Design Of Illumination System Research Articles

Design of an optical illumination system for a long wave infrared scene projector based on diffraction characteristics.

This study proposes an optical illumination system design based on vector diffraction characteristics and the Scheimpflug principle to determine an optimal relationship between illumination uniformity, energy utilization, and system size in an infrared scene projector. We investigate the influence of digital micromirror device (DMD) diffraction efficiency at different incidence angles on energy utilization rate and establish a two-dimensional diffraction grating model to determine the optimal incidence angle of the DMD beam. We demonstrate that the optical illumination system of a long-wave infrared (LWIR) scene projector based on diffraction characteristics can simulate an infrared scene with a compact structure, high energy efficiency, and high uniformity.

28‐5: Anamorphic DLP Illumination System Design with a Freeform Surface Lens

An anamorphic digital light processing (DLP) illumination system design with a freeform surface lens is described. A lens with a freeform surface lens is combined with the ATIR prism set for application in a relay lens system. In order to achieve a high contrast ratio without sacrificing illumination system efficiency. Finally, with this novel design we can achieve a high contrast ratio of 9128:1 and an illumination system efficiency is 66.4%.

Design of illumination system using characterized illuminances for smartphone-based fundus camera

Recently, smartphone-based fundus camera (SBFC) research has been actively conducted in response to the need to expand medical infrastructure in underdeveloped countries and the increased telemedicine since the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the conventional table-top system, SBFCs have technical challenges that make it difficult to guarantee uniform illumination and avoid back-reflection because of the design constraints of minimizing the form factor and cost. This paper proposes a novel illumination design methodology using characterized illuminance to obtain high-quality fundus images for SBFCs. Key performance indicators (KPIs), such as retinal uniformity, back-reflection suppression, and optical efficiency, were defined to evaluate the performance of the illumination system. Each KPI was calculated using optical simulation software based on Monte-Carlo ray tracing and mapped into a normalized three-dimensional coordinate, the retinal illumination performance space (RIPS). In RIPS, the KPIs are combined into a single parameter ΔRIPS, which is the quantitative difference evaluated as the Euclidean distance between the ideal and actual design point. A compact SBFC illumination system with five design variables was presented to verify the proposed methodology. The final design values at the minimum ΔRIPS were determined using the Taguchi method and response surface methodology. Finally, a working prototype was built, and fundus images were acquired by clinical testing under institutional review board approval. The fundus image had sufficient brightness and resolution to diagnose the lesion with a viewing angle of approximately 50° in one shot.

Design and Implementation of Solar-Powered Optical Fiber-Based Illumination and Communication System for Underground Coal Mines

Design and Implementation of Solar-Powered Optical Fiber-Based Illumination and Communication System for Underground Coal Mines

Experimental Design and Analysis of Adaptive LED Illumination System

Light emitting diode (LED) luminaires are widely used in street, road, and tunnel illumination. It is necessary to detect their negative effects on power grid, especially in terms of power quality distortions. In addition, because of the limited energy sources, they have to be operated in most efficient way. This paper proposed an adaptive illumination system that can be used in highway tunnels. In this context, an experimental system that consist of LED luminaires with various power values that are possible to be used in tunnel illumination was implemented. Scenarios have been created for the designed system in accordance with possible tunnel illumination scheme. Siemens S7–1200 PLC was used to control these scenarios. FFT analysis of the measurements obtained with adaptive illumination scenarios was performed and power quality distortions were determined for different harmonic levels. Similar analysis was repeated for the non-adaptive system, and a detailed comparison was proposed. In addition, both systems were compared in terms of energy consumption. Operational characteristics of adaptive illumination systems were discussed by using the obtained data. Results show that total harmonic distortion (THD) for all luminaires are active situation is quite lower than adaptive illumination scenarios, where the values of current THD are 149.7 %, 119.9 %, and 85.8 % that scenario 1, scenario 2, and all luminaires are in active situation, respectively. On the other hand, as advantage, a power saving of 73.4 % and 60.3 % can be achieved compared to different adaptive illumination scenarios according to all luminaires are active.

