Design Of Photovoltaic System Research Articles

Maximum power extraction of partially shaded solar photovoltaic array using reconfiguration method

ABSTRACT This article presents a reconfiguration strategy, named the Cheetah Optimization Algorithm (COA), for maximizing power generation in partially shaded solar photovoltaic (PSPV) arrays. The proposed method’s originality aims to mitigate the negative impacts of partial shading, improve the output power of the PV system, and prevent thermal failure of shaded solar panels. The strategy combines efficient maximum power point tracking techniques with suitable photovoltaic system design topologies. The COA is done on the MATLAB platform and is analyzed with the existing methods such as the Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO), Salp Swarm Algorithm and Heap-based Optimizer. The outcome shows the superior performance of the COA in achieving the extraction of maximum power compared to the other methods. Additionally, by comparing the two patterns of partial shading, it is shown that the COA extracts more power than the existing methods and gets to the global power value faster. The COA is compared with existing methods, including WHO, SSA, and HBO. In terms of accuracy, the proposed system achieves the highest value of 0.93, surpassing the accuracy of HBO, WHO, and SSA, which stand at 0.8, 0.9, and 0.9, respectively. The specificity, precision and recall are also reflect the superiority of the proposed system with the values of 0.87, 0.9, and 0.86, respectively, outperforming the existing algorithms in most categories.

Design of Photovoltaic Systems in Industrial Electrical Systems Considering Power Quality

This paper presents a comprehensive design methodology for photovoltaic systems (PVS) integrated into industrial electrical systems (IES), with a specific focus on preserving power quality (PQ). The 10-step methodology, ranging from initial interviews to detailed technical, energy, and economic assessments, is novel for its multi-factorial approach that combines an Excel application with ETAP software, prioritizing considerations for PQ. Evaluation across four scenarios demonstrated varying outcomes. In the worst-case technical and energy scenario, PVS installation on Point of Common Connection without PQ mitigation led to significant increases in harmonics and no reduction in energy consumption. Conversely, the best technical and energy scenario involved distributing PVS across load buses with PQ mitigation, resulting in a 5% reduction in energy consumption and 27% lower energy losses. The economic evaluation indicated a three-year payback period in all scenarios, primarily attributed to increased costs for PQ problem mitigation equipment. It was also observed that reducing losses and energy consumption limits the economic benefits of installing PVS in IES. This methodology serves as a valuable guide for designing PVS in IES, incorporating technical, energy, economic, and PQ considerations.

Study on the effect of PV tilt angle on power generation

The power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) system is significantly influenced by the tilt angle of the module. The system achieves the highest power efficiency when operated at the optimal tilt angle, which is typically considered in the design of system installation. In this study, the optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic (PV) modules is determined by using PVsyst software and analyzed through shadow simulation under specific boundary conditions. The study examines the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) panels at various inclination angles and illustrates the impact of inclination angle on PV panel power generation by using project-specific data. The study results indicate that the secondary optimization of the tilt angle by PVsyst, in conjunction with the geographic factors of a specific region in Hainan, reveals that the optimal installation tilt angle for maximum power generation benefit is 9°. This finding aligns with the best power generation and benefits from the actual installation, which is at 10° (adjacent to 9°). The conclusions drawn from the exploration emphasize the essential nature of EPC optimization for future projects, as it can serve as a valuable reference for the design of photovoltaic power generation systems.

Design of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) System for a Three-Bedroom Apartment in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

In the world today, electricity is also among the essential basic amenities of every human being because it drives the socio-economic activities of any country. More than 1.3 billion of the populations across the globe are living with low or no source of electricity. The lack of accessibility to electric power to this population brought an existence of a wide gap in current energy sources and this affected the growth of such population mostly residing in remote settlements of developing nations. Electrical energy is a significant feature for the economic and developmental advancement in every nation. Even with the abundance of many sources of energy (conventional and non-conventional sources) around the world and in Nigeria, there are still problems in accessing electricity which could be attributed to its generation, transmission, or distribution. These challenges hinder the socio-economic advancement of a country. About 95 million (55 % of Nigeria's population) Nigerians are living with no supply of electricity and the total power/electricity produced, there is about 30-35 % loss in the generated energy from transmission and distribution. This research studied the possibility of electrifying a three-bedroom apartment in Mubi's high residential layout using a solar photovoltaic system through the adoption of HOMER Software. The parameters/data used in this research work were obtained from the basic appliances usually found in an average household and from works of literature on studies performed on energy utilization in some residential areas in Nigeria, taking into consideration their power ratings, quantity, and solar component prices. These and some design considerations like system fixed capital operation and maintenance cost of ₦ 4,000 per year, project lifetime of 20 years, system fixed capital cost, discount rate of 9 %, average solar radiation data, coordinate of Mubi, among other parameters were applied in the HOMER software for the design, simulation and optimized results obtained. The optimized results indicate that a solar PV array of 5 kW comprising 25 solar panels of 200 W each, 10 sets of 12 V / 220 Ah batteries, and a 5000 VA inverter with charger are sufficient to accommodate the load of 16.086 kWh/day. The cost of energy (COE) with a 100 % renewable fraction is ₦ 410.94 / kWh.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR PV OUTPUT PERFORMANCE WITH VARYING TILT ANGLES AND WEATHER DATA FROM ERA5: CASE OF MUNTINLUPA CITY, PHILIPPINES

