for Brazilian standards and soils, Decision Tree models were used, based on ranges of vertical strain rate values at different intervals prior to 10,000 cycles. The results demonstrated that the algorithm was able to accurately predict the occurrence of Type A tests, with no false positives observed for the other plastic accommodation ranges. Thus, the application of the proposed methods in combination can provide significant economy and optimize the design and construction of Brazilian road pavements.

Analysis of Back Defect Method Using Tools benkelman Beam in Planning Layer Thickness Add Flexible Pavement (Overlay)

This research is backgrounded by the level of road damage that occurs on the Isimu - Paguyaman road so that the need for handling so that the transportation route runs smoothly. This study aims to analyze and determine the thickness of the overlay layer (overlay) using the 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual (MDP 2017) method with the Benkelman beam test tool, which is carried out on the Isimu - Paguyaman Road section (STA 17 + 100 - STA 18 + 100). Based on the results of the study, the overlay thickness was obtained from the results of traffic volume analysis by taking into account the CESAL value for 10 years of planning age of 11,476,966 ESA 4 for 10 years of planning age of 19,233,188.4 ESA4 and CESAL valueof 5. The difference in the results of calculating the CESAL value is due to the determination of equivalent numbers and different VDF values in each calculation. Overlay thickness based on the method of the 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual obtained a minimum AC-WC thickness of 11.23 cm by using an overlay thickness solution graph based on maximum characteristic deflection.

Flexible Road Pavement Thickness Planning using the 2017 Manual Road Pavement Design (MDPJ) Method and 1987 Component Analysis on the Jepara - Keling Road Section

The increase in the volume of vehicles on the Jepara - Keling road has resulted in a decrease in the quality of road services, moreover, it has been exacerbated by the passing vehicles which often exceed their carrying capacity, thus accelerating road damage. Therefore, road planning efforts are needed to maintain road function from various potential damages that occur. The purpose of this thesis is to plan a flexible pavement thickness that is able to serve the volume of vehicles and withstand the loads of passing vehicles. Meanwhile, before planning a road, it is necessary to know the condition of the road, field CBR data, average daily traffic data and also need to plan what material the road will be built with. The approach method used in planning the thickness of the flexible pavement is using the 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ) method and the 1987 Component Analysis method. Based on the calculations that have been carried out, it is obtained that the thickness of the flexible pavement structure design is obtained for each layer using the Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ) method. ) 2017 are as follows: for 4 cm thick AC-WC layer, 6 cm thick AC-BC layer, 16 cm thick AC-Base layer, and 30 cm thick Class A LPA layer. Whereas using the 1987 Component Analysis method, the thickness for each layer was obtained as Asphalt Concrete MS 740: 10 cm, Class A Crushed Stone LPB: 25 cm, Class A Sand and Stone LPB: 22 cm

Behavioral investigation of stochastic lateral wandering patterns in mixed traffic flow

The vehicles’ lateral movement exhibits inherent stochastic behavior, and when considered collectively, the traffic flow demonstrates certain lateral wandering pattern which serves a fundamental input for pavement design and sustainability analysis. Naturalistic driving trajectories show that the vehicles on neighboring lanes tend to interact laterally, which leads to correlated wandering on a multi-lane road. Compared with human-driven vehicles (HDV), autonomous vehicles (AVs) have a more centered wandering pattern, which accelerates the pavement fatigue. As the market penetration rate of the AVs changes, the wandering pattern of the mixed AVs flow would evolve accordingly, which further influence pavement performances. The evolutionary wandering pattern of mixed AVs flow which considers the interactions between neighboring lanes’ traffic flow is not fully studied yet. This research fills this gap with a stochastic behavioral lateral movement model that bridges the microscopic behavior and lateral wandering pattern. Firstly, a lateral movement model is developed, which assumes that lateral dynamics are influenced by lane markings, road boundaries, intra-lane interaction, and noise. The model is expressed in a stochastic differential form. The solution of the model which gives the lateral wandering is expressed by the Euler-Maruyama scheme, Fokker-Planck equation and Markov chain. Then the model is employed to investigate the wandering patterns under different scenarios. The results show that the model's outputs are consistent with current research results and empirical observations. This research provides additional insights regarding lateral wandering under mixed autonomous vehicle flow, and offers a theoretical tool for future road pavement design.

