Design Of Phased Array Antenna Research Articles

Aperture-Shared Design of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array and Sub-6 GHz Antenna Using Diversified Metasurface Structures

Aperture-Shared Design of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array and Sub-6 GHz Antenna Using Diversified Metasurface Structures

Low-Profile Circularly Polarized HF Helical Phased Array: Design, Analysis, and Experimental Evaluation

This paper presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a compact wideband phased array active helical antenna for monitoring HF interference. Traditional multi-element HF antenna designs are often subjected to size restrictions. The front-to-back ratio of the proposed circularly polarized phased array exceeds 20 dB across the operating range. This array enables the simultaneous monitoring of vertically and horizontally polarized signals, offering a practical alternative to larger antennas, particularly in space-constrained scenarios. Through advanced low-noise amplifier design, efficiency and bandwidth are optimized while mitigating mutual coupling effects. Optimal beamformer design enhances array performance with respect to more traditional array design approaches. The test results verify exceptional performance with an average axial ratio of 2 dB and a high front-to-back ratio beyond the desired frequency range. This study offers valuable insights into the design and deployment of compact wideband phased array antennas, providing an effective solution for monitoring HF interference.

Improving Beam Control in High Power Microwave Systems Through Phased Array Antenna Design

Improving Beam Control in High Power Microwave Systems Through Phased Array Antenna Design

Ka-band phased array antenna with waveguide power distributor

Known designs of Ka-band phased array antennas incorporate an optical feed or a radial waveguide feed. Significant disadvantage of an optical feed is microwave energy overflow through antenna aperture, which decreases aperture efficiency and increases a side lobe level. Optical feed requires additional space for feeding antenna location and increases overall antenna dimensions. The design of a phased array with a radial waveguide feed forces placement of the phase shifter control circuits outside the dimensions of the array and increases overall antenna dimensions. The purpose of the article is to design a Ka-band phased antenna array (PAA) with a waveguide feed with smallest overall dimensions and various aperture shapes. The manufactured prototype of PAA with a grid pitch of 6x6 mm and size of 300x40 mm showed acceptable results of the side lobe level, scanning sector ±45° and gain factor. Proposed Ka-band phased array antenna design allows one to construct the extremely compact radar of various types including airborne radars.

Design and Simulations of a Novel Ka-Band Isoflux Scanning Phased Array Antenna for GEO Satellites

Design and Simulations of a Novel Ka-Band Isoflux Scanning Phased Array Antenna for GEO Satellites

Design of A Dual-Polarized Wide-Angle Scanning Planar Phased Array Antenna

Design of A Dual-Polarized Wide-Angle Scanning Planar Phased Array Antenna

Methods of synthesis of overlapped subarrays with flat-topped radiation patterns in planar phased array antennas

One of the approaches to the design of phased array antennas (PAA) for beam scanning in a limited region of space is associated with formation of overlapped subarrays with flat-topped radiation patterns of width equal to the width of the scan region. Unlike linear subarrays, for which there exist many technical solutions, planar overlapped subarrays can be formed by two ways. One of them is based on cascade connection of linear subarrays arranged perpendicularly to each other. Another way is based on use of beamforming networks. Since the problems concerning synthesis of overlapped subarrays with flat-topped patterns in planar PAA is not yet sufficiently considered in the literature, the indicated problem remains of interest. The work considers two methods of synthesis of planar overlapped subarrays with flat-topped radiation patterns. One method is a conventional method based on Fourier transform of the required radiation pattern. Another method introduced in the paper is new one. It allows determination of amplitude distribution over subarray aperture with providing maximum level of the subarray factor in the broadside direction and with taking into account power balance distributed over the subarray radiating elements. The proposed method is compared with the conventional method based on the Fourier transform, and advantages of the former method over the latter one are shown. The paper contains results obtained for amplitude distributions for a few cases of subarray excitation and appropriate subarray factors characterizing the capabilities of the new method. The method proposed in the paper can be applied in the further studies concerning development of networks for feeding overlapped subarrays in planar limited-scan PAA of modular construction.

