Design Process Flow Research Articles

Investigating the correlation between visual representation flow, physical prototyping, and designers’ creativity

This study aims to explore how prototypes, sketches and CAD models supported designers during the designers during the early ideation, idea development in the engineering design process flow. Using a mixed-methods study, the designer’s roles and contributions were evaluated with respect to the achieved design quality. 81 Professional industrial designers were observed and interviewed after participating in five workshop sessions. After exploring different permutations of sketching, prototyping and CAD modelling, results indicate that starting with ‘Prototyping’ in the early ideation stage contributed significantly to more ideas of higher quality, broadening the ideation space. Using CAD modelling too early in the engineering design process constrains ideation and prematurely limits solution spaces.

Embedded components design strategy framework for fused deposition modeling system

This paper proposed a framework for 3D printing of embedded objects specifically for the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) system. The main problem revolves around the difficulty of the additive manufacturing process to fully manufacture a product that can be used immediately after the printing process, thus creating the need for embedded component design to be utilized in the process. The framework was utilized to reduce components and assemblies to improve product design. To ensure environmental sustainability, the framework emphasizes materials used to make recyclable items. Design Process Flow, Design Knowledge, Key Enabling Technologies, and Design Application were used to create a four-layered design framework to tackle embedded product design challenges. The framework’s robustness and effectiveness were compared using three case studies: electric shaver, remote control and nintendo switch. The framework proposed a blade-interchangeable product for the electric shaver. In the second case study (remote control) the cover’s flexibility with similar sizes makes it reusable. In the third case study (nintendo switch), every part is interchangeable with numerous styles and designs, allowing the user to autonomously change to the desired pattern without external support. With its various features, the framework shows potential in reducing development time, cost, and resources to aid the embedded component design strategy and printing for the FDM process.

Advertisement design in dynamic interactive scenarios using DeepFM and long short-term memory (LSTM).

This article addresses the evolving landscape of data advertising within network-based new media, seeking to mitigate the accuracy limitations prevalent in traditional film and television advertising evaluations. To overcome these challenges, a novel data-driven nonlinear dynamic neural network planning approach is proposed. Its primary objective is to augment the real-time evaluation precision and accuracy of film and television advertising in the dynamic interactive realm of network media. The methodology primarily revolves around formulating a design model for visual advertising in film and television, customized for the dynamic interactive milieu of network media. Leveraging DeepFM+long short-term memory (LSTM) modules in deep learning neural networks, the article embarks on constructing a comprehensive information statistics and data interest model derived from two public datasets. It further engages in feature engineering for visual advertising, crafting self-learning association rules that guide the data-driven design process and system flow. The article concludes by benchmarking the proposed visual neural network model against other models, using F1 and root mean square error (RMSE) metrics for evaluation. The findings affirm that the proposed model, capable of handling dynamic interactions among images, visual text, and more, excels in capturing nonlinear and feature-mining aspects. It exhibits commendable robustness and generalization capabilities within various contexts.

Process Design of Multifeed and Multiproduct Sugar Factories

Indonesia’s journey toward food self-sufficiency faces challenges with declining sugar production from seasonal sugarcane harvesting. To overcome this, alternative year-round and abundant sources like coconut sap and sorghum offer potential solutions. This study tackles the decreasing trend in sugar production through the optimization of a miniplant utilizing multifeed sources sugarcane, coconut sap, and sorghum to produce white crystal, brown sugar, and syrup. The objective is to ensure yearround plant operation. The process design focuses on maximizing profits, considering total sales and operational costs related to raw materials, water, and steam. Constraints are implemented to production capacities for sugarcane (15,000 kg/day), coconut sap (6,000 kg/day), and sorghum (9,000 kg/day). Maximizing the potential of alternative biomass materials involves a combined feed of coconut sap and sorghum raw material. The design process flow involves sugar production using only sugarcane feed for the first 4 months and, for the subsequent 8 months, transitioning to a combined feed of coconut sap and sorghum to create multiproduct sugar. From the design process achieved maximum profit of Rp7,096,618,000.00. This research provides valuable insights into diversifying sugar production, promoting sustainability and economic viability in Indonesian sugar industry.

Recurrent neural network implementation of digital integrated circuits to mitigate challenges in design verification

Design verification is the dominant stage that consumes the most resources in the digital integrated circuit (IC) design process. Design verification is important because human designers imperfectly convert high-level specifications to low-level circuit implementations using standard cell logic, which is nonlinear and complex to predict and characterize. The widening process variations in shrinking process technologies while digital designs grow in scale and complexity to the extent of being impossible to fully or intuitively identify all temporal interactions of a specific design. Deep neural networks (DNN) are being progressively integrated into the sophisticated software tool chain and design process flow of digital IC as artificial intelligence can learn relationships and correlations in complex, high-dimensional, and multi-factorial problems. In this work, we propose to apply DNN to implement digital IC to minimize the complexity of digital design verification. We posit that DNN can learn to implement circuit functions directly from high-level specifications without requiring detailed specifications from the designer. Trained neural networks can be implemented on neuromorphic hardware to achieve greater power and compute efficiencies than the conventional standard cell implementation. We demonstrate that over 150 randomly generated finite state machines (FSM) can be learned effectively with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) comprising Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) with different complexity as indicated by the number of states and inputs to the FSM. Our proposed methodology of learning RNN GRU implementations of FSM demonstrates a way forward to reduce the cost and effort of design verification, ultimately leading towards faster digital IC design cycles.