Abstract. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been gaining popularity in the Philippines as an alternative source of sustainable energy. In such technology, module tilt angle and weather conditions are among the system parameters that have substantial impacts on PV system performance. Previous studies have considered either tilt angles or weather conditions, but not the combined impact of these two parameters on solar PV power output. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of weather variables and tilt angle on the output of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Muntinlupa City, the Philippines. Three 120W monocrystalline solar PV panels were used and set up to three different tilt angles (i.e., 5°, 10°, and 15°). The fifth generation of the ECMWF's global climate and weather reanalysis (ERA5) dataset was used to gather hourly weather information such as surface solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and total precipitation. Three principal components (PC), which together account for 95% of the variability, were identified using principal components analysis (PCA), which was used to address multicollinearity among the weather parameters. To assess the effects of tilt angle, time, and PCs on solar PV production, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out. Results show that all weather variables, except for wind speed and total precipitation, have a significant impact on solar PV production with configuration producing the best results. Moreover, a significant difference in mean solar PV production was observed among the three tilt angles. From 6:00 AM to 2:00 PM, solar PV output gradually increases and declines thereafter. Outputs this study can help in optimizing the design and configuration of solar PV systems in the Philippines by considering weather variables and module tilt angle. Lastly, this study provides useful information for system designers, installers, and policymakers in improving energy generation and utilization, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, and advancing sustainable energy objectives.

Wind-Induced Cooling Effects on Photovoltaic Panel Performance

This investigation evaluated the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) panel system under varied cooling speeds of a calibrated wind generator. The objectives encompassed the calibration of wind speed, integration of the wind generator with the PV panel system, monitoring the performance of the PV panel with wind-induced cooling, and analyzing overall performance under different wind generator settings. Parameters assessed included open circuit voltage, short circuit current, PV panel surface temperature, and power output. The tests were carried out both with and without wind cooling and under artificial and natural lighting conditions. Under artificial lighting conditions, the solar PV panel demonstrated suboptimal short circuit current compared to natural lighting conditions, leading to an overall decrease in power output. Moreover, the findings revealed a significant relationship between simulated wind speed and the overall performance of the PV panel, with notable variations in surface temperature, voltage level, current level, and power output. The statistical analysis supported these findings, with all dependent variables exhibiting statistically significant differences. The practical implications of these observations are pertinent to the design of more efficient and sustainable PV and PV-wind cooling systems. By comprehending the influence of wind on PV panel performance, system designers and operators can make informed decisions to maximize energy production and enhance the overall efficiency of the PV system.

Design and Simulation of a Solar Powered House in Muğla: Roof Decorated with Half Cut Cells

In this article, the performance, design and efficiency calculation of photovoltaic systems were made using PvSol program. For roof type panel design close to standard installations, panel position and panel type were designed based on Muğla province sun hour data and roof shading factor. In this study, the data obtained for the roof type installation designed in Muğla city using monocrystalline, polycrystalline and half-cut monocrystalline cells were compared. When yield, area and price parameters were compared, it was found that the best cell type was half-section monocrystalline. As a result of the simulations, it was found that the average daily energy need of the house is 6.4kWh, fed by 14 half-section monocrystalline panels. The results obtained are consistent with the data in the literature.