Design of Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna with Calibration Function

In this paper, we have proposed a novel structure of Ka-band based phased array antenna with calibration function. In the design of Ka-band antenna, the active phased array system is adopted and the antenna would work in the dual polarization separation mode. We have given out the schematic diagram for the proposed Ka-band antenna, where the Ka-band antenna is in the form of waveguide slot array antenna, with 96 units in azimuth and 1 unit in distance. Each group of units is driven by a single-channel Transmitter/Receiver (T/R) component, and the whole array contains 192 T/R components in total. The size of the T/R component is 55 mm (length) × 50 mm (width) × 5.8 mm (height), 3 Sub-micro Sub-Miniature Push-on (SSMP) blind sockets and a 21-core low-frequency socket are designed on the two sides of the T/R component. In order to meet the technical specifications of phased array antenna, the Ka-band transceiver component is designed based on Low Temperatrue Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology to achieve miniaturization and lightweight. In our approach, the feed network includes two parts: transceiver network and calibration network. The transceiver network consists of 24 1:8 time-delay power dividers, 12 two-way power dividers and 2 six-way time-delay power dividers. The power supply required by the Ka-band antenna unit is provided to each active component by the power module after Ka band wavelet control distribution. Simulation and measurement results are given in the form of standing wave and scanning capability.

A Phased Array Antenna System of a Millimeter-wave FMCW Radar for Blind Spot Detection of Mobile Robots

Mobile robots have been extensively used in manufacturing plants for inter-logistic transportation in recent years. This paper covers a phased array antenna design for a millimeter wave radar system to improve lidar-based navigation systems' safety and environmental consciousness. The K-band phased array antenna, when integrated with 24 GHz Frequency-Modulated-Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar, not only enhances the accuracy of the 2-D Area Scanning lidar system but also helps with the safe operation of the vehicle. The safety improvement is made by covering blind spots to mitigate collision risks during the rotations. The paper first reviews the system-level details of the 2D lidar sensor and shows the blind spots when integrated into a Mobile Robot prototype. Then continues with the inclusion of an FMCW Low-Speed Ramp radar system and discusses the design details of the proposed K-band antenna array, which will be integrated with a radar sensor.

Dual-Polarized Wide-Angle Scanning Linear Phased Array Antenna Design With High Polarization Isolation

This letter presents a dual-polarized low-profile linear phased array antenna design achieving one-dimensional wide-angle scanning with high polarization isolation. The dual-polarized antenna is constructed based on a metasurface serving different purposes for two polarization cases to achieve high polarization isolation while providing a low profile as a whole. It works as artificial magnetic conductor for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarization and radiator for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> -polarization. To achieve wide-angle scanning, surface wave effect is exploited for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarization while for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> -polarization widebeam active element patterns is implemented with a small array spacing of 0.42 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> applied. To verify the design, a 1×8 linear array was fabricated and tested. Measured and simulated results both demonstrate that, within a wide operating band, the proposed dual-polarized antenna has a high port-to-port polarization isolation over 29 dB with a low profile of 0.06 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> . The measured results show that for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -polarization, the linear array can steer its main beam up to 81°, while for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</i> -polarization, it can steer the main beam up to 70°. The cross-polarization levels can maintain below −20 dB during scanning in the general.

"Conical" Frustum Multi-Beam Phased Arrays for Air Traffic Control Radars.

The design of conical frustum phased array antennas for air traffic control (ATC) radar systems is addressed. The array architecture, which is controlled by a fully digital beam-forming (DBF) network, is composed by a set of equal vertical modules. Each module consists of a linear sparse array that generates on receive multiple instantaneous beams pointing along different directions in elevation. To reach the best trade-off between the antenna complexity (i.e., minimum number of array elements and/or radio frequency components) and radiation performance (i.e., matching a set of reference patterns), the synthesis problem is formulated in the Compressive Sampling (CS) framework. Then, the positions of the array elements and the complex excitations for generating each single beam are jointly determined through a customized version of the Bayesian CS (BCS) tool. Representative numerical results, concerned with ideal as well as real antenna models, are reported both to validate the proposed design strategy and to assess the effectiveness of the synthesized modular sparse array architecture also in comparison with conventional arrays with uniformly-spaced elements.

