Design Of Optical Module Research Articles

Rapid and portable quantification of HIV RNA via a smartphone-enabled digital CRISPR device and deep learning

For the 29.8 million people in the world living with HIV/AIDS and receiving antiretroviral therapy, it is crucial to monitor their HIV viral loads. To this end, rapid and portable diagnostic tools that can quantify HIV RNA are critically needed. We report herein a rapid and quantitative digital CRISPR-assisted HIV RNA detection assay that has been implemented within a portable smartphone-based device as a potential solution. Specifically, we first developed a fluorescence-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA)-CRISPR assay that can efficiently detect HIV RNA at 42 °C. We then implemented this assay within a commercial stamp-sized digital chip, where RNA molecules were quantified as strongly fluorescent digital reaction wells. The isothermal reaction condition and the strong fluorescence in the digital chip simplified the design of thermal and optical modules, allowing us to engineer a palm-size device measuring 70 × 115 × 80 mm and weighing less than 0.6 kg. We also capitalized the smartphone by developing a custom app to control the device, perform the digital assay, and capture fluorescence images throughout the assay using the smartphone's camera. Moreover, we trained and verified a deep learning-based algorithm for analyzing fluorescence images and identifying positive digital reaction wells with high accuracy. Using our smartphone-enabled digital CRISPR device, we successfully detected as low as 75 copies of HIV RNA in just 15 min, showing its potential toward monitoring of HIV viral loads and aiding the global effort to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube

The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m.The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.

Neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae at KM3NeT

The SN1987A supernova was the first extragalactic neutrino de- tection, but no further observations have been made since. Detecting neutrinos from a galactic supernova would provide invaluable information on the supernova mechanism and particle behavior in dense environments, hence, improving the sensitivity of current and upcoming neutrino experiments is crucial. In this contribution, we discuss how the optical module design of the KM3NeT neutrino experiment would allow to observe supernova neutrinos. We present KM3NeT’s sensitivity to galactic supernovae and describe its associated online alert system for multi-messenger studies. Finally, we discuss KM3NeT’s ability to infer the supernova evolution from the time profile of the associated neutrino emission.

Developing an optical module for large-scale UV-LED water disinfection reactors by numerical modeling

The emergence of alternative UV radiation sources, such as ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), has created an opportunity to develop novel water disinfection reactors. Radiation management is a major parameter affecting the performance of these reactors, and it is essential to develop highly efficient optical modules to pave the way toward commercially viable systems. An effective way to improve optical efficiency is by creating collimated beams. Here, an optical module design for the collimation of UV-LED radiation is proposed that employs multi-parabolic aluminum reflectors. To design and optimize the optical module, a ray optics computational model was initially developed to study the radiation profiles of multi-UV-LEDs and optical manipulators with complex geometries. This model was applied to the virtual prototyping and optimization of the reflector’s geometry. Once the optimized design was determined, a physical prototype was fabricated and characterized.The developed module was characterized using several scenarios that confirmed the formation of collimated beams. The simulation results were further evaluated against experimental measurements, quantitatively and qualitatively, indicating good agreement. It was found that the reflectors significantly increased the uniformity of the fluence rate and its magnitude at longer distances from the radiation source (e.g., 30 times higher at 22 cm). The optical module was then installed on a water disinfection reactor, and the radiation profile was measured in the reactor filled with water. The optimally designed reflectors resulted in significantly better distribution and preservation of the irradiance along a water disinfection reactor, ultimately increasing the fluence rate and the delivered UV dose.

The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module

The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. It is capped with a breakout-box with electronics for connection to an electro-optical cable for power and long-distance communication to the onshore control station. The design of the module was qualified for the first time in the deep sea in 2013. Since then, the technology has been further improved to meet requirements of scalability, cost-effectiveness and high reliability. The module features a sub-nanosecond timing accuracy and a dynamic range allowing the measurement of a single photon up to a cascade of thousands of photons, suited for the measurement of the Cherenkov radiation induced in water by secondary particles from interactions of neutrinos with energies in the range of GeV to PeV. A distributed production model has been implemented for the delivery of more than 6000 modules in the coming few years with an average production rate of more than 100 modules per month. In this paper a review is presented of the design of the multi-PMT KM3NeT optical module with a proven effective background suppression and signal recognition and sensitivity to the incoming direction of photons.

