Design Of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Research Articles

Applicability of Dynamic Inflow Models of HAWT in Yawed Flow Conditions

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) experience yaw misalignments due to the physical limitations of yaw controllers and various novel active yaw controls. Moreover, the motion of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) accelerates yaw misalignment. The blade element momentum (BEM) method is widely used due to its computational efficiency for the design of HAWTs. Momentum theory, the basis of BEM, assumes steady flow and uniform induction field at the disc. Those assumptions are relaxed by engineering models to capture yaw and unsteady effects. Current yaw engineering models, however, are inaccurate since they do not capture the asymmetric wake expansion effect. Dynamic inflow models have been developed for non-yawed flow. Furthermore, the AVATAR project shows that BEM using fully coupled engineering models, the current yaw, dynamic inflow and various engineering models, suffers from significant deficiencies. This purpose of this paper, therefore, is to investigate dynamic effects for yawed flow, and determine if current dynamic inflow models are applicable in yawed conditions. The Glauert’s modified momentum theory is applied to dynamic inflow models to couple the two models. Among all coupled models, Øye, Yu PWVM and Yu FWVM DIM can capture asymmetric trends. However, the results show the significant deficiencies in phase delay on the actuator disc.

The effect analysis of wind speed variation to the horizontal axis wind turbine design with Q-blade

Wind energy is renewable energy that environmentally friendly. One of the utilizations of wind energy is conversing the wind turbine. The wind turbine is an energy conversion device to convert wind energy into mechanical energy and convert it into electricity through the generator. The size of the power produced by wind turbine depends on the wind speed and the type of turbine that is used. In this research, the researchers design the wind turbine with wind speed variations. The purpose of the designing and the analysing the wind speed is to design a low wind turbine using number of blade 5 model. The objective of this study was to design a wind turbine with variations in wind speed of 2 m/s, 3 m/s, 4 m/s, 5 m/s and 6 m/s using number of blade 5 model wind turbine horizontal axis, rotor diameter of 1.4 m and this rotor used NACA 4412 air foil type. The method that is used in this study is Blade Element Momentum (BEM) and Q-Blade software for designing the simulation. The results of this study, the researchers found there is an increase in power as the wind speed increases.

Perancangan Prototipe Turbin Angin Sumbu Horizontal Skala Laboratorium Dengan Inverter

A horizontal axis wind turbine design research has been carried out using an inverter. This study aims to generate the output power generated by the generator through an inverter. So that the use of an inverter can turn on the 10 watt lamp. From the research results obtained turbine rotation varied between 1357 rpm to 2415 rpm producing a generator voltage of 3.05 volts to 4.61 volts and generator currents 32mA up to 49 mA. The inverter produces a voltage of 16.57 volts up to 20.46 volts and an inverter current of 0.60 amperes up to 0.48 amperes. The greater the rotation of the wind turbine turbine, the greater the generator voltage generated and so is the voltage of the inverter. While the current will increase as the turbine rotation increases and the inverse of the inverter current will decrease as the turbine rotation increases.

Unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal wind turbine under yaw and dynamic yawing

Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) often works under yaw due to the stochastic variation of wind direction. Yaw also can be used as one of control methods for load reduction and wake redirection of HAWT. Thus, the aerodynamic performance under yaw is very important to the design of HAWT. For further insight into the highly unsteady characteristics aerodynamics of HAWT under yaw, this paper investigates the unsteady variations of the aerodynamic performance of a small wind turbine under static yawed and yawing process with sliding grid method, as well as the there-dimensional effect on the unsteady characteristics, using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations. The simulation results are validated with experimental data and blade element momentum (BEM) results. The comparisons show that the CFD results have better agreement with the experimental data than both BEM results. The wind turbine power decreases according to a cosine law with the increase of yaw angle. The torque under yaw shows lower frequency fluctuations than the non-yawed condition due to velocity component of rotation and the influence of spinner. Dynamic yawing causes larger fluctuate than static yaw, and the reason is analyzed. The aerodynamic fluctuation becomes more prominent in the retreating side than that in the advancing side for dynamic yawing case. Variations of effective angle of attack and aerodynamic forces along the blade span are analyzed. The biggest loading position moves from middle span to outer span with the increase of yaw angle. Three-dimensional stall effect presents load fluctuations at the inner board of blade, and becomes stronger with the increase of yaw angle.