Pattern performance of active phased array antenna for Gaofen-3 satellite

The phased array antenna is one of the critical components of the space-borne SAR system and plays a key role in the quality of images. This paper focuses on the design of active phased array antenna for Gaofen-3 satellite, including its architecture, system design methods, key hardware, and the performance for the design implementation. The proposed phased array antenna have capabilities of beam broadening and scanning, left and right side look, polarization switching, in-orbit calibration, uploading beam-steering correction data, collecting self-checking information, and self-protection caused by over pulse width or duty cycle. The phased array antenna is mainly consisted of dual-polarized slotted waveguide antennas, TR modules, time-delay and amplifier modules and power distribution networks. Moreover, the solutions of the direct problem and inverse problem for accurately predicting the pattern and determining the states of TR modules for the required beam have been proposed. The obtained results can confirm that the cross-polarization level of both polarizations for the phased antenna array is below −35 dB. By employing the proposed antenna model, the beam steering error and dispersion error between the predicted and the measured beams in the range plane are less than 4% (100% probability) and less than 2% (95% probability). For beam steering in the azimuth plane, the beam steering error is less than 2% (90% probability), and less than 4% (100% probability). The ground and on-orbit test results have indicated that the functions and performance of the antenna meet the requirements of the SAR system.

On the design of the active phased array antenna for the high-resolution synthetic aperture spaceborne radars

On the design of the active phased array antenna for the high-resolution synthetic aperture spaceborne radars

A Design of Millimeter-Wave Dual-Polarized SIW Phased Array Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

A millimeter-wave dual-polarized beam-scanning substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) phased array is proposed for the 5G communications. The principle of the proposed antenna radiating element is first analyzed with the characteristic mode analysis to obtain a wide operating bandwidth. Then, the horizontally and vertically polarized radiations are excited by a differentially fed SIW cavity and a linearly tapered microstrip line through the coupled slots, respectively. To further validate the proposed design, a 1 × 4 phased array is fabricated and tested. The experiment results show that the 11.0% overlapped dual-polarization bandwidth is from 25.8 to 28.8 GHz with the return loss larger than 10 dB, and the isolation between the dual-polarization is higher than 31.5 dB. The measured far-field patterns demonstrate that the beam-scanning ranges can cover <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \pm 44^\circ $</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${{\bf and}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \pm 41^\circ \ $</tex-math></inline-formula> at 28 GHz for the horizontal and vertical polarization, respectively.

High power density thermal control design of onboard phased array antenna

Thermal control of high power density phased array antenna [1] has become a critical problem for onboard seeker which is confined by compact structure and harsh flight condition [2-4], different from land-based or airborne seekers. As a key technology, thermal control of onboard phased array antenna faces the challenge of high density power element as well as worse operating temperature. Using finite volume method as theoretic foundation of numerical simulation, this paper firstly calculates temperature field and fluid field via discrete control equation group, which is transformed from continuous integration equation group according to energy reservation equation. Next,2 kinds of phased array antenna with phase change energy storage and water cooling are designed and evaluated by thermal control performance simulation. Then advice is given for reasonable assembly after temperature distribution of phased array antenna is quantified under different assembly state with the influence of contact thermal resistance. At the end, precision of temperature simulation is verified with temperature test result of phased array antenna.

Design of phased array antenna with low side lobes

This research paper is proposed to cater the design requirements of phased array antenna with side lobes pertaining for radio frequency (RF) wireless domain applications. As wireless communications have become an inevitable part of our lives as-on- date, designing smaller and lighter mobile terminals is one of the critical requirements for the development of wireless systems. A single antenna gives only a small directivity, whereas in terms of increased directivity an antenna array can be a possible candidate. Considerable optimization methods for synthesizing array pattern have started to emerge thereby achieving a pattern of desired one related to the application we work in. The major factor which drives the far field structure in phased array antenna with an allowable side lobe level is the power distribution among the array of elements. This paper presents a novel method for side lobe level (SLL) suppression in amplitude tapered planar array structure and it is compared with different distribution methods relating to array coefficients with prime focus on Taylor, Chebyshev and Gaussian distributions. CST Microwave Studio software is used to simulate various distributions and it is compared with characteristics such as gain, directivity, beam width and side lobe level suppression.

