Design Of Protection System Research Articles

Key Design and Dehumidification Effect Testing of a New Dry Air Protection System for Main Cables

Key Design and Dehumidification Effect Testing of a New Dry Air Protection System for Main Cables

Implementation of Solar PV Protection System in Indonesia: A Review

Conventional energy sources will run out if used continuously and damage the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other energy sources that are safe, environmentally friendly, and inexhaustible known as renewable energy sources to meet energy needs in Indonesia. This article presents a review that discusses the protection of solar panels and PLTS. Solar panels are vulnerable to lightning strikes and other electrical disturbances, so an effective protection system is needed. This study uses a qualitative method through a literature study, reviewing various protection methods such as conventional and electrostatic lightning rods, good grounding systems, and overcurrent detection devices such as Solar Charge Controller (SCC) and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). In addition, battery protection with Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Low Voltage Disconnected (LVD) is also discussed. Using Arduino Uno, ESP 32, and PLC, automation approaches offer real-time monitoring and control solutions for solar power plant performance. Innovations in the lightning protection zone concept and minimal quantity measurement schemes enable more cost-effective design of protection systems without reducing the level of protection. The results show that these various protection methods can provide effective and efficient protection for solar power plants, enabling optimization of system function and safety. In conclusion, the protection systems reviewed in this study offer a sustainable solution to Indonesia's energy challenges by utilizing the maximum potential of solar energy. The potential for further research is presented in this article to develop more efficient and effective protection methods.

Design and Implementation of a GSM-Based Home Protection System Against Gas Cylinder Explosion

The aim of this work is to design and implement a GSM-based smart home protection system against the possible life-threatening firing and damage of properties due to gas cylinder explosions. These hazardous explosions are increasingly happened in Bangladesh in the recent years and hence, become serious concerns for the safety of individuals residing in a house. The system designed and implemented in this work can identify unnatural gas leakage by using gas sensors and also, sense unusual temperature increases due to firing inside a house or a restaurant by using temperature sensors. The proposed system ensures multi-level security. The audio and visual alerts are ensured by the use of fire alarms and LEDs respectively. Using GSM module, the system also makes emergency calls and sends SMS to the owner and the nearby fire station to take prompt actions. One servo motor stops the gas valve to cease the gas leakage and another one starts the water valve to flow water to reduce the temperature. Additionally, an exhaust fan is used to reduce the room temperature and let the gas flow out. Therefore, the proposed system is a potential solution to reduce life risks and property damage due to gas cylinder explosion.

A multi-bionic design strategy for modular energy absorption system based on interlocking suture integrated with Bouligand-like arranged perforations

Thin-walled tubes are widely used in the field of cushioning energy absorption as an ideal structural unit. However, the performance of the thin-walled tube system is greatly limited by the presence of redundant connection structures. To address these issues, a multi-bionic design strategy for high-performance modular system was developed in this work, which innovatively combines the robust joint structure of the interlocking suture with the efficient deformation mode of the Bouligand structures. In the design process, the suture-inspired system was studied separately, and its mechanical behaviors were investigated by FEM simulations and experiments. The results showed that the modular system has good structural scalability and tunable deformation mode, and can be adjusted on demand to accommodate different loads and geometric features. Furthermore, in order to reduce the weight and improve the deformation degree of the system, an optimization strategy inspired by the efficient deformation mode of the Bouligand structure was proposed by perforating a sequence of helix-arranged guide holes in the sidewalls of the tubes. The results showed that the double-helix perforated system can reduce the weight by 10% while increasing the specific energy absorption by 58% compared with the unperforated system. In addition, the specific energy absorption and energy absorption efficiency of the system are as high as 48.25 J/g and 56.17%, which is comparable to traditional honeycomb sandwich panels while retaining structural stability and adjustable performance. Therefore, this multi-bionic strategy can integrate the advantages of various natural structures and provide new insights for the design of high-performance protective systems.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of an expressway sand protection system in a gobi region—case study of the Ceke–Ejina expressway, Ejina banner, China

