Design Of Bicycles Research Articles

Evaluation of four-bar mechanisms for bicycle pedals

As the Global Warming destroys gradually the life on the earth, vehicles driven by clean energy are of importance. Therefore, in this paper, mechanisms for bicycle drivetrain are scrutinized starting from its initial invention to attract attentions of the people in the field of mechanism. Some recent health problems caused by design of modern bicycles are highlighted. Optional several mechanisms such as crank rocker, double crank, double rocker, slider crank, and inverted slider crank for the drivetrain of bicycle are evaluated. Each of them was assessed in the perspective of applicability by using shelf-ready products. A double-rocker mechanism is schematically designed by using GeoGebra. An analysis for the geometric constraints of the design and torque are presented. Finally, the double rocker was concluded to design a pedal drivetrain. An optimization was carried out by using Microsoft Excel. The optimal dimensions were delivered. The maximum torque 90 Nm. The maximum energy can be produced is 600W.

Experimental study of the suppressing effect of the primary fire and thermal runaway propagation for electric bicycle batteries using flood cooling

With the continuous development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electric bicycles have embarked on a trend of lead-acid batteries replacing with LIBs. However, thermal runaway (TR) during the charging process can trigger thermal runaway propagation (TRP) and fire issues, posing potential hazards in LIB applications. Therefore, effective tactics are urgently needed to prevent or mitigate these hazards. This study investigated the TRP characteristics of lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) cathode-based batteries, which were utilized for electric bicycles. Furthermore, a novel charging cabinet with a flood cooling function was proposed to suppress primary fires and the TRP of electric bicycle batteries. Moreover, the mechanism of TRP suppression by flood cooling was quantitatively analyzed from the perspective of cooling power, heat transfer power, and self-heating generation power. Finally, the TRP characteristics and flood cooling effect of NCM battery-based packs were also studied. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of flood cooling on suppressing primary fires and TRP, which further addressed the issues of temperature rebound and reignition after battery extinguishment. Flood cooling effectively suppresses the TRP of LMO and LFP cathode-based batteries. However, it could not suppress the TRP of NCM cathode-based batteries. This study guides the battery selection and safety design of electric bicycles, and it is recommended to use LMO and LFP batteries.

An innovative architecture of a three-speed automatic internal shifting hub for regular commuting bicycles: Kinematic analysis and preliminary sizing

Bicycle transmission systems represent a key component in the design of bicycles, as they determine the nature of pedaling effort that riders have to provide. Multi-gear systems enable riders to choose between multiple transmission ratios and are typically divided into external and internal. The present work aims at designing a three-speed automatic internal shifting hub for regular (non-electric) bicycles, starting from an already existing alternative with only two gear ratios (i.e., speeds), which is taken as reference. The complete kinematic design and a preliminary dimensioning are implemented and described in detail. The novelty of the design lays in the number of available gear rations (three), which is an unprecedented result for automatic internal shifting hubs for regular bicycles, as it is unmatched by the models available on the market. The higher number of gear rations increases the number of available combinations of torque and pedaling cadence to achieve a certain velocity, granting more riding flexibility and ultimately enabling easier rides. This is proven through validation by numerical simulation of a driving cycle, which shows that lower and more constant pedaling forces are required when using the novel three-speed automatic internal shifting hub with respect to the two-speed reference model.

Structure-Guided Chemical Optimization of Bicyclic Peptide (Bicycle) Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a metalloprotease that cleaves angiotensin II, a peptide substrate involved in the regulation of hypertension. Here, we identified a series of constrained bicyclic peptides, Bicycle, inhibitors of human ACE2 by panning highly diverse bacteriophage display libraries. These were used to generate X-ray crystal structures which were used to inform the design of additional Bicycles with increased affinity and inhibition of ACE2 enzymatic activity. This novel structural class of ACE2 inhibitors is among the most potent ACE2 inhibitors yet described in vitro, representing a valuable tool to further probe ACE2 function and for potential therapeutic utility.

Multi-Variable Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Design of PMa-SynRM for Electric Bicycle Traction Motor

In this paper, internal division point genetic algorithm (IDP-GA) was proposed to lessen the computational burden of multi-variable multi-objective optimization problem using finite element analysis such as optimal design of electric bicycles. The IDP-GA could consider various objectives with normalized weighted sum method and could reduce the number of function calls with novel crossover strategy and vector-based pattern search method. The superiority of the proposed algorithm was verified by comparing performances with conventional optimization method at two mathematical test functions. Finally, the applicability of the IDP-GA in practical electric machine design was verified by successfully deriving an improved design of electric bicycle propulsion motor.

