Design Of Planar inverted-F Antenna Research Articles

Permittivity-customizable Low-cost Laminated PET Sheet Multilayer Substrate to Design Flexible and Conformal Planar Inverted F Antenna

Abstract: In this article, a Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) has been designed using low-cost commercially available transparent laminated sheets. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis is used to acquire the element composition of the transparent laminated sheet. Methods: The flexibility is attained using a market-available low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) sheet as a substrate. The dielectric properties of this non-conventional laminated sheet need to be identified for antenna design and the microstrip ring resonator test method is used to determine the dielectric properties of the multilayer PET sheets. Results: The linear match has been observed on multilayer laminated PET sheets for dielectric properties and radiation characteristics. Adhesive copper foil of a thickness of 0.08 mm has been used as for conducting layer on the PET lamination sheet. As per the literature survey, it is evident that this is the first attempt to use the reported methodology for PIFA design application. The gain of proposed antenna is 5.2dB. Conclusion: The designed flexible antenna has been developed for wearable and IoT applications in 2.45 GHz ISM band. A good match has been observed between the simulated and measured characteristics.

Reduced-size Biocompatible Implantable Planar Inverted F- Antenna

The existence of implantable antennas presents intrinsic challenges as the performance of the antenna degrades due to the high losses of body tissues. In this study, a reduced-size Planar Inverted F- Antenna (PIFA) operating at Industrial, Scientific Medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz) is designed and optimized. The design of PIFA is modeled to study and analyze the effect on the implantable antenna by placing it within the human body model, particularly in the arm. Copper is used as the patch material and the ground layer of the proposed antenna with Rogers RO3210 as its substrates. The simulation was carried within the human fat layer which is sandwich between the skin dan muscle layer. The design optimization of the antenna for operation in a human fat layer with optimal performance was achieved by reducing the size of the antenna. The antenna exhibits good stability with the reflection coefficient, S11 ≤ -10 dB at 2.4 GHz suitable for WBAN application in the environment of the human fat layer for near field communication. Analysis performance of the antenna was conducted by the transient movement of the antenna position due to the antenna being prone to movement when it is implanted within the body. The transient movement analysis is done when the implantable antenna is moving toward the skin layer and toward the muscle layer from the initial position within the fat layer. Additionally, 1 mm, 2 mm, interface of the layer and when the antenna within another tissue layer has been set to examine the performance of the implantable antenna. Correspondingly, simulation results indicate the impact of the human body layer due to the electrical properties of the human body in terms of conductivities, permittivity, and thicknesses of the layers. This has shown the design optimization of the antenna satisfies all requirements for an implantable antenna, such as small size of 5.08 × 4.00 × 0.66 (), biocompatible, low reflection coefficient of -42 dB at 2.4 GHz, realized gain of -18 dBi suitable for near field communication, and acceptable performance in fat layer. Future work will expand on conducting Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) to study the high attenuation of the radiated power of the human body on implanted antennas for the safety reason to bring in real life where it is being performed and examined.

Compact and Wideband PIFA Design for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

The specific advantage of fractal geometry to realize compact antenna features is exploited in this work for the design of a miniaturized Planar Inverted-F Antenna configuration with a large bandwidth. The conventional quadrilateral radiating element of a Planar Inverted-F Antenna is replaced by a Minkowski pre-fractal-based shape, thus increasing the resonant wavelength without affecting the overall antenna dimensions. Consequently, with the new design, a physically smaller antenna can achieve the same resonant frequency of a larger conventional configuration. Measured as well as simulated reflection coefficient and radiation patterns are presented to validate the assumptions. The impedance bandwidth of the antenna (2.19 to 2.52 GHz) covers the ISM band with a boresight gain of 1.5–2 dB over the entire band. Furthermore, to demonstrate the miniaturization effect, a successful comparison is provided with an identically sized, conventional square Planar Inverted-F Antenna design. The proposed antenna design can be usefully adopted for power-efficient communications in the framework of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks.