Evolution of the IceCube data acquisition system for IceCube-Gen2

IceCube-Gen2 is a future large-scale extension to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a cubic-kilometer-scale neutrino detector at the geographic South Pole. The IceCube data acquisition system architecture, while running stably with over 99% uptime, will be re-optimized for IceCube-Gen2 to solve design challenges with power consumption, communications bandwidth, and cable specifications. In particular, we describe how distribution of the photomultiplier tube signal digitization and pre-trigger storage can reduce power and bandwidth requirements. Additional changes to IceCube's custom communications protocol can also relax crosstalk requirements on the copper cabling. We report on the status of these optimizations in the prototype Gen2 digital optical module design for the upcoming IceCube Upgrade.

Optical module design for augmented reality glasses

Subject of Research. The paper considers an optical module design method for augmented reality glasses. The module contains a translucent beam-splitting element that provides observation of real objects with superimposed additional virtual image (OST HMD — optical see-through head-mounted display). The central element of the optical module is a prism that views two channels simultaneously: a real world picture and a virtual image. As a result, the user is able to see an augmented reality image. The functional scheme of the optical module with the introduced eye tracking system is considered. Method. Optimization of the prism surfaces, as well as tilts and relative positions, was performed using Zemax OpticStudio. It is based on the idea of applying free-form surfaces, which enables the sizes to be reduced, the field of view to be increased and the image quality to be improved. Main Results. The initial parameters of the optical element and an algorithm for optimization of free-form surfaces are developed, that gives the possibility to obtain a relatively wide field of vision (54° diagonally), compactness and high image quality parameters. Practical Relevance. The results of this work can be used in the design and development of augmented reality glasses in various fields, such as: medicine, online education, defense industry, sports, and marketing.

Flow-through optical device based on silicone optical technology (SOT) for determination of iron in drinkable tap water

We propose a new concept “silicone optical technology (SOT)”, with low noise and simple integration of all optical components, and use a common matrix of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a prototype for rapid digital fabrication. This work involves the rapid design and fabrication of SOT optical modules designed to be coupled with a flow injection analysis system (SOT-FIA module), and their use in combination with a handheld photo absorbance meter “picoExplorer™” is also demonstrated. A digital fabrication method, by casting PDMS on the three-dimensional printed mold/frame, is developed. A simple structure of transparent PDMS mixed with the white pigment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) rutile particle (W-PDMS) optical core with a cladding of carbon black dispersed PDMS (K-PDMS) is fabricated. This structure performs as a tiny and straightforward optical filter and shows the ability to trap tilted incident light. The addition of the white pigment into PDMS results in a special enhancement of the optical sensitivity by increasing the amount of scattered light. This module is directly mounted on a white light emitting diode (LED) and the red-green-blue (RGB) sensor device from the picoExplorer at 45° to the flow channel to increase the detection length. The optical properties of the SOT-FIA module, which arise from the presence of white PDMS (W-PDMS) and the effect of the detection length, are investigated and show a dramatically enhanced sensitivity (30–45 times) of the optical detection compared with the calculation using Beer-Lambert's law. Moreover, lower than 1% of crosstalk is observed, which indicates the low noise level detection of the proposed SOT-FIA optical device. This proposed SOT-FIA module integrated with an LED detection system is developed to be combined with a flow injection analysis system for the colorimetric detection of iron in drinkable tap water samples. The results show excellent linearity, the ability for a wide range of chemical analysis, low detection limit, high percentage recovery, high precision and good agreement with the conventional spectrophotometric method. Furthermore, the tilted and tilt-shifted coupling alignments are newly developed and evaluated.

Optical receiver module design that improves link gain of 28 GHz RF signal over a multi-mode fiber

We investigate the impact of photodetector (PD) aperture size and wire bond length on the performance of analog radio over multi-mode fiber (A-RoMMF) systems using high-frequency bands up to 28GHz. It is realized that transmission characteristics of A-RoMMF is affected by the change of frequency response due to the PD aperture size and the bonding wire length. We also demonstrate A-RoMMF transmission using an optical receiver mounted PD and a low noise amplifier (LNA) on one printed circuit board (PCB) to improve size, link gain, and transmission characteristics.