New dominant design and knowledge management; a reversed U curve with long head and tail

ABSTRACT After more than 100 years since the emergence of the dominant design of the bicycle, diverse electronic bicycles are emerging in the e-bike industry. We aim to answer two questions: 1) How is the electronic bicycle evolving and what is its dominant design? 2) What is the difference in the evolution and appearance of the dominant design of the electronic bicycles in Daegu (Korea), Naples (Italy), and Nagoya (Japan)? We used the participatory observation and intensive interview methods for this study. Three cities were located at different points on the dominant design curve with long head and tail. Naples is in the business model-based new market creation step, with the fat-tire electronic bicycle as dominant design. Daegu is in the technology-based new market creation step, with the electronic quick board as dominant design. Nagoya is undergoing technology-based existing market expansion with the electronic bicycle design, which is the same as the traditional dominant design.

Cyclist aerodynamics through time: Better, faster, stronger

The last decades have seen an increasing interest in cycling aerodynamics, with the design of more aerodynamic bicycles and wearable equipment such as helmets and skinsuits and the development and application of new cyclist positions. Moreover, a better understanding of the flow topology around a cyclist and of the aerodynamic interaction between cyclists and other cyclists and nearby vehicles has been gained. However, some knowledge – albeit mainly empirical – of the impact of aerodynamics on cycling performance was already known in late 1800s and early 1900s; as shown by the design of recumbent bicycles and aerodynamic fairings, the adoption of dropped cyclist positions and the organization of drafting races. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the evolution of aerodynamic knowledge in cycling from the early days to the most recent state-of-the-art to efficiently drive future studies. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the history and state-of-the-art in cyclist aerodynamics, focused on three aspects: (i) cycling flow topology and the wind influence; (ii) the aerodynamics of a single cyclist and his/her wearable components; and (iii) the aerodynamic interaction between a cyclist and other cyclists or nearby vehicles. Finally, some future perspectives about cyclist aerodynamics are provided.

Analysis and Research of Electric Bicycle Design Based on Hall Three-Dimensional Structure

Purpose In the context of the implementation of the Mandatory National Standard for Safety Technical Specifications for Electric Bicycles (hereinafter referred to as the “New National Standard”), in order to meet the needs of the target group for daily traveling, a general method for electric bicycle design is proposed. Method Based on Hall three-dimensional structure theory, focusing on the time axis, comparing with the existing products in the market, referring to the traditional electric bicycle system design flow from product positioning, draft design, type selection, performance target determination, component performance parameters and boundary dimension, in-depth design, rendering, to model making, combined with marketing and user research, conduct electric bicycle design research with the theme of “young” and “future”. Results Propose a general method for the design of electric bicycles based on Hall three-dimensional structure. Conclusion The model method helps to feedback the design progress in time, finding the problems in the design flow, improving design efficiency and shortening the design cycle.

Toward blockchain and fog computing collaborative design and manufacturing platform: Support customer view

Abstract Overview of current manufacturing enterprises show that successful global manufacturing enterprise has great collaboration among designer, manufacturer, and customer, which effect on reducing production life cycle and improving customer satisfaction. Recently, several past and ongoing research projects have conducted to enable the collaborative platform to develop effective collaboration with the manufacturing section, design section, and customer views. However, trustable collaboration and how to utilize customer views efficiently is still a challenge. Therefore, this research proposed a blockchain-enabled fog computing-based collaborative design and manufacturing platform to develop triple communication and cooperation among the manufacturing section, design section, and customers in a trustable environment. In the proposed platform, the machine-learning method is used for clustering and categorizing customer-views, and fog computing-based integration between subsystems via blockchain technology is proposed to improve the data integrity and security problem. The proposed platform explained based on key technology, data integrity, key requirement, and illustrative case study. In this respect, we presented the design and manufacturing of bicycles based on customer requests.

La bicicleta y la transformación del espacio público en Quito (2003-2014)

La cada vez más generalizada tendencia urbana de introducir el uso de la bicicleta genera profundas transformaciones en el espacio público de las ciudades. Este artículo se centra en explicar las controversias del diseño de la política pública de movilidad que impulsa el transporte no motorizado en la ciudad de Quito, a partir del análisis de los problemas políticos y técnicos del diseño de la ciclovía y el sistema de alquiler de bicicletas públicas del gobierno local, conocido como BiciQ. El modelo de análisis utilizado en este trabajo se basa en el enfoque socio-técnico a través de tres niveles de la política: el contexto en que se formula, la construcción del artefacto socio-técnico de la bicicleta y su uso en la vía pública, y el cierre de las controversias de los grupos relevantes en torno al impulso de la ciclovía como herramienta del transporte no motorizado.

Test verification and design of the bicycle frame parameters

Research on design of bicycles is concentrated on mechanism and auto appearance design, however few on matches between the bike and the rider. Since unreasonable human-bike relationship leads to both riders’ worn-out joints and muscle injuries, the design of bicycles should focus on the matching. In order to find the best position of human-bike system, simulation experiments on riding comfort under different riding postures are done with the lifemode software employed to facilitate the cycling process as well as to obtain the best position and the size function of it. With BP neural network and GA, analyzing simulation data, conducting regression analysis of parameters on different heights and bike frames, the equation of best position of human-bike system is gained at last. In addition, after selecting testers, customized bikes based on testers’ height dimensions are produced according to the size function. By analyzing and comparing the experimental data that are collected from testers when riding common bicycles and customized bicycles, it is concluded that customized bicycles are four times even six times as comfortable as common ones. The equation of best position of human-bike system is applied to improve bikes’ function, and the new direction on future design of bicycle frame parameters is presented.