A Novel Pentagonal Shaped Planar Inverted-F Antenna for Defense Applications

Background:The Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) is most widely used for wireless communication applications due to its unique properties as low Specific Absorption Rate, low profile geometry and easy fabrication. In literature a number of multiband PIFA designs are available that support various wireless applications in mobile communication, satellite communication and radio frequency field.Methods:In this paper, a miniature sized planar inverted-F antenna has been proposed for dual-band operation. The antenna consists of an asymmetrical pentagonal shaped patch over an FR4 substrate. The overall antenna dimension is 10 × 10 × 3 mm3 and resonates at 5.7 GHz frequency. A modification is done in the patch structure by introducing an asymmetrical pentagon slot.Results:The proposed pentagonal antenna resonates at 5.7 GHz frequency. Further, modified antenna resonates at two bands. The lower band resonates at 5 GHz and having a bandwidth of 1.5 GHz. This band corresponds to C-band, which is suitable for satellite communication. The upper band is at 7.9 GHz with a bandwidth of 500 MHz. Performance parameters such as return loss, VSWR, input impedance and radiation pattern are obtained and analysed using ANSYS High- Frequency Structure Simulator. The radiation patterns obtained are directional, which are suitable for mobile communication.Conclusion:The antenna is compact in size and suitable for radar, satellite and vehicular communication.

A Multiband Compact Reconfigurable PIFA Based on Nested Slots

This letter presents a new planar inverted-F antenna design that is dedicated for integration within mobile devices such as phones and tablets. The proposed antenna structure is based on nested capacitive slots in order to achieve a multiband behavior. The presented antenna is also reduced in size by 60%. The antenna is then reconfigured using positive-intrinsic-negative (p-i-n) diodes that are embedded within the antenna structure. Frequency reconfiguration is achieved to ensure that all the various commercial and required bands of interest are covered. Two prototypes are fabricated and measured where good agreement is noticed between the simulated and measured data.

Machine-Learning Approach for Design of Nanomagnetic-Based Antennas

We propose a machine-learning approach for design of planar inverted-F antennas with a magneto-dielectric nanocomposite substrate. It is shown that machine-learning techniques can be efficiently used to characterize nanomagnetic-based antennas by accurately mapping the particle radius and volume fraction of the nanomagnetic material to antenna parameters such as gain, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and resonant frequency. A modified mixing rule model is also presented. In addition, the inverse problem is addressed through machine learning as well, where given the antenna parameters, the corresponding design space of possible material parameters is identified.

Design of PIFA With Metamaterials for Body-SAR Reduction in Wearable Applications

This letter proposes a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure for body specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction in a wideband-code-division-multiple-access band. As wireless devices such as wearable phones and smart watches become more common, health risks originating from electromagnetic waves generated by devices worn on the body have become an important issue. AMC structures are a type of metamaterial that can act as a perfect magnetic conductor and control the radiation pattern of an antenna. Thus, an antenna with an AMC structure is capable of preventing hazardous electromagnetic fields being emitted in the direction of the body. The S-parameters, radiation patterns, total radiated power values, and SAR values of such a designed structure are presented. The results demonstrate a 43.3% reduction in the SAR value at the center frequency. Thus, the human body can be protected from electromagnetic waves using metamaterials.

Effect of Complementary Split Ring Resonator Structure on PIFA Antenna

This paper proposes a new design of Planar Inverted-F Antenna with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). The operating frequency of this antenna is 2.425 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application. The method is to incorporate a single CSRR cell and a periodic array CSRRs on the radiating patch. We studied the effect of this method on the characteristics of antenna in free space and in the presence of the user. We used a homogeneous model of a human head near our antenna. The parameters that considered in these works are gain, electric field, magnetic field, return loss, radiation pattern, power loss density and Specific Absorption Rate. The addition of CSRRs on to PIFA antenna will improve the gain from 4.76 dB to 4.81 dB and will reduce the Specific Absorption Rate from 3.57 W/kg to 2.95 W/kg.

A novel extended edge-based compact PIFA antenna for mobile devices

In this paper, an optimized ultra-compact planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) is proposed. Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) is most commonly used antenna in modern day Mobile devices. While electronics industry is starving for compactness in their design, the concept used in the proposed design further reduces size of antenna. The overall dimensions of proposed antenna are 14.94×16mm for 3G/4G standards. In proposed design 21.61% size reduction is reported in comparison to conventional rectangular patch PIFA designs. The concept can be further utilized in designing antenna for different standards by optimizing size for specific frequency. A fractal shape Patch shorted at one end is used in the proposed design. The fractal patch is extended 6.59mm above the ground plane. The comparison is performed between measurement of fabricated and simulated S11 for proposed antenna. The novelty of design is inherited in extension of edges of patch towards ground which enable further reduction in size of antenna. Parametric optimization of antenna is performed for calculation of extended edge dimensions. Return loss for fabricated antenna is measured using vector network analyzer. The results of fabricated antenna show good agreement with simulated results and calculations.