Supply chain design of sustainable photovoltaic systems considering robust-fuzzy pricing and optimization

Nowadays, the growing need for energy has led to an increasing use of fossil fuels, the issue leading to the devastating environmental effects, including global warming. Thus, the requirement of renewable technologies, particularly photovoltaic systems under such conditions is felt more than ever, which would result in reducing the environmental pollution. As a result, in the present research, a model is proposed for sustainable photovoltaic supply chain management. The considered innovations encompass pricing decisions using the Stackelberg model, considering the quality for return products, and fuzzy uncertainty. The question objectives are minimizing the photovoltaic supply chain’s costs, minimizing the adverse environmental effects, and managing social responsibility in the supply chain. The proposed model or using multi-objective weed algorithm and robust optimization approaches have been solved and the results suggest that as the demand increases, the environmental effects increase in both scenarios. Besides, the environmental effects of a boom scenario outweigh the costs of the bust scenario. Also, as the production costs increase, the environmental effects in both scenarios get down. Also, the boom scenario induced environmental effects outweigh the costs of a bust scenario. For instance, by the production cost increase up to 20%, the photovoltaic chain costs in the boom and bust scenario correspond to 86712 and 72912, respectively. Conversely, rising production costs lead to a decline in environmental impacts, and the boom scenario exhibits greater environmental effects compared to the bust scenario. Additionally, higher demand correlates with increased environmental effects for both scenarios, with the boom scenario consistently surpassing the environmental impacts of the bust scenario.

Investigating the Effect of Albedo in Simulation-Based Floating Photovoltaic System: 1 MW Bifacial Floating Photovoltaic System Design

Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as a promising technology in the realm of sustainable energy solutions, specifically in the harnessing of solar energy. Photovoltaic modules, which use solar energy to generate electricity, are often used on terrestrial platforms. In recent years, there has been an increasing inclination towards the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules over water surfaces, including lakes, reservoirs, and even oceans. The novel methodology introduces distinct benefits and complexities, specifically pertaining to the thermal characteristics of the modules. In order to accomplish this objective, a photovoltaic (PV) module system with a capacity of 1 MW was developed as a scenario in the PVsyst Program. The scenario simulation was conducted on the Mamasın Dam, situated in the Gökçe village within the Aksaray province. To conduct the efficiency analysis, a comparative evaluation was conducted between bifacial and monofacial modules, which were installed from above the water at 1 m. The comparison was made considering two different types of modules. Additionally, the albedo effect, water saving amount, and CO2 emissions of the system were also investigated. Albedo measurements were made in summer when the PV power plant will operate most efficiently. As a result of the simulations, it was found that bifacial modules produce 12.4% more energy annually than monofacial modules due to the albedo effect. It is estimated that PV power plant installation will save 19,562.695 and 17,253.475 tons of CO2 emissions in bifacial and monofacial systems, respectively.

Novel applications of various neural network models for prediction of photovoltaic system power under outdoor condition of mountainous region

The geography and landscape of mountainous locations are frequently varied, which causes uneven solar radiation exposure in different places which leads to photovoltaic (PV) power generation variation drastically. Therefore accurate PV power prediction is essential for industries in optimize energy production, Energy Planning and Grid Integration, Energy Storage Integration in such diverse conditions. This study aims to predict the power produced by a 2.680 kWp PV under outdoor condition in mountainous region at different time intervals of 10 seconds, 1 minute, 30 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day using different data analytics models. The results show that the radial basis neural network was the most effective model for the intervals of 10 seconds, 1 minute, 30 minutes, and 1 day. Its RMSE was 19.11 W for the 10-second interval, 22.83 W for the 1-minute interval, 25.94 W for the 30-minute interval, and 9.08 W for the 1-day interval. With an RMSE of 23.22 W, the Kernel Ridge Regressor had the best performance for the 1-hour period. This suggests that the model with only two parameters such as temperature and irradiance predict PV power more accurately. The findings can be applied to improve PV system design and performance by precisely forecasting the systems' power output in different weather scenarios.

Design and development of photovoltaic solar system based single phase seven level inverter

For solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, an upgraded triple gain seven-level inverter that works both independently and while connected to the grid is proposed. The two-stage configuration of the system is boost cascaded. The first stage has a one switch improved gain converter (OSIGC) to increase and normalize the input direct current (DC) voltage, and the second stage includes a unique seven level alternating current (AC) is produced via a multilevel inverter (MLI) design with triple voltage gain. The proposed OSIGC is appropriate for a broad range of conversions. The voltage gain in MLI was achieved using switched capacitor techniques. The DC-DC converter can achieve a maximum voltage gain of twelve and the MLI can achieve a maximum voltage gain of three, resulting in a DC-DC-AC voltage that can reach 36. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on modified perturb and observe (PO) is used in OSIGC to maximise PV module power utilisation, and MLI control utilises sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) realistically. For the purpose of analysing the suggested system, a 200 Watt prototype statel is created. With a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.181%, up to 92.12% of the converter system’s overall efficiency is possible.

