Bench Design Research Articles

Test results of an improved short-baseline digital deformometer using a new bench design

The article presents the results on laboratory tests of a short-baseline digital deformometer (SDC), developed to study deformation processes on pipelines and units of engineering structures, with the changes made to its design and electronic part, as well as the results of testing a new design of the test bench. The presented results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the new testing methodology, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of the results obtained.

Low-GWP refrigerants in heat pumps: An experimental investigation of the influence of an internal heat exchanger

In heat pumps, the use of refrigerants with a low global warming potential (GWP) gains importance due to increasingly strict regulations regarding their ecological impact. In this regard, hydrocarbons (HCs), hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), and their mixtures are the most promising options due to their thermodynamic properties. Besides the impact of the refrigerant, the cycle configuration (e.g., basic cycle and internal heat exchanger cycle) strongly influences the efficiency of the heat pump. While the potential of low-GWP refrigerants in internal heat exchanger (IHX) cycle configurations is widely investigated in numerical studies, there is a lack of experimental validation. Therefore, this work experimentally evaluates four HCs (R290, R600a, R436A, R1270) and the HFO R1234yf in comparison to R134a in a brine-water heat pump test bench. The test bench design allows to switch between the basic and IHX cycle, thus, enabling the simultaneous impact evaluation of the cycle configuration and the refrigerant on the performance. In the experiments, R1270 shows the highest efficiency for all operating points followed by R290 in the basic cycle. The IHX cycle improves the efficiency for all refrigerants in comparison to the basic cycle. The zeotropic mixture R436A achieves the highest efficiency improvements of up to 27.5% compared to the basic cycle, whereas the efficiency of the single-component refrigerants increases by 10% on average. Despite the significantly higher improvements of R436A due to the IHX, R1270 still leads to the highest coefficient of performance (COP) of up to 6.6 (B12/W35) in the IHX cycle configuration.

Laboratory demonstration of an off-axis optical bench design for future gravity missions.

The inter-satellite laser ranging interferometer is one of the core components of future gravity missions to achieve high ranging precision. This work builds a preliminary breadboard of the off-axis optical bench design, which integrates the merits of the off-axis optical bench design of GRACE Follow-On mission and other on-axis designs. The study finds that the displacement noise between two optical benches has been reduced to 20nm/Hz at a frequency of 10 mHz, and the differential wavefront sensing noise has been suppressed to 10-5rad/Hz at 1kHz as well. In addition, the tilt-to-length coupling noise related to the piston effect is restricted within 30μm/rad, and the relative parallelism error of the transmitting beam and receiving beam is less than 4.5%. The results show that this off-axis optical bench design is an important candidate for China's future gravity missions.

The study of a novel magnetic crankshaft

This paper introduces a revolutionary mechanism, the Four-Translator Magnetic Crankshaft (FTMC), designed to address inherent limitations of the Magnetic Lead Screw (MLS) in energy storage and driving efficiency. The FTMC combines features of the MLS and a traditional cross crankshaft, enabling efficient energy conversion between continuous rotatory motions and reciprocating linear motions. The study presents the FTMC's working principle, theoretical calculations, 3D finite element analysis (FEA) validation, and comprehensive performance analyses. The FTMC's rotor, featuring a unique magnet array, allows for continuous rotation while the four translators reciprocate with a 90-degree phase difference. This breakthrough resolves the energy storage challenge faced by MLS, leading to enhanced efficiency and frequency. The paper explores the FTMC's static and dynamic performance, demonstrating its superiority in achieving 4.6 times higher reciprocating speeds or 93.3 % lower driving torque compared to the same-sized MLS in the limiting case. Furthermore, the study proposes an innovative assembly design with a 2-air gap topology, addressing potential radial attraction issues and reducing translator mass. The anticipated performance under ideal conditions, based on 3D FEA results, showcases the FTMC's ability to transmit about 1.4 kW power with efficiencies exceeding 75 % at rated load angles and 30 Hz driving frequencies. Theoretical insights into the FTMC's capabilities open promising avenues for future research and prototyping. Experimental validation is recommended to confirm the mechanism's maximum driving ability, offering significant advancements in Magnetic Lead Screw and high-speed magnetic drive systems. Future studies should focus on prototype manufacturing and controllable load test bench design to validate the presented theoretical analysis.