Design of RFID Phased Array Antenna

Design of RFID Phased Array Antenna

Оценка реализуемости активной фазированной антенной решётки терминала системы спутниковой связи "Экспресс-РВ"

The basic principles of building a promising domestic regional satellite communication system "Express-RV", based on the highly elliptical orbit "Molniya" and intended for broadband access of civil sector subscribers to various public communication networks, in particular to the Internet, are considered. The main technical requirements for the antenna systems of mobile satellite communication terminals of the Express-RV system are formulated. The necessity of using active phased array antennas for a number of types of such terminals is justified. A brief overview of the principles of implementation and examples of the design of microstrip active phased array antennas, including their elementary emitters and individual modules, are given. The problem of the occurrence of the blinding effect inherent in flat microstrip gratings made on dielectric substrates is noted; measures to compensate for this effect are considered. The possibility of expanding the maximum scanning angle of a narrowly directed beam of an active phased array antenna by using a magnetically controlled scattering dielectric lens, as well as creating segment-dome structures of antenna systems in relation to mobile terminals of mobile satellite communications of the "Express-RV" system, is shown. Simple analytical relations are derived that allow us to estimate the number of elementary emitters required for the implementation of a receiving-transmitting active phased array antenna with specified technical characteristics: gain and maximum scanning angle; the corresponding dependencies are given. The cost of creating an antenna system based on an active phased array is estimated.

Interleaved Parasitic Arrays Antenna (IPAA) for Active VSWR Mitigation in Large Phased Array Antennas With Wide-Angle Scanning Capacities

This paper explores a new concept for the design of high scanning-range phased array antennas: the Interleaved Parasitic Arrays Antenna or IPAA. In this concept, we use periodic parasitic elements and the generator impedance to control the Active Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (AVSWR) over a wide scanning range. This new array architecture comes with a design methodology enabling a smooth step-by-step design process aiming at reducing the need for full-wave calculations. First, a numerical dual-polarization design is presented in detail to illustrate the methodology and to give the design keys to the reader. Then, a prototype working in the 5G C-band between 3.4 and 3.8 GHz (11% bandwidth) was designed using this methodology and measured for a 36-element array. It is meant to demonstrate and validate the mutual coupling management done by the interleaved parasitic arrays and the design process accuracy. Good correspondence between measurements and simulation was found and the proposed unit cell with its corresponding tile can be integrated in a larger phased array with active modules to perform beam steering over an important scanning range without deteriorating the AVSWR. The proposed unit cell is designed for a high-scanning range going from $\theta =0^{\circ }$ to $\theta = 70^{\circ }$ for every $\varphi $ -directions and shows an active reflection coefficient for an infinite array below −13.6dB.

Modular Design of Hexagonal Phased Arrays Through Diamond Tiles

The modular design of planar phased array antennas with hexagonal apertures is addressed by means of innovative diamond-shaped tiling techniques. Both tiling configuration and subarray coefficients are optimized to fit user-defined power-mask constraints on the radiation pattern. Toward this end, suitable surface-tiling mathematical theorems are customized to the problem at hand to guarantee optimal performance in case of low/medium-size arrays, while the computationally hard tiling of large arrays is yielded thanks to an effective integer-coded GA-based exploration of the arising high-cardinality solution spaces. By considering ideal as well as real array models, a set of representative benchmark problems is dealt with to assess the effectiveness of the proposed architectures and tiling strategies. Moreover, comparisons with alternative tiling architectures are also performed to show to the interested readers the advantages and the potentialities of the diamond subarraying of hexagonal apertures.