Integrated thermal dissipation micro structures for CDFP optical module

400 Gbit/s optical module will soon be commercially deployed on a large scale due to the need for high capacity information transmission. It has much higher power density than that of 100 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s and therefore the thermal management still remains an obstacle. Microscale and nanoscale thermal management technology emerges and blooms. Concentrating on the thermal design of CDFP optical module, we propose two integrated thermal dissipation micro structures (ITDMS). The first is graphene thermal pad (GTP)-based one, the second is Ω-typed (OMEGA). Based on basic heat transfer equations and by SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation software, the ITDMS are numerically validated for effective heat dissipation of CDFP optical modules and hence have great prospects for solving the heat dissipation problem of high-speed broadband optical modules due to the thermal integration solutions.

Analysis of High Energy Starting Events with the KM3NeT/ARCA detector

KM3NeT is a research infrastructure housing the next generation neutrino detectors in the depths of the Mediterranean Sea. The ARCA detector, which is currently under construction, is optimized for neutrino searches from astrophysical sources as well as measurements of the diffuse high energy astrophysical flux. The unambiguous detection of neutrinos of extraterrestrial origin by IceCube has led to the first measurement of a high energy astrophysical neutrino flux. The cutting-edge technology used for the design and construction of KM3NeT Digital Optical Modules along with the properties of sea water allow for a measurement of the neutrino direction with an unpresidented resolution for both track and cascade events. Taking advantage of this angular resolution a method to differentiate track and shower events and a method to reject the atmospheric muon background from track-like events were developed and combined to select a sample of high energy starting events. An analysis for the discovery potential of KM3NeT/ARCA for a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux using these events is presented.

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.

Optical imaging module for astigmatic detection system.

In this paper, an optical imaging module design for an astigmatic detection system (ADS) is presented. The module is based on a commercial optical pickup unit (OPU) and it contains a coaxial illuminant for illuminating a specimen. Furthermore, the imaging module facilitates viewing the specimen and the detection laser spot of the ADS with a lateral resolution of approximately 1 μm without requiring the removal of an element of the OPU. Two polarizers and one infrared filter are used to eliminate stray laser light in the OPU and stray light produced by the illuminant. Imaging modules designed for digital versatile disks (DVDs) and Blu-ray DVDs were demonstrated. Furthermore, the module can be used for imaging a small cantilever with approximate dimensions of 2 μm (width) × 5 μm (length), and therefore, it has the potential to be used in high-speed atomic force microscopy.

侧入式LED 背光模组中光耦合模块的设计与实现

侧入式LED 背光模组中光耦合模块的设计与实现

Design of Optical Module With High Stability, High Angular Color Uniformity, and Adjustable Light Distribution for Standard Lamps

In the paper, an optical design for a standard light source is proposed and demonstrated to perform high stability, high angular CCT (correlated color temperature) uniformity, and adjustable light pattern from a Lambertian-like pattern to a narrow light pattern with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) angle of 60 °. The optical module contains a color-mixing cylinder, a diffuser, and an absorbed cylinder. The simulation well predicts the corresponding measurements and the angular CCT deviation can be kept a certain low level, which is much lower than a general phosphor converted white LED. In addition, we apply a pcW-LED of CREE XML as the light source to the optical module to show the general adoptability of the optical module. The measurement shows that the similar behavior, with adjustable light pattern from 120 ° to 60 °. In addition, the angular correlated color temperature deviation (ACCTD) is always kept an extremely low level.

Simulation and optimization of reflection optical module design for single LED

Illuminance uniformity and illuminating efficiency are always the key problems of light emitting diode (LED) lighting system design. Based on the new design of the reflection optical module, illuminance uniformity and illuminating efficiency are investigated simultaneously in this paper. At the first stage, a reflector with various profile designs is installed to improve the uniformity and efficiency of irradiances collected through the receiver. Using the macro commands, an effective process is presented through the optimal design of the reflector geometries, and the merit function is used as the optical quality objective to find the optimal design value of \(K2\) and \(R2\) parameters of the reflector. At the second stage, based on the optimal design result, the displacement between LED source and reflector is further adjusted automatically by the macro commands too. The results from the ray tracing simulation indicate that the optimal design can be achieved through the compromise of Illuminance uniformity and illuminating efficiency. Finally, we obtain the merit function value of \(1.81\) with \(K2=-1.09, R2=1.11\,\hbox {mm}\), and the source position \(Z1= 1.68\,\hbox {mm}\). The results shown in this paper could be beneficial for machine vision systems which are heavily demanded in the light source applications for the uniform and efficient illuminance.