Development of method for frequency regulation of output current in high-voltage transformerless resonant chargers of capacitive energy storage devices

The object of research is high-voltage systems of electric discharge installations for various technological purposes. The work reports solving the problem of enabling the rate of charging of a capacitive energy storage, set by the requirements of a certain high-voltage technology. The quantitative characteristics of the deviation of the output current of the resonant inverter from the set stabilized value when changing the switching frequency of inverter switches in the range of output voltage change from 0 to 20 kV were determined. Using the Fourier transform of the rectangular input voltage, the frequency regulation possibility of the output current of the charger for capacitive energy storage devices was analyzed. Estimation dependences of the output current of resonant inverter on the load resistance and frequency deviation from resonant frequency were derived. These dependences could be used to implement frequency control over the switching inverter transistors, with the help of which the given effective value of the output current of the resonant inverter is obtained. A method of frequency regulation of the output current in high-voltage transformerless resonant charging devices of capacitive energy storage devices has been developed. Special feature of this method is that it is based on the frequency dependence of reactive resistances of the inductance and capacitance of the resonant circuit connected in series. Owing to that, it makes it possible to adjust the switching frequency of the inverter’s power switches depending on the relative resistance of the load and the specified growth rate of the capacitive energy storage voltage. The results reported here could be used in the design of benches for testing the electrical strength of high-voltage cables, as well as for the construction of high-voltage transformerless chargers in systems of electric discharge impulse processing of materials

Innovative Design of Solar Benches for Public Spaces: Renewable Energy with Arduino Integration

This research aims to design and implement an innovative park bench that combines solar panel technology with the Arduino platform. The methodology of this research consists of designing the integration of solar panels with Arduino components that are assembled integrated on the physical bench. In the analysis phase, measurements of solar energy production were conducted under various light and weather conditions. The performance of the system in battery charging and fulfillment of energy needs was evaluated. Environmental data from Arduino sensors were analyzed to illustrate the effect of environmental conditions on system operation. The results showed that the solar bench produced higher energy during daytime and reduced during nighttime conditions. The system can supply energy for purposes such as lighting and charging electronic devices. The voltage and current data at night show inefficiency in charging the solar panel, while the cell phone charger condition works as long as the battery is above 15%. In addition, environmental analysis through Arduino sensors revealed a correlation between light intensity and energy production and usage. These findings can be used to optimize the operation of the smart bench system based on changing environmental conditions. In conclusion, this solar bench design has the potential to reduce environmental impacts and support the use of renewable energy in urban public spaces, with the potential to increase public awareness of sustainable energy

Effects of microtopography shaping on characteristics of eroded sediment particles of a dump slope in an opencast coal mine in China

AbstractThe properties of sediment particles are crucial research areas for understanding soil erosion on dump slopes. In this study, the slope of the southern dump of the ATB opencast coal mine in the Pingshuo mining area in Shanxi Province, China, was selected to conduct microtopographical shaping and artificial rainfall simulation experiments. Three different gradients of rainfall intensity, 20, 50, and 80 mm·h−1, were set. The main component of rainwater was water (chemistry H2O) by a rainfall duration of 30 min. A Microtrac S3500 laser particle size analyzer was used to measure the collected erosion sediment particles. This study conducted level benches and fish‐scale pits microtopography shaping on the slope of the waste dump. The dimensions of the level bench design were 1, 2, and 1 m for the step width, for the step length, and between each level bench, respectively. The fish‐scale pits were 60 cm (length), 40 cm (width), and 30 cm (depth). The horizontal and row spacing of each fish‐scale pit was 1 m, and an unshaped terrain was used as the control group. Through dynamic monitoring and statistical analysis of the data, the impacts of rainfall intensity and microtopography shaping mode on the features of the eroded sediment particles were analyzed. Fine silt particles (53%) were lost as a result of the surface erosion of the slope. The mean starting periods of sediment particle loss decreased with the increase in rainfall intensity (589 s > 402 s > 305 s). Additionally, the clay and silt particle enrichment ratios decreased (ER >1), whereas the sand particle enrichment ratios increased (ER <1). The level benches had a stronger interception effect on fine sediment, whereas the fish‐scale pits had a weaker interception effect on sediment particles under heavy rain. The distribution properties of erosion sediment particles on a slope can be assessed using fractal dimension as an index. This study is significant for understanding the erosion mechanism of eroded sediment particles on dump slopes and provides a scientific foundation for soil erosion control on opencast coal mine dump slopes in the Loess Plateau. These results highlight the potential for the level bench to effectively delay the occurrence of runoff and greatly enhance the interception of sediment particles.

Photogrammetry for making real-time measurements of the deformation of fire retarded material subjected to an external heat flux

This work exploits photogrammetry techniques to make real-time measurements on a deforming material subjected to an external heat flux. Using a novel bench design and 3D reconstruction associated to image analysis, the volume of the sample can be accurately calculated. It is applied to a fire retarded polymer (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing 65 wt% of aluminum trihydroxide as fire retardant). The material shrinks and swells upon heating (heat flux of 35 kW/m2). The volume can be followed as a function of time and it provides quantitative data about the deformation of the material.