Analytical Assessment of the Effects of Blade Cone Angle on the Aerodynamic Performance of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

In this research, the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is investigated, considering the cone angle effects. In a HAWT with an ordinary pattern, all blades are located in one plate and the cone angle of the plate is zero. In the design of HAWTs, to prevent contact between the blades and the turbine’s tower and considering the aero elasticity effects, the blades are installed on the shaft of the rotor using a cone angle, which has effects on the turbine’s performance. We investigated the aerodynamic performance of the HAWT according to cone angle deviations, numerically. With a change in the blade’s plate pattern, a cone-shaped volume is created. In this condition, the projected blade’s length gets smaller and the blade’s sections (vertical to the wind) become larger. The geometry of these sections was obtained with AutoCAD software. The performance of the turbine was analysed with Qblade software, and the results compared with each other. The output results of Qblade for the situation, in which the cone angle is considered, equal to the projected blade’s length and the new sections for the projected airfoils within the zero cone angle investigated and compared. This research was carried out for two conditions: a blade with a constant chord and a blade with different chords through the length of the blade. The creation of the cone angle may be suggested as one approach for controlling the wind turbine.

Comparative Critique on Power Generation in Wind Turbines

In this study, the performance of different wind turbines is compared using Qblade software. Typically wind turbines are categorized as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), and Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) which in this paper Darrieus type as a VAWT is discussed with HAWT. The airfoil selected for this study is NACA 0012, and from simulations, it can be seen in which wind speed range, each type has higher efficiency. Then, the parameters involved in their performance is discussed, and suggestions are made on how to modify them to have a higher output power. Qblade contains the XFOIL airfoil analysis functionalities which make a software a single tool which comprises all functionality needed for the design and simulation of vertical and horizontal axis wind turbines. The benefits of the proper airfoil design optimal are increasing the efficiency of wind turbines and maximization of the power produced.

Design comparison of wind turbines for low wind speed

Wind energy is one of the potential renewable energy, but the applications have to beadjusted to the available wind characteristic in the area. In Indonesia, the wind speed is inaverage not very high, only around 4 m/s. Therefore the wind turbine design have to be adjustedfor usage in Indonesia. In this research, two wind turbine designs are compared. One design isof the form Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) and the other is of the form Vertical-AxisWind Turbine (VAWT). Both designs are optimized for wind speed of 4 m/s. The comparisonsare done using computer simulation software OpenFOAM. The result shows VAWT design canproduce similar power with smaller turbine dimension than the HAWT design.

Analytical study on different blade-shape design of HAWT for wasted kinetic energy recovery system (WKERS)

Wasted kinetic energy recovery system (WKERS) is a wind renewable gadget installed above a cooling tower outlet to harvest the discharged wind for electrical regeneration purpose. The previous WKERS is operated by a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) with delta blade design but the performance is still not at the optimum level. Perhaps, a better blade-shape design should be determined to obtain the optimal performance, as it is believed that the blade-shape design plays a critical role in HAWT. Hence, to determine a better blade-shape design for a new generation of WKERS, elliptical blade, swept blade and NREL Phase IV blade are selected for this benchmarking process. NREL Phase IV blade is a modern HAWT’s blade design by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) research lab. During the process of benchmarking, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was ran by using SolidWorks design software, where all the designs are simulated with linear flow simulation. The wind speed in the simulation is set at 10.0 m/s, which is compatible with the average wind speed produced by a standard size cooling tower. The result is obtained by flow trajectories of air motion, surface plot and cut plot of the applied blade-shape. Besides, the aspect ratio of each blade is calculated and included as one of the reference in the comparison. Hence, the final selection of the best blade-shape design will bring to the new generation of WKERS.

Structural Optimization Design of 2MW Composite Wind Turbine Blade

Abstract A procedure based on MATLAB is presented and utilized for the structural optimization design of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) blades. Wind turbines matured towards a lowered cost-of-energy and have grown in rotor size therefore stretched the role of composite materials that offered the solution to more flexible, lighter and stronger blades. The structural aspects of a 82 meter long blade in an upwind, horizontal-axis wind turbine were developed in this paper. The promising generic blade structural designs were used to initialize a detailed structural optimization in which spar cap, panels and trailing edge reinforcements are sized such that the blades meet the intent of design standards. In this study, the optimization formulations include non-linear failure constraints. This present study has important significance for the structural design and optimization of wind turbine blades.