Design Guidelines Using Characteristic Mode Theory for Improving the Bandwidth of PIFAs

It is well known that the bandwidth for a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) changes as the ground plane size changes. To gain insight into what causes bandwidth fluctuations, a process for applying characteristic mode theory to the finite ground plane and feed structure was developed. Four different PIFA designs are then evaluated to show how the modal significance of certain modes on the finite ground plane relate to the bandwidth minima and maxima for each PIFA. Next, finite ground planes are altered using the gained insight to enlarge the bandwidth for an antenna with a fixed maximum ground plane size. The goal of this work is to use the developed bandwidth analysis technique to inform the synthesis of PIFAs that require broader bandwidths.

Design of Multiband PIFA loaded with Split Ring Resonator

In this paper, a multiband planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with high gain and appreciable bandwidth at the resonant frequencies is designed using metamaterial concept. The proposed PIFA without metamaterial is designed to resonate at 7.46 GHz with return loss of -23.71 dB and gain value 5.41 dBi. The designed antenna is having maximum possible bandwidth of 361.8 MHz. The proposed PIFA with split ring resonator (SRR) loading resonates at multiple frequencies i.e. 5.60 GHz, 6.68 GHz, 7.98 GHz, 8.44 GHz and 9.42 GHz. Return loss at 5.60 GHz is -22.48 dB and gain is 7.10 dBi. At 6.68 GHz return loss is -34.55 dB and gain is 7.68 dBi. Return loss is -30.4 dB at 7.98 GHz and gain is 4.21 dBi. At 8.44 GHz return loss is -15.23 dB and gain is 4.04 dBi. Return loss and gain values at 9.42 GHz is -16.88 dB and 4.77 dBi respectively. After loading with metamaterial maximum bandwidth observed is of 736 MHz. Metamaterial loading has shown to increase the number of resonant frequencies of reference antenna with bandwidth and gain enhancement. It also had an impact on the antenna performance in terms of the return loss improvement and size reduction. Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method has been employed for verifying metamaterial characteristics of SRR. Design is simulated using HFSS Software.

Compact planar hexa-band inverted-F antenna for mobile phone application

This article presents a compact multiband planar inverted-F antenna design for mobile phone applications. The proposed antenna comprises dual twisted lines, a shorting strip and an L-shaped coupling strip. The dual twisted lines are excited by the coupling strip to generate four resonance modes around 900, 1800, 2100, and 3500 MHz and covers six bands including the global system for mobile communication 850/900 (824–894 MHz), (880–960 MHz), digital communication system (1710–1880 MHz), personal communication system (1850–1990 MHz) universal mobile telecommunication system (1920–2170 MHz) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (3400–3600 MHz). The antenna shows a planar structure and occupies a very small-size of 15 × 26 mm2, making it especially suit for mobile phone applications. This research performed simulation by high frequency structure simulation and CST to design and analyze the antenna, and a practical structure was fabricated and tested. The measured and simulated return loss show good agreement. Moreover, the radiation patterns and the specific absorption rate are discussed too. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1233–1236, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25996

Quad-band PIFA design for WLAN/satellite applications

The design of a quad-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for IEEE 802.11 b/g/a WLAN applications and satellite communications system is proposed.To operate at the three resonant modes (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) for WLAN operations, a modified PIFA with a truncated corner and an embedded slit on the top rectangular-shaped radiating element is initially introduced. To further achieve a wide 10 dB impedance bandwidth for satellite communications, a folded radiating element connected to the probe feed is inserted to the PIFA, which leads to a combined triple-mode resonant frequency operating from 7.5 to 11.27 GHz. Detail procedure of developing this proposed antenna will be discussed, and the simulated data are provided to validate the measurement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2331–2336, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25483