Sand protection systems are widely used to shelter roads from blowing sand. Therefore, it's very important to evaluate their effectiveness. To provide some insights, we used field investigations, measurements of accumulated sand, work logs from sand-removal workers, and wind speed data to analyze a system's performance using China's Ceke–Ejina expressway as a case study. Our results demonstrated that the critical wind speed required to deposit sand on the expressway was 8.6 m s-1 (cumulative frequency 12.1%) before implementing the sand protection system. After implementing the system, the critical wind speed required to deposit sand on the road increased to 14.8 m s-1 (0.3%). However, the critical wind speed decreased to 11.1 m s-1 (3.5%) the next year. Additional work, such as digging ditches, increasing the fence height, and planting shrubs, would help the sand protection system retain its function. Nonetheless, the system continued to function well. The volume of sand removed decreased from ca. 10,000 m3 in 2015 to ca. 100 m3 in 2020. Our results quantify the effectiveness of the sand protection system and reveal how its effectiveness decreases over time. They therefore provide an empirical basis for improving the design and maintenance of sand protection systems.

Topology optimization of regenerative cooling structures under high Reynolds number flow with variable thermo-physical properties

In the design of thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles, the efficient convective heat transfer within regenerative cooling channels plays a critical role in maintaining their thermal performance. This study focuses on the topology optimization (TO) of the cooling channels that operate at high Reynolds number and have variable thermo-physical properties. A novel approach is introduced to enhance the density-based method by incorporating an effective artificial force correction and tabulating the temperature-dependent thermal properties. Several topology-optimized cooling layouts were generated to minimize the maximum temperature within the design domain while considering different power dissipation constraints. This confirms the validity of the proposed lumped correction term in momentum equation accounting both viscous and convective body forces. Regarding the thermal performance of the optimized layouts, the staggered arrangement of cellular ribs in the TO channel was found to induce multiple flow separations and promote turbulent mixing, thereby improving heat transfer efficiency and mitigating the thermal acceleration effect. Conjugate heat transfer calculations revealed that the optimal topology-optimized channel achieved a 24.3% improvement in overall thermal performance while being 15.3% lighter than the straight channel design. Furthermore, the optimal topology optimized layout consistently outperformed the straight channel design by 6.6% to 24.3% in terms of the overall thermal performance across a wide range of heat flux distribution and mass flow rate conditions. This investigation highlights the effectiveness of topology optimization in designing regenerative cooling structures featuring high Reynolds number hydrocarbon thermal fluid flow.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСТУ СВІТЛОПРОЗОРИХ ФАСАДНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ З ВЛАШТУВАННЯМ ЗРОШУВАЧІВ

The popularity of translucent materials in construction, especially in high-rise buildings, creates challenges for improving approaches to fire safety. Translucent designs have a limited. During a fire, they can quickly heat up, crack or even collapse, which helps the fire to spread to other parts of the building and increases the speed of fire spread. Practical methods and methods of limiting the spread of fire on building facades are considered in the work, including the use of fire eaves, protective screens made of fire-resistant material, limiting the area of the window opening, as well as the use of water irrigation. Water irrigation is an effective method of extinguishing fire and cooling facade elements, but its parameters, such as working pressure, water flow, location, etc., require careful research to achieve maximum efficiency. The purpose of this work is to use the PyroSim software complex to investigate the effectiveness of sprinklers for the protection of transparent structures on the facade of high-rise buildings and to determine their main parameters. With the help of PyroSim, a detailed three-dimensional model was created, which takes into account the complex geometric shapes of the building and the impact of fire protection systems, taking into account the features of translucent facades. In the course of research, structural elements that can affect the spread of fire and smoke are also taken into account, namely the characteristics of materials, fire load, installation of window openings. PyroSim, simulating the spread of a fire, made it possible to take into account heat and smoke flows, convective effects occurring during a fire, as well as the interaction of sprinklers with the heat load. The results of such modeling can be used to optimize the design of fire protection systems and ensure the compliance of building regulations with fire safety issues. In particular, modeling allows you to determine the most effective ways to place sprinklers, taking into account the specific conditions and structural features of the building. Thanks to this, it is possible not only to increase the level of protection of buildings against fires, but also to minimize the costs of installing and maintaining fire systems.