Grouping design method dependence on an illumination system and large off-axis distance for an anamorphic extreme ultraviolet lithography objective

High-numerical-aperture (NA) anamorphic extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the next-generation technology to achieve a 3 nm node and below. Current EUVL anamorphic projection objectives in publications are designed with small off-axis distance of the field of view (FOV). Further, the ray path of the illumination system will be obscured by the last mirror of the objective. In fact, as the NA increases, the diameter of the last mirror of the objective becomes larger. Thus, the off-axis distance of the FOV should be larger to ensure that the ray path of the illumination system is not obscured by the objective. It is well known that the design of an anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance is very challenging. In this paper, a high-NA anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance is designed. The value of the large off-axis distance that satisfies the unobscured constraint is first analyzed. Then an 8× demagnification isomorphic objective with large off-axis distance is designed by a grouping design process. Finally, the XY polynomial surface is adopted to achieve a 4× demagnification perpendicular to the scanning direction. This method is implemented to design a NA 0.55 anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance. The performance of the designed objective demonstrates that this design method is very effective and will provide a good structure of the objective for the illumination system design.

Design of Illumination System Using Characterized Illuminances for Smartphone-Based Fundus Camera

Design of Illumination System Using Characterized Illuminances for Smartphone-Based Fundus Camera

Optical design and analysis of illumination system based on augmented reality

照明系统是增强现实光学系统的重要组成部分，其体积、照度均匀性、能量利用率直接影响增强现实照明系统的质量，因此在照明系统中对光源二次配光非常重要。针对增强现实系统的自由曲面透镜形式和照明系统开展研究，重点分析准直系统集光角度与体积的对应关系，在对光源准直系统的面型构建详细分析基础上，对中心透射边缘反射的折反射式准直系统的面型进行求解，结合偏微分方程法和划分网格法，设计了自由曲面透镜，该系统与偏振分光棱镜共同组成硅基液晶（liquid crystal on silicon，LCoS）照明系统。仿真分析结果表明：系统照度均匀性达到91.96%，若不计偏振影响，照明系统光学效率达到66.6%。该系统具有结构简单紧凑、体积小、质量轻、照度均匀性高等特点，满足增强现实眼镜的需求。

High-contrast ratio and high-efficiency anamorphic DLP illumination system design with a freeform surface lens.

In this paper, an anamorphic digital light processing illumination system design with a freeform surface lens is described. A lens with a freeform surface lens is combined with the achromatic total internal reflection prism set for application in a relay lens system. In order to achieve a high contrast ratio without sacrificing illumination system efficiency, the novel, to the best of our knowledge, design uses an x-y polynomial surface for the freeform surface lens to reduce the overlap angle of the anamorphic angular distribution in angular space. Moreover, there is no need to use a baffle at the aperture stop in this novel design. We can reach a half-cone angle of 17.49° in the y direction of the angular distribution in angular space. The overlap angle is only 0.98°. Finally, with this novel design, we can achieve a high contrast ratio of 9128:1 and an illumination system efficiency is 66.4%. The four-corner average spot size at the active area of the digital micromirror device chip is controlled at about 240 µm, and the optical distortion is less than 1%. The corresponding lateral color aberration is 3.61 µm.

Design of an illumination system for high numerical aperture anamorphic extreme ultraviolet projection lithography.

The illumination system design for high numerical aperture (NA) anamorphic objectives is a key challenge for extreme ultraviolet lithography. In this paper, a reverse design method of the off-axis mixed-conic-surface-type relay system and an automatic arrangement method of field facets are proposed to design a high NA anamorphic illumination system. The two off-axis relay mirrors are fitted into different conic surfaces based on the conjugation of the mask plane and field facet and that of the illumination exit pupil and pupil facet. To eliminate ray obscuration between neighboring field facets, the field facets are automatically arranged according to the distances that are determined by the relative tilt angles of neighboring field facets under the current illumination mode. The proposed methods are applied in the design of an illumination system matching the NA0.60 anamorphic objective. Simulation results show that the uniformity of the scanning energy distribution can reach 99% on the mask plane under different illumination modes.