Predicting California bearing ratio of HARHA-treated expansive soils using Gaussian process regression

The California bearing ratio (CBR) is one of the basic subgrade strength characterization properties in road pavement design for evaluating the bearing capacity of pavement subgrade materials. In this research, a new model based on the Gaussian process regression (GPR) computing technique was trained and developed to predict CBR value of hydrated lime-activated rice husk ash (HARHA) treated soil. An experimental database containing 121 data points have been used. The dataset contains input parameters namely HARHA—a hybrid geometrical binder, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, optimum moisture content, activity and maximum dry density while the output parameter for the model is CBR. The performance of the GPR model is assessed using statistical parameters, including the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE), and performance indicator (ρ). The obtained results through GPR model yield higher accuracy as compare to recently establish artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) models in the literature. The analysis of the R2 together with MAE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ρ values for the CBR demonstrates that the GPR achieved a better prediction performance in training phase with (R2 = 0.9999, MAE = 0.0920, RMSE = 0.13907, RRMSE = 0.0078 and ρ = 0.00391) succeeded by the ANN model with (R2 = 0.9998, MAE = 0.0962, RMSE = 4.98, RRMSE = 0.20, and ρ = 0.100) and GEP model with (R2 = 0.9972, MAE = 0.5, RMSE = 4.94, RRMSE = 0.202, and ρ = 0.101). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that HARHA was the key parameter affecting the CBR.

ANALISIS PERBAIKAN DAN BIAYA PERKERASAN JALAN (Studi Kasus Jalan Pati – Gabus)

Highways are one of the important facilities and infrastructure for the achievement of an activity, so a good road pavement design is a must. The existence of highways is very necessary for the need for transportation facilities that can reach remote areas. The increase in traffic volume will result in a decrease in service caused by a decrease in road capacity, in line with the results of the survey/identification conducted, road damage is currently occurring in several areas, especially the Pati-Gabus road section, Pati Regency, which causes considerable losses, especially for road users. , such as congestion, traffic accidents, long travel time and others. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of finding alternative pavement designs on the Pati-Gabus road section, and calculating the estimated costs required for pavement repairs. In this study using data obtained through field surveys which are primary data and data collection from the Highways Field of Pati Regency which is secondary data. The results of the study using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method found that the damage at STA 0+000 to 0+200 was moderately damaged and at STA 0+200 – 1+000 it was lightly damaged and the type of repair was appropriate by looking at the conditions on the Pati road section. -Cork is at STA 0+000 to 1+000 using overlay requires a budget of IDR 2,600,000,000, while at STA 1+000 to STA 2+600 it is heavily damaged and must use rigid pavement requiring budget of IDR 6,341,000,000.
 Keywords: Road damage, Road repair, Pavement costs

Mechanistic-empirical Design of Perpetual Road Pavement Using Strain-based Design Approach

Present paper deals with the development of a Mechanistic-Empirical model of the strain-based design of perpetual road pavement using Odemark's principle. The bituminous pavement which can withstand minimum design traffic of 300 msa has been classified as perpetual pavement in this paper. The pavement has been considered as a three-layered system with a top layer of bituminous mix followed by unbound granular materials which rest on soil subgrade. The constituent bituminous layer thickness in the pavement has been determined by limiting the radial tensile strain at the bottom of the bituminous layer against fatigue and the vertical compressive strain at the top of the subgrade against rutting. The allowable strain against rutting and fatigue has been used in the present analysis from mechanistic-empirical correlations recommended in IRC:37-2018. The pavement section has been transformed into a homogeneous system by Odemark's method for application of Boussinesq's theory. To validate the thickness of the perpetual pavement, the strain at different layer interfaces in the pavement was compared using IITPAVE software, which shows the pavement section using present method is safe against rutting but marginally fails under fatigue. Moreover, conventional pavement thickness obtained using IRC:37-2018 were compared with the present method, which shows reasonably good convergence. It has been found that the bituminous layer thickness in a layered system of pavement seems to be more sensitive to fatigue than rutting. In this backdrop, modified fatigue and rutting strain values have been recommended for the design of perpetual road pavement.