A Study on an Optimal Design of a Triple-band PIFA using the Evolution Strategy

In this paper, we study on an optimal design of a triple-band PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) of 433 MHz, 912 MHz and 2.45 GHz by using evolution strategy. Generally, the resonant frequency of the PIFA is determined by the width and length of a U-type slot used. However the resonant frequencies of the multiple U slots are varied by the mutual effect of the slots. Thus the optimal width and length of U-type slots are determined by using an optimal design program based on the evolution strategy. To achieve this, an interface program between a commercial EM analysis tool and the optimal design program is constructed for implementing the evolution strategy technique that seeks a global optimum of the objective function through the iterative design process consisting of variation and reproduction. The resonant frequencies of initial model are 439.5 MHz, 981.5 MHz and 2.563 GHz. However, the resonant frequencies of the triple-band PIFA yielded by the optimal design program are 430.5 MHz, 907 MHz and 2.4515 GHz. Measured resonant frequencies are 433.5 MHz, 905.5 MHz and 2.454GHz, which show a good agreement with the simulation results.

An Empirical Equation for Predicting the Resonant Frequency of Planar Inverted-F Antennas

The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is widely used in mobile systems due to its excellent performance. This letter introduces a new empirical equation for predicting the resonant frequency of PIFA, taking into account all the important parameters that significantly affect the resonant frequency. The comparisons between the new and the previously used empirical equations are provided to show the comparative accuracy of the new equation. The average % error found between the predicted and the actual operational frequencies is less than 3%. This proposed equation should be very useful to aid the PIFA design.

이중층 패치와 부분 제거된 접지면을 이용한 광대역 평판형 역 F 안테나의 설계

In this paper, we proposed a wideband design of planar inverted-F antenna(PIFA) using two-layer, patches and modified ground structure. The antenna consists of two layer patches with common feed and modified ground plane to control resonance frequency and antenna input impedance. The measured bandwidth is 1,492 MHz(BW: 67.7 %, 1,457 MHz) for VSWR6,140 MHz) for VSWR

Dual and triple‐band PIFA design for WLAN applications

AbstractThe design of a dual and triple‐band planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) is proposed for WLAN 802.11 a/b/g applications. Dual‐band operation is achieved by simply truncating one of the top rectangular radiating plate's corners, and wide bandwidth for the upper‐band is obtained by applying an additional small rectangular slit. By further extending the slit length, a triple‐band operation can also be achieved with a maximum gain of around 5 dBi. Simulated results are provided to validate the measured results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2159–2162, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22682

A Novel Dual Frequency PIFA Design for Ease of Manufacturing

The design of a novel high tolerance planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for ease of manufacturing is proposed for WLAN application. By properly selecting suitable dimensions for the truncated corner and shorting wall, dual frequency operation centered at 2380 MHz and 5250 MHz with 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 480 MHz (20.17%) and 880 MHz (16.76%), respectively can be achieved with a single probe feed. The experimental and simulation procedures on achieving such operation with a maximum gain of around 6 dBi are presented and discussed.

Design of Planar Inverted-F Antenna with Wide and Multi Band Characteristic for Mobile Handset

The development of a small and multiband antenna plays an important role in the rapidly growing mobile communication market. This paper presents the design of a novel small and wideband planar inverted F-antenna which simultaneously covers GSM850/GSM900/DCS1900/IMT2000/WLAN/DMB services. The proposed antenna consists of a main patch with a pair of slits and L-shaped patch, occupying a total volume of 15×36×6 mm 3 . A very wide impedance bandwidth characteristic was achieved by optimizing both the gap distance between the feed line and L-shaped patch, and also the lengths and widths of a pair of slits on the main patch, which is excited by the modified CPWfed line. The average gains at the frequencies of 850, 2000 and 2600 MHz were -2.51, -1.42 and -1.68 dBi, respectively. The overall shape of the radiation patterns is suitable for mobile communications.

Dual-Band Platform Tolerant Antennas for Radio-Frequency Identification

A technique for tuning a single-element planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) to provide a dual-band operation is introduced. The tuning is possible due to the particular impedance level typical to radio-frequency identification microchips. As the desired impedance level resides near the outer rim of the Smith chart, a single impedance locus may be arranged to pass the input impedance twice resulting in dual-band operation. The tuning of the impedance locus is based on the feed inductance and capacitive coupling at the open end of the patch. In this paper, also a discussion about the principles of platform tolerance of small antennas is provided. A design, circuit model, simulations, and measurement results of dual-band platform tolerant PIFAs are reported and discussed