Design of Microscope Illumination System Based on Led Light Source and Collimator Using Zemax Software

Design of Microscope Illumination System Based on Led Light Source and Collimator Using Zemax Software

Research and Design of Marine Underwater LED Illumination System Based on Sliding Mode Variable Structure

Pan, P., 2019. Research and design of marine underwater LED illumination system based on sliding mode variable structure. In: Li, L.; Wan, X., and Huang, X. (eds.), Recent Developments in Practices and Research on Coastal Regions: Transportation, Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 98, pp. 239–242. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This paper introduces the working characteristics of an underwater LED illumination system and analyzes the driving power supply of the LED illumination system and the application of its control mode. In addition, the sliding mode variable structure control (SMVSC) method of constant-current power supply for an underwater LED illumination system is studied and designed in this paper. By choosing appropriate sliding mode surface function and control parameters, the constant-current control of the LED load is realized. Finally, to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the SMVSC method design for the LED illumination system, the SMVSC method is modeled and simulated using MATLAB software and compared with the conventional PI control method, which proves the validity of the design.

Design of UV LED illumination system for direct imaging lithography

UV LED, which can be used as the illumination source in the direct imaging (DI) exposure equipment, has the advantages of rich wavelengths and low cost. It has a good application prospect in the field of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. In practical application, there are high requirements for output power density, stray light control, and luminance uniformity of DI system to improve the productivity and exposure performance. We present an optical structure of the illumination system for DI lithography to provide uniform illumination low stray light for digital micromirror device (DMD), which combines Kohler illumination and double telecentric imaging. In this design, the high luminance illumination can be obtained by LED etendue analysis, fly’s eye condenser is not needed, and the stray light on the DMD caused by light outside the effective angle of the LED can be mostly filtered out. Based on this idea, a lithographic illumination system with the numerical aperture of 0.1 is designed and fabricated for 0.95-in. DMD. According to experimental measurements, the effective illumination power is up to 10 W, the stray light accounts for 10.7%, and the illuminance uniformity is about 90%, which meet the requirements of DI lithography equipment used in PCB manufacturing.

Design and beam dynamics of a Transmission Electron Microscope electron gun assembly

We present the design and beam dynamics analysis of a Transmission Electron Microscope illumination system. A LaB6 emitter is used as a cathode/source with an emissive surface area of diameter 50 μm generating fixed emission current of 5 mA which is biased by −300 V with Wehnelt electrode. The gun is comprised of five electrostatic lenses in-between the focusing and anode electrodes to accelerate and focus the beam with integrated energy of 160 keV in the post anode region with diameter around 228 μm. Finally, the beam is focused using the condensed electro-magnetic lenses of field strengths 183 mT and 331 mT, respectively to spot size 1.8 μm in the post-lens position. The obtained focal spots are largely symmetric along the two transverse directions. The illumination system geometry offers full beam collimation control. The study provides a theoretical basis for the structure and optics design of the Transmission Electron Microscope.

Compact freeform illumination system design for pattern generation with extended light sources.