Weight-based and Digital Payment Process Flow Design to Decrease Quarry Sand Sales Fraudulence Risk

Databases have risen to the level of being one of the most important corporate assets. The availability of data in a company is required to make the right profit decision. In running a business aiming to achieve high profitability, companies must recognize profitable items by making decisions that require knowledge of the supply chain, knowledge of past, present, and future buying patterns, and costs derived from data obtained from many different systems. In this study, a company running a quarry sand mining business is experiencing disproportions of the resource availability of quarry sands, operating expense, and profit. It leads to suspicion of fraudulence risk during the operations and transaction of the product. This study aims to minimize the fraudulence risk of quarry sand sales by using data re-verification and analytical techniques. The study implemented a process analysis and root-cause method using process flowcharting and fishbone diagram tools. The root causes of this issue happen during the initial data input process caused by three main factors namely machinery or equipment, people, and systems. The newly designed system utilizes a digital weighing scaling system for trucks in recording the initial data and deposit payment system based on the accurate truck final weight.

Unleashing the Potential of Morphing Wings: A Novel Cost Effective Morphing Method for UAV Surfaces, Rear Spar Articulated Wing Camber

The implementation of morphing wing applications in aircraft design has sparked significant interest as it enables the dimensional properties of the aircraft to be modified during flight. By allowing manipulation of the 2D and 3D parameters on the aircraft’s wings, tail surfaces, or fuselage, a variety of possibilities have arisen. Two primary schools of thought have emerged in the field of morphing wing applications: the mechanisms school and the smart surfaces approach that uses shape-memory materials and smart actuators. Among the research in this field, the Fishbone Active Camber (FishBAC) approach has emerged as a promising avenue for controlling the deflection of the wing’s trailing edge. This study revisits previous research on morphing wings and the FishBAC concept, evaluates the current state of the field, and presents an original design process flow that includes the design of a unique and innovative UAV called the Stingray within the scope of the study. A novel morphing concept developed for the Stingray UAV, Rear Spar Articulated Wing Camber (RSAWC), employs a fishbone-like morphing wing rib design with rear spar articulation in a cost-effective manner. The design process and flight tests of the RSAWC are presented and directly compared with a conventional wing. Results are evaluated based on performance, weight, cost, and complexity. Semi-empirical data from the flight testing of the concept resulted in approximately a 19% flight endurance increment. The study also presents future directions of research on the RSAWC concept to guide the researchers.

Heart Disease Prediction and Treatment Suggestion Using Machine Learning

Disease anticipation systems are the better alternatives, to avoid the human errors in disease diagnosis and also assist in disease interference. Nowadays, the number of heart disease patients is increasing so we need an optimal heart disease prediction and treatment suggestion system. Heart disease dataset preparation, prediction system’s process flow design, process execution and results evaluation are the most common life cycle modules of any heart disease prediction system. Input dataset attributes modeling, attribute risk factor calculation; threshold determination and achieving the high accuracy in disease prediction are the major limitations of the existing heart disease prediction and treatment proposal systems. Keywords: Machine learning, Decision tree, Logistic regression.

Design and fabrication process flow for high-efficiency and flexible InGaN solar cells

We present the design of high-efficiency and flexible InGaN solar cells based on nano-pyramid absorbers, which allows for high indium incorporation and reduced polarization effects while maintaining high crystalline quality. The process uses nanoscale selective area growth and van der Waals epitaxy on two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride on sapphire substrates. The 2D layer enables mechanical release of solar cells via self-lift-off and its transfer to a flexible substrate. Through coupled optical and electrical simulations, we compare different designs of the p- and n-regions and propose two device architectures that combine mechanical flexibility and high power conversion efficiency (up to 16.4%). This approach can provide a solution for the fabrication of high-efficiency, low-cost and flexible InGaN-based solar cells.

Dynamic chaotic Gold-Panning Optimizer and its typical engineering applications

Swarm intelligence algorithms are one of the key technologies in solving optimization problems for practical engineering applications, such as mechanical structure design, image analysis, process flow design, etc. Higher accuracy and efficiency mean better comprehensive performance in the practical engineering system based on optimization methods. Gold-Panning Algorithm is one of the swarm intelligence algorithms proposed in 2021, for solving image segmentation problems. However, the self decision-making mechanism based on multi-agent information interaction introduced in it weakens its convergence ability, resulting in its ability to exploit potential solutions being limited. Hence, chaotic maps were introduced to improve the optimization capacity and efficiency, which can provide a more reliable and effective ability to explore and exploit potential optimal solutions in different iteration stages. Moreover, a dynamic selection strategy is utilized to choose the better step-size iteration scheme between the Gaussian distribution and Levy flight. It can further strengthen the exploitation capability of the Gold-Panning Algorithm, reducing the possibility of premature convergence. Based on CEC’2020 benchmark functions, Dynamic Chaotic Gold-Panning Optimizer is compared with the other meta-heuristic algorithms to evaluate its performance and the results shows strong competitiveness in both robustness and accuracy for solving optimization problems. Then, based on the proposed optimizer, its binary variant is applied in feature selection. Besides, combined with the bilateral filtering and threshold segmentation model, the image blind denoising and image segmentation optimization schemes are proposed respectively. Simulation results indicate it presents an excellent comprehensive performance in solving the corresponding engineering task.