Design of a novel control hysteresis algorithm for photovoltaic systems for harmonic compensation

Solar photovoltaic (PV) system design and integration with an existing AC grid is growing very fast in recent years and used by many of them as they are pollution-free, structure is limited and maintenance free. From the factors considering, the performance of PV system depends upon the inverter output voltage tested for linear, non-linear, with harmonic, and without harmonic loads. Generated due to the nonlinear loads. Better inverter control techniques are developed to maintain grid power quality. This article discusses the analysis and comparison of pulse width modulation (PWM) converters with unique and state of the art nonlinear control schemes and various modulation approaches. The primary objective of this research is controlling an active filtering hysteresis PWM converter with no sensors. A simple structure with hysteresis current control method total harmonic distortion (THD) is lower when compared with the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) method. The said claims are supported by employing computer simulations using MATLAB/Simulink and different control approaches, such as proportional plus integral and artificial neural network controllers.

Energy and exergy analysis of a 20-MW grid-connected PV plant operating under harsh climatic conditions

Abstract Large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants are increasingly being installed around the world, including in harsh desert climates. Evaluating their performance can help improve the design and operation of PV systems. This study performed an energy and exergy analysis of a 20-MW grid-connected PV plant under desert climatic conditions in southern Algeria over a period of 1 year. The PV plant was divided into two 10-MW subsystems. Energy analysis was performed using actual irradiation, power output, wind speed and ambient temperature data. The annual average energy efficiency of the plant and subsystems was 10.82%, 10.95% and 10.69%, respectively. Solar radiation had the most significant impact (80% determination coefficient) on thermal exergy loss. The exergy efficiency of the plant was lower than the literature values, likely due to the harsh desert conditions. The comprehensive energy and exergy analysis provides insights into the performance of large-scale PV plants in desert climates. The results can help guide the system design and operation improvements for such conditions. Regular cleaning and cooling could improve performance.

Design and simulation of a building-based off-grid photovoltaic microgrid using PVsyst

In the absence of a main or central grid, an off-grid renewable energy-based system could be a viable solution to address the electricity demand of a particular region by utilizing the available renewable energy sources (RES) of that area. This also leads society to a step toward sustainable energy development. A planned RES-integrated microgrid system not only fulfills the energy crisis and reduces electricity costs but also plays a significant role in the conservation of fossil fuels. Therefore, the design and simulation of RES integrated systems are indispensable as this type of analysis determines the vital parameters of the system e.g., the system performances including electricity output, energy conversion efficiency, yearly energy potential, and the system losses before being involved in practical implementation. Further, the cell temperature of the Photovoltaic (PV) panel based on regional weather conditions, the system life cycle based on the uncertainty factor of weather, total system installation cost with a full account of the annual savings and payback etc. can also be determined by designing and simulating such systems. This paper presents a design of a 40 kW off-grid photovoltaic (PV) microgrid system according to the load requirements at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Tezpur University, India using PVsyst software. The proposed design has been created to meet the daily peak load demand of 37 kW of the department. The energy available through the generating units of the proposed designed PV system is 45.46 MWh/Year and the system performance ratio in terms of efficiency over the year is 0.814. The overall performance analysis and simulation results would be helpful in determining the efficiency and viability of the proposed PV system while implementing it practically in the near future.

A comprehensive review on reliability and degradation of PV modules based on failure modes and effect analysis

Abstract This review paper aims to evaluate the impact of defects on the reliability and degradation of photovoltaic (PV) modules during outdoor exposure. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature was conducted to identify the primary causes of degradation and failure modes in PV modules, with a particular focus on the effect of defects. Based on a risk priority number (RPN) analysis of previous studies, dust accumulation on the PV surface (severity = 9), module shading (severity = 8) and humidity (severity = 7) were found to be the most significant causes of degradation. Furthermore, the degree of performance and degradation of PV modules were analyzed based on the identified failure mechanisms and modes. The analysis revealed that the decrease in efficiency ranged from 0.2 to 3%. The dust accumulation reduced the module efficiency by 3%, while corrosion in the module decreased efficiency by 1.9%. These findings highlight the importance of addressing specific defects to maintain optimal PV module performance in outdoor conditions. This review paper provides valuable insights into the effect of defects on the performance of PV modules, and critical defects occur during outdoor exposure to PV modules which depend on the type of PV technology and outdoor environment conditions and are able to mitigate the further performance of PV modules. The present study will help manufacturers improve the design and maintenance strategies of PV systems.