Mechanisms of Atomic Oxygen Erosion in Fluorinated Polyimides Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Traditional polyimides have highly conjugated structures, causing significant coloration under visible light. Fluorinated colorless polyimides, known for their light weight and excellent optical properties, are considered ideal for future aerospace optical lenses. However, their lifespan in low Earth orbit is severely limited by high-density atomic oxygen (AO) erosion, and the degradation behavior of fluorinated polyimides under AO exposure is not well understood. This study uses reactive molecular dynamics simulations to model two fluorinated polyimides, PMDA-TFMB and 6FDA-TFMB, with different fluorine contents, to explore their degradation mechanisms under varying AO concentrations. The results indicate that 6FDA-TFMB has slightly better resistance to erosion than PMDA-TFMB, mainly due to the enhanced chemical stability from its -CF3 groups. As AO concentration increases, widespread degradation of the polyimides occurs, with AO-induced cleavage and temperature-driven pyrolysis happening simultaneously, producing CO and OH as the main degradation products. This study uncovers the molecular-level degradation mechanisms of fluorinated polyimides, offering new insights for the design of AO erosion protection systems.

Cathodic Protection Potential Distribution and Anode Ground Bed Optimization Scheme for Low-pressure City Gas Pipe

ABSTRACT The low-pressure gas pipes in some old residence communities of China are often electrically connected to each other and groundings, which brings about great challenges to the design of cathodic protection (CP) system due to large CP current consumption and attenuation effects. The field tests on potential distribution of three types of anode ground beds were conducted, including deep well auxiliary anode ground bed, shallow auxiliary anode ground bed far from gas pipes, and shallow auxiliary anode ground bed close to gas pipes. The results showed that, the shallow auxiliary anode ground bed close to gas pipe provided more protection with less current than other two types of ground bed. Numerical simulations on CP potential distribution of different anode ground beds were conducted and the boundary conditions were determined by inversion calculation based on field tests. Based on the field test and numerical simulation results, the anode ground bed suitable for CP of low-pressure gas pipes electrically connected to groundings is the shallow auxiliary anode ground bed close to gas pipes and the optimized distribution scheme for shallow anode ground beds were proposed.

Design and development of the machine protection system for HIAF

ABSTRACT The High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF), currently under construction, is a complex machine that couples a Continuous Wave (CW) superconducting ion Linear accelerator (iLinac) with a high-energy synchrotron to produce various stable and radioactive intense beams with energies from MeV/u to GeV/u. The machine has a versatile operation mode which requires a high flexibility and reliability to the Machine Protection System (MPS). A customized and robust MPS is designed and developed to give the readiness of the machine for operation, to mitigate and analyze faults related to the relative damage potential. To get a high speed and have a high level of reliability, all interlock signal processing is processed on radiation-tolerant Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) with triple or dual redundancy, as well as with a fail-safe design. By implementing a multiprocessing platform system-on-chip FPGA, the HIAF MPS can be tightly integrated with other systems to maximize availability pinpoint failures for operations, and give the postmortem analysis. This paper will describe the architecture of the interlocks linking the protection systems, the strategies to manage the complexity, the detailed components, and the interlock logic of the customized HIAF MPS, as well as the test and verification of the prototype.