Tilt-to-Length Coupling Analysis of an Off-Axis Optical Bench Design for NGGM

A new off-axis optical design alternative to that of the GRACE Follow-on mission for future NGGM missions is considered. In place of the triple-mirror assembly of the GRACE Follow-on mission, a laser retro-reflector is instead generated by means of lens systems. The receiving (RX) beam and transmitting (TX) beam are enforced to be anti-parallel by a control loop with differential wavefront sensing (DWS) signals as readout, and a fast-steering mirror is employed to actuate the pointing of the local beam. The tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling noise of the new off-axis optical bench layout is carefully studied in the present work. Local TTL originated from piston noise as well as assembly and alignment errors of optical components are studied. Effort is also made to have an in depth understanding of global TTL due to relative attitude jitter between spacecraft. The margin of TTL noise in the position noise budget for laser ranging is examined. With an open loop control of the offset between the reference point of the optical bench and the centre of mass of a satellite, the TTL noise of the new off-axis optical bench design may be suppressed efficiently.

The Bench - exploring exclusionary design through arts practices

ABSTRACT This paper takes point of departure in ongoing research into exclusionary design. Through design interventions such as leaning benches, steel spikes, water sprinklers, and barbed wire socially vulnerable and homeless people are kept from occupying and staying in public spaces in the cities around the world. Such exclusion by design contributes to “atmospheres of rejection” and affords new patterns of human mobility in the city. As the leaning (or otherwise modified) bench is one of the most predominant dark design interventions, this paper will single out the bench as one exemplary artefact to be explored. The bench carries both symbolic meaning, as well as it is a material artefact affording rest and occupancy. The design of benches and the positioning (or removal) of them are micro-installations that together with other urban furniture, makes-up the urban spaces as sites of congregation, exchange, and experience. The paper explores the bench on a background of three key terms: affordance, atmosphere, and material interpellation. The paper then turns to art practices in public spaces and illustrate how the socio-cultural significance of benches has been made visible by art interventions such as the “socially modified” benches by the artist Jeppe Hein. In the conclusion the paper draws out lines of enquiry for further research.

Analysis of the Test Bench Design Influence on the Cooling Performance of a Rail Vehicle Brake Disc

The presented article aims at assessment of the influence of test bench design on the cooling performance of a rail vehicle brake disc. The test bench is designed for experimental analyses of rail vehicles' brake components. The work includes an introduction to the solved problem, as well as a description of importance of airflow simulations in virtual environment. Creation of a geometrical model and its most important features are described. The research is performed by means of the computational fluid dynamics. For this method, it is important to set-up the boundary conditions, which are presented in the next part of the article. The results of the computational fluid dynamics simulations are presented for the solid disc and for the ventilated disc. The simulations of the solid disc showed the better convergence of calculations for various time-steps in comparison to the ventilated disc.

Establishing regularities in the transportation of concrete with coarse filler by a tubular belt with partitions

This paper reports a study into the holding capacity of tubular belt with partitions of a mixture of concrete and the effect of the technique of loading the tubular belt on increasing the pressure of the material on the partition. The task solved was the establishment of regularities in the process of transporting concrete with coarse aggregate and, on their basis, the determination of the structural and technological solution. The studies have shown that the use of transverse partitions significantly increases the holding capacity of the load by a tubular belt and makes it possible to transport concrete with coarse filler. It has been experimentally proved that when using the belt with transverse grooves Reef-1, the force of cargo on the partition is several times less than when using a smooth belt. The force of the load on the partition can be reduced if loading takes place on a horizontal or slightly inclined surface of the belt. The properties of the load and the height of the layer of material loaded into the tubular belt significantly affect the force arising on the partition. With the height of the layer of material to be loaded, the force increases to a certain limit, which depends on the initial resistance to the shift of the material, after which it remains constant. Based on the results, plots of the dependence of the force on the partition on the angle of inclination of the belt and the weight of the material were constructed. The operability based on specific initial (numerical) data of the derived theoretical dependences describing the efforts of the above-placed layers of material on the partition located in the tubular belt has been experimentally confirmed. The methodology of research and design of experimental benches for measuring the load on the partition of tubular belt conveyors was refined. The results make it possible to consider the construction of a crane ‒ a concrete dispenser equipped with a tubular belt conveyor with partitions for the construction of high-rise structures

Experimental characterization of the turbulent intake jet in an engine flow bench