Aerodynamic and Structural Integrated Optimization Design of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blades

A procedure based on MATLAB combined with ANSYS is presented and utilized for the aerodynamic and structural integrated optimization design of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) blades. Three modules are used for this purpose: an aerodynamic analysis module using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory, a structural analysis module employing the Finite Element Method (FEM) and a multi-objective optimization module utilizing the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The former two provide a sufficiently accurate solution of the aerodynamic and structural performances of the blade; the latter handles the design variables of the optimization problem, namely, the main geometrical shape and structural parameters of the blade, and promotes function optimization. The scope of the procedure is to achieve the best trade-off performances between the maximum Annual Energy Production (AEP) and the minimum blade mass under various design requirements. To prove the efficiency and reliability of the procedure, a commercial 1.5 megawatt (MW) HAWT blade is used as a case study. Compared with the original scheme, the optimization results show great improvements for the overall performance of the blade.

Multi-Objective Structural Optimization Design of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blades Using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II and Finite Element Method

A multi-objective optimization method for the structural design of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades is presented. The main goal is to minimize the weight and cost of the blade which uses glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) coupled with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials. The number and the location of layers in the spar cap, the width of the spar cap and the position of the shear webs are employed as the design variables, while the strain limit, blade/tower clearance limit and vibration limit are taken into account as the constraint conditions. The optimization of the design of a commercial 1.5 MW HAWT blade is carried out by combining FEM analysis and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm under ultimate (extreme) flap-wise load and edge-wise load conditions. The best solutions are described and the comparison of the obtained results with the original design is performed to prove the efficiency and applicability of the method.

Structural Optimization Design of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blades Using a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Finite Element Method

This paper presents an optimization method for the structural design of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) combined with the finite element method (FEM). The main goal is to create an optimization tool and to demonstrate the potential improvements that could be brought to the structural design of HAWT blades. A multi-criteria constrained optimization design model pursued with respect to minimum mass of the blade is developed. The number and the location of layers in the spar cap and the positions of the shear webs are employed as the design variables, while the strain limit, blade/tower clearance limit and vibration limit are taken into account as the constraint conditions. The optimization of the design of a commercial 1.5 MW HAWT blade is carried out by combining the above method and design model under ultimate (extreme) flap-wise load conditions. The optimization results are described and compared with the original design. It shows that the method used in this study is efficient and produces improved designs.

Fluid-structure interaction of a morphing symmetrical wind turbine blade subjected to variable load

SUMMARY A brief summary of the main challenges of rotor design in wind energy conversion (WEC) systems, most notably the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), are presented. One of the limiting factors in HAWT design is choosing the rated capacity to maximize power output and turbine longevity. One such strategy to accomplish this goal is to widen the operational range of the WEC system by using pitch or torque control, which can be costly and subject to mechanical failure. We present a morphing airfoil concept, which passively controls airfoil pitch through elastic deformation. As a justification of the concept, a two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction routine is used to simulate the aeroelastic response of a symmetric NACA 0012 blade subjected to variable loading. The results suggest that the morphing blade can be designed to offer superior average lift to drag ratios over a specified range of attack angles by up to 4.2%, and possibly even higher. This infers that the morphing blade design can increase the power production of WEC systems while conceivably reducing cost because the passive deformation of the morphing turbine does not require active control systems that come at an added upfront and maintenance cost. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vortex specification and horizontal axis wind turbine design

SYNOPSIS Free vortex specification for axial turbomachines is applied to high speed horizontal axis wind turbines. The approach is shown to yield values of interference coefficients and coefficient of performance, which are either optimum or very close to the optimum. An energy loss coefficient is then used to determine the range of values for the output power coefficient of a HAWT turbine.

An Aerodynamic Method for the Analysis of Isolated Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines

The aerodynamic analysis of a wind turbine represents a very complex task since it involves an unsteady three-dimensional viscous flow. In most existing performance-analysis methods, wind turbines are considered isolated so that interference effects caused by other rotors or by the site topology are neglected. Studying these effects in order to optimize the arrangement and the positioning of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) on a wind farm is one of the research activities of the Bombardier Aeronautical Chair. As a preliminary step in the progress of this project, a method that includes some of the essential ingredients for the analysis of wind farms has been developed and is presented in the paper. In this proposed method, the flow field around isolated HAWTs is predicted by solving the steady-state, incompressible, two-dimensional axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. The turbine is represented by a distribution of momentum sources. The resulting governing equations are solved using a Control-Volume Finite Element Method (CVFEM). This axisymmetric implementation efficiently illustrates the applicability and viability of the proposed methodology, by using a formulation that necessitates a minimum of computer resources. The axisymmetric method produces performance predictions for isolated machines with the same level of accuracy than the well-known momentum-strip theory. It can therefore be considered to be a useful tool for the design of HAWTs. Its main advantage, however, is its capacity to predict the flow in the wake which constitutes one of the essential features needed for the performance predictions of wind farms of dense cluster arrangements.