Application of digital technology in environmental art design

Abstract In recent years, digital technology has rapidly penetrated various industries and brought various opportunities for developing these industries. Based on two digital technologies, BP neural network and the Gray Wolf algorithm, this article analyzes the application of digital technology in environmental art design at Xi’an Eurasian National University, taking environmental art design as an example. The article uses these two algorithms to analyze the site and design principles of the campus, followed by detailed design and consideration of the campus environment design, mainly from greenery design, groundscape and road pavement design, and campus landscape lighting design. The analysis of the collected data in this paper shows that students’ satisfaction with the central teaching area is generally low, at around 20%, and the satisfaction with the northwest teaching area is the highest, all above 40%, up to 61%. The students’ satisfaction with the plant landscape on the campus was generally at a medium level. However, the satisfaction level for loblolly pine is not very high, and overall is around 30%, while the satisfaction level for the cedar is high, and everyone’s satisfaction is higher than 60%. Therefore, this paper takes the students’ satisfaction with the campus landscape environment into consideration in the landscape design, which is conducive to achieving the perfect integration of landscape art design and ecological environment and achieving the realistic goal of both aesthetic and environmental protection.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ НЕУКРІПЛЕНИХ ОСНОВ НЕЖОРСТКИХ ДОРОЖНІХ ОДЯГІВ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ВИВЧЕННЯ ДЕФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ДИСПЕРСНИХ СУМІШЕЙ

Introduction. The introduction to the paper highlights the role of the modeling of deformation behavior of unbound granular mixtures (UGMs) under repeated mechanical loading as the base aspect of designing flexible road pavement with an unbound base layers due to the fact that UGMs have been recognized as the most vulnerable materials of the flexible road pavement under action of negative climatic (seasonal) or technogenic factors. Problem statement. The issues of the paper concern the problems related to unstable deformation behavior of UGMs in unbound base/subbase layers during flexible road pavement designing and maintenance. Purpose. The main goal of the paper is to perform an analytical review of the theoretical background to the construction and calculation of an unbound base layer of the flexible road pavement according to the results of the study of UGMs’ deformation behavior with their following categorization. The results of the analytical review are intended to be used during implementation of a national standard concerning the method of testing of unbound granular mixtures by the triaxial cyclic loading identical to the related European standard. Results. The “shakedown concept” was reviewed which allows the categorization and also the appropriate selection of granular mixture during road pavement design and construction. It was established, that the “shakedown concept” sets up three types of permanent behavior of UGMs which, only after being tested via the triaxial cyclic loading method, can be categorized considering the design input data as stable or unstable ones. Also, an analytical comparison of various possible approaches to the UGMs’ categorization within the “shakedown concept” was fulfilled. By the standardized approach, the limits of three categories shall be established at progressively increasing stresses taking into consideration the restrictions on accumulated axial permanent strains. The other approach may be potentially effective for UGM selection and is based on the value of the permanent axial strain rate per one loading cycle. Further, the aspects of an empirical designing of flexible road pavements were reviewed where the parameters of deformation behavior of UGM were adopted, via the Finite Elements Method, to calculate the distribution of stresses and to model rutting in an unbound base layer considering variable thickness of asphalt pavement and variable climatic factors as well.

Geometric Evaluation and Analysis of Road Pavement on the Buper - Kemp Road Section, Wolker Waena

The topography in Jayapura regency is generally an area consisting of mountains and valleys that have various elevations, and the transportation facilities are also diverse. Geometric evaluation on the Camp road section. Wolker – Buper Waena conducted a topographic survey of existing roads. To obtain geometric data, then geometric evaluation is carried out based on RSNI T-14-2004 (Guidelines for Geometric Planning of Urban Roads) and Inter-City Geometric Planning Procedures, Department of PU, Directorate General of Highways, 1997. Road pavement analysis based on the Road Pavement Design Manual of the Ministry of PU No. 04/SE/DB/2017 and the Regulation of the Minister of PU No. 04/SE/M/2010.The conclusion of the study on geometric evaluation of horizontal alinyemen roads on the bends PI – 10 and PI – 11 did not meet the standard provisions. Similarly, vertical alinyemen exceeds the maximum limit of road slump, which is 10%. The slump is at sta 0+450 – 0+650 and sta 0+800 – 1+400. Thus, it needs re-planning. Analysis of road pavement at the Cbr point of the field > 6%, the basic soil strength class SG6. Basic soil improvement foundation structure stabilization segment or preferred heap material (compaction of ≤ layer 200 mm loose thickness), no need for improvement. Then for the field Cbr < 2.5%, the basic soil strength class SG1 with a support layer of 700 mm. For a field Cbr of 2.5%, the base soil strength class is SG2.5 with a minimum soil improvement thickness of 175 mm. For field Cbr, 3 % uses basic soil strength class SG3 with a minimum thickness of soil improvement of 150 mm. For a field Cbr of 4%, a base soil strength grade of SG4 with a minimum soil improvement thickness of 100 mm. The pavement layer design obtained AC WC = 40 mm, AC BC = 60 mm and LPA Class A adjusts the minimum thickness of soil improvement of each segment.