Aerothermal characterization of the CALLISTO vehicle during descent

AbstractAerothermal loads are a design driving factor during launcher development as the thermal loads directly influence thermal protection system (TPS) design and successively the possible flight trajectory and mission profiles. Recent developments in reusable launch vehicles (RLV) (e.g. SpaceX, Blue Origin) have added the dimension of refurbishment to the challenges the thermal design must consider. With the current European launcher roadmap moving towards a reusable first stage aerothermal loads may significantly change. The CALLISTO vehicle is a flight demonstrator for future reusable launcher stages and their technologies developed by a tri-national consortium and planned to fly in 2025. For this vehicle the highest heat fluxes are mainly due to heating from hot exhaust gases and heated air in the proximity of the aft bay and on the exposed structures like legs and fins. In the presented study we conducted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies to determine the aerothermal loads on the vehicle during descent through the landing approach corridor for both phase B and phase C aeroshapes. A defining difference to previous aerothermal databases (ATD) is that the CALLISTO demonstrator is planned to execute a series of test flights with different energy levels, as well as a final demo flight. This leads to an large parameter space the final aerothermal database needs to cover. The database development is described in detail and analysed for integral and local loads, as well as interpolation uncertainties. The final phase C database allows interpolation of interface heatfluxes for the entire flight domain (Mach number, density $$\rho )$$ ρ ) at varying angle of attack (AoA). Further the sensitivity of the plume-vehicle interaction to angle of attack, chemistry, thrust vector control (TVC) and engine throttling are investigated for a critical Mach number indicating further areas of improvement for future databases.

Data Industry Green Development Promoted by Public Policy and Law in China

It is difficult to fully match the current green development initiatives in the context of public policy and industrial economy to the new infrastructure process driven by massive data. Its connotation and extension and the level of the rule of law need to be deepened to ensure that data production, processing, circulation, elimination, and other activities can achieve high-quality and sustainable development within the collaborative construction of hard facilities and the soft environment in the new era. Based on the practical needs of data industry green development in key areas, we can resolve the legal risk of data industry green development from three aspects: improving the legal level of green public policy, clarifying the green legal benchmark of data industry development, and improving the green legal system of digital society. Then, this paper considers the design of an environmental protection system based on hardware facilities and the structural and readable clean data system innovation of the soft data industry development framework mode so as to clarify the legalization scheme of data industry green development under the new infrastructure. Overall, achieving the green development of the data industry requires not only active attempts by China but also joint efforts by China and other countries.

Design, Simulation and Test Results of Quench Protection System for a 13-T Twin-Aperture Superconducting Dipole Magnet

Design, Simulation and Test Results of Quench Protection System for a 13-T Twin-Aperture Superconducting Dipole Magnet

Integrated Design and Simulation of Helicopter Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Protection System

Integrated Design and Simulation of Helicopter Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Protection System

Investigation of normal zone propagation velocity in AgSn/Ag/Ba122 superconducting tapes using a conduction cooling test system

The investigation of the behavior of quench propagation in iron-based superconducting (IBS) tapes is important for their application in magnets and the design of quench protection systems. However, little research has been done in this area. In this work, a conduction cooling test system for IBS tapes and coils has been built, which has functions such as charging test, temperature and voltage data acquisition, pulse current heating, quench detection and protection. A series of experiments were performed on several 27 cm long IBS tapes to measure their normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV). The variation trends of NZPV with different operating temperatures, and with different ratios of operating current to critical current were systematically explored. In addition, monitoring all the voltages between different positions of an IBS tape, including two joints, has provided more detailed results and findings.

A numerical oxidation model for SiC‐coated thermal protection systems in hypersonic applications

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) is a widely used component for thermal protection system (TPS) design. This material is often used either as a coating layer to protect beneath carbon‐based material against oxidation or as a ceramic matrix for composite materials used in the hypersonic leading edges. A numerical equilibrium model for SiC‐coated material ablation is developed in this study to compute the material response of coated TPS in hypersonic relevant aerothermal environment. The developed model is based on an equilibrium approach similar to the carbon graphite oxidation framework for ablative charring materials. The equilibrium wall composition is calculated based on the minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The proposed method can capture numerically the transition from passive to active oxidation while maintaining a low computational cost and good numerical stability. Implementation of the model in the Porous Material Analysis Toolbox based on OpenFOAM code permits to compare against previous literature test cases. By comparing the surface temperature obtained from the model with the experimental data, it is observed that the numerical model gives a good estimation providing accurate surface temperature prediction.