The turbulent intake flow of an optically accessible internal combustion engine is modeled using an air flow bench to reduce the complexity in the number of variables inherent within engine flows. By removing the piston and introducing a new optically accessible housing and outlet channel, the flow bench design simulates engine flows in the region just downstream of the intake valves and offers the possibility to measure and calculate quantities that would be difficult or impossible to obtain in the unsteady environment of a dynamic engine. Velocity data obtained via high-speed particle image velocimetry of the flow bench in the symmetry and valve planes are compared with data from a base operating condition of the motored engine at an intake pressure of 0.95 bar and a speed of 800 rpm at - 270°CA (270 crank-angle-degrees before compression top dead center), beginning with stationary valves at the corresponding valve lift of - 270°CA, then with moving valves. Analysis of the intake jet turbulence for increasing mass flow rates reveals a coherent flapping of the jet at a frequency of 752.5 Hz for only the 100% mass flow rate case. The vortex shedding frequency of the valve stem is estimated to being in the range of 634–799 Hz, indicating a possible link between the coherent jet flapping and the vortex shedding surviving the acceleration through the valve gap. Through comprehensive analysis, this study provides valuable validation data and insight into the intake flows of internal combustion engines.

Development of a High-Performance Low-Weight Hydraulic Damper for Active Vibration Control of the Main Rotor on Helicopters—Part 1: Design and Mathematical Model

The helicopter vibrations generated by the main rotor/gearbox assembly are the principal cause of damage to cockpit instruments and discomfort of the crew in terms of cabin noise. The principal path of vibration transmission to the fuselage is through the gearbox rigid support struts. With the aim of reducing these vibrations, this paper presents the design of a low-weight high-performance active damper for vibration control developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A. The system is intended to replace the conventional struts and is composed of an electro-hydraulic actuator hosted within a compliant structure. This parallel nested structure allows the system to reach a high-power density. A physics-based mathematical model was used as a design digital twin to optimize the performance to meet the strict requirements. The active damper was designed for a reference application of a 15-seat medium-sized twin-engine helicopter. The model was used to perform the tests specified in the acceptance and testing procedure document, showing the compliance with the requirements of the current design. The damper physical realization, test bench design, experimental campaign, and model validation will be presented in Part 2.

Studying an off-axis optical bench for future gravity missions from the perspective of carrier-to-noise ratio.

The inter-satellite laser ranging heterodyne interferometer is vital for future gravity missions to achieve high ranging accuracy. This paper proposes a novel off-axis optical bench design which integrates merits of the off-axis optical bench design of GRACE Follow-On mission and other on-axis designs. This design makes use of lens systems subtly to restrict the tilt-to-length coupling noise and takes advantage of the DWS feedback loop to maintain the transmitting beam and receiving beam anti-parallel. The critical parameters of the optical components are determined and the carrier-to-noise ratio for a single channel of the photoreceiver is calculated to be more than 100 dB-Hz for the high case. The off-axis optical bench design is a potential candidate for China's future gravity missions.

Simulation and developments for large pellet formation and acceleration for shattered pellet injection of the ITER DMS

Amongst the technological developments needed for ITER, the disruption mitigation system (DMS) is one of the most challenging since it has to mitigate the consequences of high-energy plasma disruptions to ensure the lifetime of ITER's structure and in-vessel components. ITER DMS is using Shattered Pellet Injection, whose technology needs to be developed for ITER specific requirements.In the framework of the “Technology Fundamental Studies for DMS” contract with ITER Organization, as part of the ITER DMS Task Force activities, and CEA, the DSBT (Low Temperature Systems Department) designed and operates a pellet injection test bench to produce and accelerate large cryogenic pellets with diameters from 10 to 28.5 mm and length/diameter ratios up to two. The objective of this activity is to study and to optimise the pellet formation and acceleration process using pure Protium, Deuterium, Neon and mixtures of these gases.Analytic and numerical studies were used to define the geometrical and cryogenic parameters for the pellet desublimation in the in-situ condensation cell of the cryostat. An analytical model has also been developed for the pellet acceleration in the single stage gas gun to validate the propellant valve design aiming at achieving velocities of up to 500 m/s for 28.5 mm protium pellets and 200 m/s for neon pellets.The complete test bench is composed of the gas propulsion system, the cryostat with its key component the pellet formation cell, the flight tube and the target chamber with viewing ports. The mechanical assembly is completed with specific instrumentation and fast data acquisition systems for the observation of the pellet formation and acceleration. The pellet integrity and trajectory are characterised by shadowgraphy with high resolution, high-speed cameras located at 1 m and 3 m after the barrel exit and with an accelerometer and a target foil in the target chamber.This document details the simulation studies, the selected test bench design and first obtained results.