Design and Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Kalar City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Case Study

Design and Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Kalar City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Case Study

Photovoltaic System Protection Against Lightning

Lightning strikes pose a significant threat to photovoltaic (PV) systems, which are increasingly utilized for renewable energy generation. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the potential risks associated with lightning strikes on PV systems and explores various protection measures to enhance their resilience. The study delves into the characteristics of lightning and its interaction with PV installations, identifies vulnerabilities within the system, and discusses the principles and techniques for effective lightning protection. The paper emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk assessment, surge protection devices, grounding systems, and maintenance practices to mitigate the damaging effects of lightning strikes. By implementing appropriate protection strategies, PV system owners and designers can safeguard their installations and ensure the longevity and reliability of their renewable energy infrastructure.

Photovoltaic inverter-based quantification of snow conditions and power loss

Snow is a significant challenge for photovoltaic (PV) systems at northern latitudes, where the pace of deployment is rapid but snow-related power losses can exceed 30% of annual production. Accurate snow-related power loss estimation methods for utility-scale sites can support snow mitigation strategies, inform resource planning and validate predictive snow-loss models. This study builds on our previous work on inverter-based detection of snow, and its implications for utility-scale power production, by validating the accuracy of our snow-loss method across different PV sites and system designs and highlighting its value in bringing greater visibility to PV plant operations in winter. Our estimation method is both novel and scalable, requiring only standard monitoring data to correlate snow-related losses with meteorological data. As demonstrated here, our validation method involved three main steps: 1) estimation of performance losses for multiple systems by comparing measured inverter data to modeled data; 2) application of a detection framework to identify which performance losses are snow-related; and 3) comparison of snow-related losses among three utility-scale sites differing in tilt angle. Results show that utility-scale systems at higher tilt angles consistently shed snow more quickly/completely than their lower-tilt counterparts. Further, monthly and seasonal snow losses are inversely and non-linearly correlated with tilt angle when normalized for cumulative snowfall. These results are consistent with the findings of previous studies and support the broad applicability of this method to fixed-tilt utility-scale PV systems around the world that routinely experience snow-related performance losses.

Photovoltaic system design for electrical supply in a parking lot

Proposing new projects to boost photovoltaic solar energy can open opportunities to harness a free and virtually inexhaustible source like the sun, especially in countries such as Mexico where solar resources are among the most abundant on Earth's surface. In this chapter, a proposal for photovoltaic sizing was developed to supply energy to the buildings in the graduate studies area of the Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna, located in Torreón, Coahuila. An analysis of the total estimated electrical consumption of these buildings was conducted to justify the installation of the photovoltaic system. Two proposals for photovoltaic sizing were presented, utilizing different inverter technologies. A 3D model was created using "Sketchup" to simulate the system installation. Costs and return on investment for the proposed project were also estimated. The results demonstrated that the use of central inverters was more cost-effective than the use of microinverters.

Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Due to their eco-friendliness, photovoltaic panels to produce electricity have recently gained popularity worldwide. Depending on the characteristics and configuration of the solar cells, photovoltaic cells manufactured of semiconductors can have an electrical efficiency between 4% and 47%. Photovoltaic (PV) panels that are not used to generate electricity experience some of the sun spectrum as incident light, which increases their operating temperature and shortens their lifespan. This study examines several methods that could be used to lessen the negative impacts of high temperatures. It describes how to bring down the surface temperature of the PV module. The goal, significance, and type of technology used to cool solar panels in various research are evaluated and categorized. The conclusions have been considered considering each technology's advantages, disadvantages, potential applications, and techno-economic character. The primary focus of the inquiry will be the range of surface temperature reductions bound by each cooling technology. Additionally, the effectiveness of each cooling technology will be highlighted in this review. The effectiveness of each cooling strategy will also be compared in this review. The findings of the study are fully described in the conclusion section. It is demonstrated that any effective method for cooling PV panels should be utilized to keep the temperature of the working surface at a low and stable level, be simple and trustworthy, and, if possible, allow for the utilization of extracted thermal heat to increase the overall conversion efficiency. The detailed review is helpful for PV system theory, design, and application engineers.