Performance of steel protective structure for historical masonry aqueducts against rockfall: Numerical and field studies

This study investigates the design and impact performance of novel steel protection system intended to safeguard historical masonry aqueducts from damage caused by hazardous rocks. The historical aqueduct under consideration is located on the Sumela Monastery campus. To achieve this, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric model of the study area and identified all risky blocks along with their real positions. Subsequently, we conducted 3200 probabilistic rockfall analyses in eight critical trajectories with four different rock sizes to calculate the velocity, kinetic energy, and run-out distance of fallen blocks. In the second part of the study, finite element models of the steel protective structure were created using Abaqus software. A nonlinear dynamic impact analysis method was applied to analyze nine rockfall scenarios with two different geometries and four different sizes. Based on the rockfall and impact analyses, sections of the protection structure were designed using plastic design criteria. The steel protection structure for aqueducts demonstrated high effectiveness against rockfall, with a risk index (Ir) ranging from 0.93 to 1.00 (except for the upper end of the column–beam connection impacts). Even in these scenarios, the structure provided protection by reducing rock energy and altering its trajectory. In the third part, a steel structure was constructed in the field, and a rock cleaning process was carried out. During rock cleaning, punctures occurred while breaking sharp rocks. To mitigate this risk, a parametric study was conducted using a steel angle stopper. The proposed simple steel angle stopper effectively reduced rockfall damage to historical structures by blocking rock passages and rapidly reducing kinetic energy. Ultimately, during the removal of 5000 m³ of hazardous rocks, no damage was inflicted on the historical structure. The protection system showed a near 100 % success rate in safeguarding the aqueduct. This temporary structure can be employed to protect historical structures from rockfall hazards.

Ablation resistant C/C-HfC-ZrC-TaC-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) modified C/C composites for extreme high-temperature environments are fascinating, the rapid introduction of UHTCs and structural temperature resistance are essential for the long-term service. Herein, C/C-HfC-ZrC-TaC-SiC composites with continuous ceramic-rich layers were designed and prepared to improve the ablation resistance. HZT441 (HfC:ZrC:TaC = 4:4:1) sample exhibited pseudo-plastic fracture with a flexural strength of 195.27 ± 11.11 MPa. After 80 s of oxyacetylene ablation (4.2 MW/m2), the mass and linear growth rates were 0.10 mg/s and 1.02 μm/s. This is attributed to the dense oxide layer, including (Hf,Zr)6Ta2O17, (Hf,Zr)O2 and SiO2, which effectively inhibits oxygen intrusion and carbon fiber damage. In addition, the thermal response behavior and stress distribution of ceramic-rich layers to C/C composites were investigated, which is contributed to provide a theoretical basis for the material design of thermal protection systems in extreme high-temperature environments.

Design of Active Fire Protection System for Warehouse Buildings Using NFPA and Indonesian National Standard (SNI)

In the operational conduct of a company, especially those relating to the storage of materials and goods in warehouses, the occupational health and safety OHS) aspects are critical factors that cannot be neglected. Fire was one of the consequences of a non-standard OHS application. The purpose of this research was to provide a proposal for the design of fire protection systems in the Archives and Documents Company, which are light fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, hydrants, and reservoirs. This research method is observational-descriptive. In conceptual planning, layout, and coordination with the company, the researchers directly perform observations on the PT Archives and Documents to analyze and identify the deficiencies of fire protection equipment owned by the associated companies. ADC requires a total of 9 light fire extinguishers, 192 sprinkler points, 6 hydrants, and a reservoir size of 343,000 liters as a fire protection system according to the National Fire Protection Association standards (NFPA). All buildings that are occupied by humans and have a risk of fire must be equipped with fire protection. for future research in the field of fire safety research to design an emergency response plan for a building by simulating it with advanced technology. By implementing the proposed fire protection, the Company can prevent fire and spread of fire more widely

Design of an Effective Hybrid Protective Guard System in High Voltage Substations

Design of an Effective Hybrid Protective Guard System in High Voltage Substations