Solar Cell Outdoor Bench Design In Open Public Space For Gadged Charging Station

<p><em>Abstract</em>—The increase in electrical energy is increasing along with the needs of rapidly developing technology. However electricity technology also produces negative impacts such as air and noise pollution caused by power plants. Electrical energy generation is still mostly generated from fossil fuels. A solution that can overcome this problem is to switch to more environmentally friendly electricity technology, such as solar panels. This solar powet plant can be used as an option as a charging energy source in a smart furniture. This research aims to make Solar Cell Powered Outdoor Charging Bench technology. This bench has several important components, namely: Solar Panel, Solar Charging Controller (SSC), inverter, and battery. This Outdoor Bench is placed in an open place such as a park, Public Open Space and so on which will be used as a charging place for cellphones or laptops. The way this bench works starts with the absorption of solar heat by solar panels on the roof of the bench which is converted into low-voltage electrical energy, then this energy is stored in a dry battery (battery) through SSC, low-voltage electricity is converted through an inverter, and this inverter channels electricity to the socket, so that the charging bench can be used properly.</p><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>

Product Design of Surabaya City Park Bench with The Development of The Concept Of 5 Ergonomic Attributes

Parks have an important role for residents of the city of Surabaya, in addition to functioning as a place of relaxation, parks also have various important roles such as as a source of city lungs, family recreation facilities, entertainment, health, and sports to sharing knowledge and culture. Park Bench is one of the important facility products that can increase the value of satisfaction in the minds of visitors. The research here tries to explore further the design of the park bench by looking at the suitability of various aspects to support the comfort and safety of its use. In this study, trying to harmonize the design of park benches by developing the concept of comfort and safety on ergonomic standards, first, the researchers studied and analyzed the existing conditions of several parks in the city of Surabaya and also analyzed the sources of supporting literature. Existing in this study took several samples of city park benches that matched the criteria to be used as subjects in the study, the two researchers then analyzed the criteria for developing product design management by looking at the needs of the user aspects by combining them with the suitability of Ergonomics standards. Furthermore, the researchers also tried to look at other supporting attributes in supporting the level of comfort and safety of park benches such as product quality consisting of aesthetics and functionality. The three researchers carried out data processing and calculations for calculating ergonomic values that could be applied to product design. The research here is expected to be able to understand more deeply related to the development of the Surabaya city park bench design by applying the comfort and safety attributes in more detail and also to understand the standard characteristics that can be applied to the next park bench product design.

Dual-Circuit-Based Test Bench Design for HVDC Circuit Breaker Verification

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breaker development and deployment strongly depend on the testing process, which ensures that the HVDC circuit breakers will satisfy design requirements. This article presents an HVDC circuit breaker test bench circuit configuration that can provide controllable large output currents to simulate different fault conditions for the current breaking test and high output voltage for the dielectric withstand test. The current breaking test circuit is based on multiple cascaded power converters connected in parallel to provide the necessary output current capability. Each cascaded power converter is composed of multiple cells that are operated by a phase-shifted pulsewidth-modulated signal for greater controllability and higher quality of the output waveform. The dielectric withstand test circuit is a simple high-voltage source with a low power rating that can also be used to charge the test bench and the internal circuitry of the circuit breaker that is to be tested. The proposed test bench ensures that fault conditions can be replicated accurately and offers greater flexibility by being able to test mechanical, semiconductor-based, or hybrid HVDC circuit breakers with different current and voltage ratings on the same hardware without any changes. The idea and the operating principle of the proposed test bench are verified experimentally on a downscaled system that consists of three cascaded power converters connected in parallel with three cells per cascaded power converter and with a total equivalent switching frequency of 92.5 kHz.

Расширение функциональных возможностей диагностического стенда ДД 10-01

The work considers questions related to the diagnosing of high-pressure fuel-injection equipment of modern diesel engines. Comparative analysis of the use of modern benches for testing injectors and fuel-injection equipment of motor-and-tractor diesel engines on the basis of common-rail injection system “Common Rail” is cited. Engineering modification of fuel bench DD 10-01 for testing injectors of common-rail injection system “Common Rail” of “Euro 3, 4, 5, 6” class was proposed with regard to the requirements for the design of modern test benches. Functionality of modified bench DD 10-01 with specification of main characteristics and its basic measures when testing injectors of modern diesel engines is considered in detail. Test calculations of basic components of modified bench drive were carried out using computer simulation by means of strength analysis. Keywords: TEST BENCH, COMBUSTION ENGINE, POWER SYSTEM, INJECTOR, PRESSURE, DRIVE, CLUTCH