Measuring Dynamic Loads on a Foldable City Bicycle

Strain gauges have been used to measure dynamic loads on a foldable bicycle while it is being ridden. Eight full, Wheatstone-bridge measuring points were used to measure the forces on the front and rear wheels, the handlebars, the seat and the pedals. These bridges were positioned at special measuring parts that simplified the measurements. Some of the measuring problems that were successfully resolved are described. The measuring took place on public roads where real-life data was gathered for various riding situations. For an easier interpretation of the data, a camera, an encoder and a GPS system were used. The results are shown for some riding situations and their impact on the design of foldable bicycles is discussed.

Optimal Design Parameters for Pedaling in Man-Machine Systems

Pedaling is a typical example of the problem of man-machine interaction. The design of machines and bicycles that makes full use of human capabilities is an old but still challenging engineering problem. This paper describles the optimal design of a bicycle from several viewpoints such as kinematics, statics, dynamics, and physiology. The efficacy of a new mechanism called “magic crank” that realizes an unconventional non-circular pedaling trajectory is also discussed.

Modeling Bicycle-Rider Vibrations: Implications for Materials Selection

Over the past several years, the number of materials routinely employed for the fabrication of major bicycle components (e.g., frame, fork, and handlebar) has increased from one (steel) to at least five (steel, aluminum, titanium, fiber-reinforced polymers, and magnesium). Historically the primary driving force for implementation of new materials in bicycle manufacture has been the almost fanatical desire to reduce the weight of the bicycle. Although weight reduction of the bicycle will continue to be important, an old design paradigm—driven mostly by the recent popularity of bicycles designed to be ridden off-road (mountain bikes)—has re-emerged: the design of bicycles that minimize the amount of road/trail shock transmitted to the rider.

Bicycle Safety Equipment

It is important for the physician to understand bicycle safety equipment in order to prevent and treat bicycle-related injuries effectively. The physician should understand (1) the basic design and function of bicycles, (2) the relationship of improper bicycle fit to injuries, (3) the potential of the various forms of serious riding and racing for injury, and (4) bicycle safety equipment and the standards involved in its fit, manufacture, and care. A decision to use bicycle safety equipment is a decision to control the risk of injury. Physicians should accept a share of the responsibility for decreasing bicycling-related injuries, because they are viewed by the public as credible sources of information regarding the prevention of accidents and injuries.

Recommendations for the assessment and design of young children's bicycles on the basis of anthropometric data

Children's bicycles are the product most often involved in leisure accidents to children. One of the possible reasons for this might be a lack of fit between the dimensions of the bicycle and the dimensions of the child. In a project entitled KIMA-1, some 33 dimensions of 279 children (aged 2.5–5.5 years) were measured at seven infant welfare centres in the province of Zuid, Holland. These data were used to compare dimensions of children with dimensions of bicycles. Furthermore, the requirements regarding bicycle dimensions laid down in product safety acts of different countries were compared with both the results of KIMA-1 and some bicycles available in shops. It is concluded that maximum product safety and comfort of the bicycle are achieved when the bicycle is fitted to the dimensions of the child. Enhancement of this fitting process can be achieved by relating the dimensions of the bicycle to the stature rather than to the age of the child. The comparison of the KIMA-1 data to the dimensions laid down in product safety acts led to the conclusion that Dutch children are larger than the population on which the safety dimensions are based. Furthermore, secular changes in body dimensions call for a revision of the relevant safety dimensions in 10–15 years.

Dynamics of a bicycle: Nongyroscopic aspects

Elementary analysis of the equations of motion of a bicycle lead to considerations which affect the design of bicycles for use under different conditions. The analysis is also applied to clarify a well-known lecture demonstration.

The story of the bicycle

The depletion of fossil fuel and increase of environmental pollution caused by internal combustion engine vehicles are big issues worldwide that need to be solved. One of promising solutions to address energy security and environmental pollution is utilization of electric vehicles. Electric bicycle is one of the electric vehicles attracting significant attention because of its many benefits. Many review papers showed potential of electric vehicles for wide application in future, but very few of them solely focused on electric bicycles. This paper shows in detail a review of history, development, design and research of electric bicycles, in which history, development together with markets of electric bicycles are firstly reviewed. The classification of electric bicycles in components and designs is reviewed in detail. The electric bicycle research fields are reviewed based on prior studies to give helpful information for scientists as well as researchers to develop electric bicycles further. Besides the reviews of electric bicycles mentioned above, the rules for utilization of electric bicycles in some world areas are discussed.