A 24-Channel, 300 Gb/s, 8.2 pJ/bit, Full-Duplex Fiber-Coupled Optical Transceiver Module Based on a Single “Holey” CMOS IC

We report here on the design, fabrication, and high-speed performance of a compact 48-channel optical transceiver module enabled by a key novel component: a “holey” Optochip. A single CMOS transceiver chip with 24 receiver (RX) and 24 laser diode driver circuits, measuring 5.2 mm × 5.8 mm, becomes a holey Optochip with the fabrication of forty-eight through-substrate optical vias (holes): one for each transmitter (TX) and RX channel. Twenty-four channel, 850-nm VCSEL and photodiode arrays are directly flip-chip soldered to the Optochip with their active devices centered on the optical vias such that optical I/O is accessed through the substrate of the CMOS IC. The holey Optochip approach offers numerous advantages: 1) full compatibility with top emitting/detecting 850-nm VCSELs/PDs that are currently produced in high volumes; 2) close integration of the VCSEL/PD devices with their drive electronics for optimized high-speed performance; 3) a small-footprint, chip-scale package that minimizes CMOS die cost while maximizing transceiver packing density; 4) direct coupling to standard 4 × 12 multimode fiber arrays through a 2-lens optical system; and 5) straightforward scaling to larger 2-D arrays of TX and RX channels. Complete transceiver modules, or holey Optomodules, have been produced by flip-chip soldering assembled Optochips to high-density, high-speed organic carriers. A pluggable connector soldered to the bottom of the Optomodule provides all module electrical I/O. The Optomodule footprint, dictated by the 1-mm connector pitch, is 21 mm × 21 mm. Fully functional holey Optomodules with 24 TX and 24 RX channels operate up to 12.5 Gb/s/ch achieving efficiencies (including both TX and RX) of 8.2 pJ/bit. The aggregate 300-Gb/s bi-directional data rate is the highest ever reported for single-chip transceiver modules.

Optical modules for the neutrino telescope KM3NeT

KM3NeT is a future deep-sea research infrastructure hosting a neutrino telescope with a volume of at least one cubic kilometer to be constructed in the Mediterranean Sea. The experiment aims to detect high-energy cosmic neutrinos using a 3D array of optical modules to collect the Cherenkov light induced by charged particles in the water. Upward going muons and showers produced in neutrino interactions with the surrounding matter will allow the search and study of possible sources of extra-terrestrial neutrinos. The design of optical modules makes an important impact on the performance and cost of the KM3NeT project. Several different optical module configurations are under consideration; based on glass pressure spheres containing: a large (10in.) hemispherical photomultiplier tube (with a multi-anode version as an option); 25–31 3in. photomultiplier tubes, or a crystal scintillator-based hybrid device (X-HPD). The features and advantages of each optical module design are discussed.

Design and modeling of optical modules for use in the “Emerald Forest” algae photobioreactors

As part of the “Emerald Forest” concept proposed in previous work by the authors (Teymour, Al-Hallaj, Eltayeb, & Khalil, 2009), photobioreactors for large-scale algae production are developed. Optical waveguides are used to overcome light limitations, and to maximize light collection and optimize light distribution. The finite volume discrete ordinates (FVDO) method is used to model light transport efficiency by different designs of waveguides that can be used to transport light, or change its direction and intensity, as a first step in the design of an efficient waveguide-based algae photobioreactor.

Mechanical and optical design for assembly of vascular endothelial cells using laser guidance and tweezers

Laser is applied to guide and tweeze the vascular endothelial cells for assembly. The system is composed of three modules: laser guidance, micro channels and laser tweezers. The micro channel includes the assembly area, main channel and branch channels. The optical module is equipped with laser source, beam splitter, reflectors and lenses. The endothelial cells are delivered to main channel and guided through branch channel to the assembly area by laser. The optical tweezers then move the cells to the proper position. The design of optical modules is conducted for the maximum capability of manipulating cells. The micro channel is designed based on fluid mechanics to minimize the fluidic disturbance to the cells in the assembly area, and is fabricated by photo lithography. Polystyrene micro beads and endothelial cells are successfully guided and tweezed by this approach. The associated escape velocity and dragging force are investigated.