One of the major problems in freeform illumination design in a geometrical optics approximation is picture generation with extended light sources. In contrast to the freeform design with zero-étendue sources, the extension of the light source leads to the typical blurring effect and a contrast reduction of the required irradiance. This effect can be minimized by increasing the distance between the freeform surface and the light source, which according to étendue conservation, results in an impractically large projection optic. To tackle this problem, we propose a design concept consisting of the combination of a pattern-generating double freeform surface for collimated beam shaping, which is calculated for a zero-étendue light source, and an imaging projection system with a telecentric object space. The design concept works independently of the shape of the emission area of the light source and does not require a representation of the extended light source by several individual wavefronts. By interpreting the pattern blurring effect as a composition of a shift contribution and a distortion contribution, we show that both can be minimized simultaneously by an appropriate placement of the object plane of the imaging optics and by making the distance between both freeform surfaces as small as possible. This allows the calculation of compact, energy-efficient freeform illumination systems for picture generation with real extended light sources. We demonstrate the significant blurring reduction by designing a simple illumination system consisting of a collimation optic, a (zero-étendue) double freeform lens for collimated beam shaping, and a projection lens for the generation of the target distribution "Elaine" with an extended Lambertian emitter of 3 mm×3 mm extension and ±42 deg maximum opening angle. For a working distance to the projection system of 500 mm and a target area of 300 mm×300 mm, a relative blurring extension of 2% is estimated, compared to 23% for a single freeform projector with the same energy throughput and similar lateral extension. The influence of the doublefreeform thickness on the blurring reduction is demonstrated, and a summary of the design procedure for the developed design concept is given.

可变光片照明系统设计

可变光片照明系统设计

Small-scale 5.1 kW wind turbine on-grid connected for outdoor illumination of a small residential district

In this paper a power supply system based on 5.1 kW wind turbine on-grid connected used for outdoor illumination of a small residential district is analysed. The wind resource for the proposed site is obtained mainly from NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy database. The load demand curve is obtained analysing the cadastral map of the residential district, the illumination requirements for road lighting, the road luminaire arrangement, the technical specification of the luminaire and the number of operating hours per year. The illumination system design is performed using DIALux software. The on-grid power supply system is analysed using HOMER software. Three sensitive parameters are considered: the annual average wind velocity, the hub height, and the carbon dioxide penalties, for which 150 different power supply systems are computed and analysed with the HOMER software. Considering the net present cost as the objective function, an optimal curve is obtained which allows to decide which power supply systems are prohibitive and which are feasible. The security of electric power supply of the system analysed in this paper is provided by the grid itself, the renewable power source being responsible for decreasing the CO2 emissions produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.

Transformable <italic>In Vivo</italic> Robotic Laparoscopic Camera With Optimized Illumination System for Single-Port Access Surgery: Initial Prototype

This paper presents an initial prototype of an in vivo robotic laparoscopic camera that features optimized illumination to address the problems, i.e. inferior lighting uniformity and low optical efficiency, in the state-of-the-art designs of in vivo laparoscopic cameras. Benefiting from the transformable structure of the robotic camera, sufficient on-board space is created without sacrificing the camera's compactness to carry three dedicatedly designed freeform optical lenses for achieving the optimized illumination requirements. Designing miniature freeform optical lenses for extended light sources, such as LEDs, is a very challenging task that usually involves solving a nonstandard Monge–Ampere equation. In this paper, we approach the illumination optical design based on a ray-mapping method that is governed by a standard Monge–Ampere equation. We propose an effective numerical solver to compute the ray-mapping solution for constructing freeform lens surfaces. Experimental results prove the predicted performance of the illumination system design: greater than $97\%$ illuminance uniformity, greater than $80\%$ optical efficiency, and greater than 14,323 lx illuminance on a target plane with a distance of 100 mm. The effectiveness of this prototype is also experimentally verified by performing a suturing task in a simulated abdomen.

基于自由曲面阵列的激光投影显示照明系统设计

基于自由曲面阵列的激光投影显示照明系统设计

Design of a smooth freeform illumination system for a point light source based on polar-type optimal transport mapping.

A design method is proposed to generate smooth freeform illumination optics for a point light source based on the L2 optimal transport (LOT) mapping. In this method, the LOT mapping between an assumed circular planar source and a prescribed target is first obtained by solving a polar-type LOT problem. Then, the mapping calculated for the circular source is applied for a point light source. Finally, the freeform optical surface is generated by a geometric construction method to realize the ray mapping. As examples, a series of smooth-surface freeform lenses are designed for a point light source to form uniform and complex illumination patterns on rectangular targets. The ray-tracing results show that all the designs achieve excellent performance with the light utilization efficiency η over 0.87 (Fresnel loss considered) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the simulated illumination distribution less than 0.051 simultaneously.