SUSTAINABLE SHIP DESIGN WITH MODULAR SHIPBUIDLING APPROACH

The present paper outlines the approach used for the European project called NAVAIS (New, Advanced and Value-Added Innovative Ships) to reconsider the ship initial design process flow that contributes to minimize the impact on the environment. The main challenge focusses on modular design at the initial design stage, to foster re-use of standard logical modules, and digital collaboration platform technics between all actors. The core process relies on Model Based System Engineering (MBSE), moving from an Engineering To Order (ETO) conventional ship design method, to a Configuration To Order (CTO) method. Another benefit of this new approach is the ability for the class society to pre-approve the various pre-designed systems modules in advance, thus saving time during the final approval process. The overall initial design approach includes a specific attention on how a single collaborative platform can orchestrate several processes coming from different stakeholders having specific expertise. The domains covered are parametric hull form design, logical modular module design, ship resistance curve calculation, propulsion equipment prediction, ship energy efficiency and underwater radiation noise analysis. The paper presents the research work that has been achieved on that topic so far and will benefit from demos and videos that have been produced by the members of the project.

Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on VR: Taking Xiuyan Jade Carving Craft as an Example

Innovative exploration of the inheritance and dissemination of intangible cultural heritage can make it play an important role in national development and international social exchange. By taking the inheritance and development of Xiuyan jade carving craft as the background, in this study, the design principle, technology platform, process flow, and technology integration of virtual display technology applied to jade carving technology are elaborated, and the realization of adopting virtual reality technology to assist inheritance of Xiuyan jade carving technology is summarized, so as to form the inheritance system mode, which is suitable for the modern lifestyle. Finally, VR technology is used to explore the development of visualization platform for Xiuyan craft, which further explores the way of intangible cultural heritage protection of traditional manual technology.

The Influence of Cultural Values Towards Creativity Enhancement: The Case of Malaysian Fashion Designers

Malaysian fashion designers face difficulties and challenges in competing in the fashion industry due to the emerging international brands that exist in the market. Cultural values have influenced fashion designers in the process of design concept and use of textiles over time. This paper attempts to analyse the influence of cultural values on Malaysian fashion designer creativity and the elements that provide for creativity enhancement. The scope of this study was based on fashion designers located around the Klang Valley area. A qualitative approach is adopted using semi structured questions in an in-depth interview to gain an understanding of participants’ cultural values, the design flow process, and product identity during their creative process. Using purposive sampling and snowballing technique, a sample of eight Malaysian fashion designers with a minimum of two years of design experience were interviewed. Participants were asked about the development experience, design process, creativity process, inspiration, experience of flow and product identity. The data was analysed using a constant comparison process. The findings suggest that cultural values and work environment have an indirect influence towards Malaysian fashion designers’ creative design process. This study indicates that fashion designers’ experiences serve as sources of inspiration that could be linked to creative design ideas and creativity. During the development process, solutions to the problems faced by the designer tend to emerge and as a result of the workflow, creativity is enhanced. The findings of this study provide insight on the relationship between Malaysian fashion designers’ cultural values and experiences towards creative enhancement and in creative flow development which can assist them to be better prepared to compete in the local and global fashion industry. This study, however, finds a lack of focus on brand identity building amongst Malaysian fashion designers thus making them unnoticeable in the market.

Aeroelastic Tailoring of the Next Generation Civil Tiltrotor Technological Demonstrator Composite Wing

The tiltrotor wing structure is one of the most critical and heavily investigated structures in design due to the fundamental need to consider the interactions between the wing, pylon, and rotor systems to achieve aircraft aeroelastic stability. Indeed, in high-speed forward flight, wing flexural and torsional stiffness have fundamental roles in pitch-whirl stability. Another specific concern of tiltrotors is dynamic mode placement; it is necessary to properly place wing bending modes away from prop-rotor forcing frequencies. The main aeroelastic stability and dynamics requirements and the wing design process flow for the next generation civil tiltrotor are presented in this work. In this context, the use of composite materials plays a fundamental role in the attempt to satisfy the requirements, with the perpetual aim of minimizing the structural weight. An overview of the idealized and adopted models for strength, aeroelasticity, and whirl flutter analysis is provided. The primary focus was on the aeroelastic tailoring process. To satisfy, at the same time, all of the structural dynamic and aeroelastic stability requirements, the best compromise, with an acceptable weight penalty, was the mixture of two methodological solutions: adding unidirectional tape in the zones of the upper and lower skins for flexural out-of-plane frequency and adding a proper number of ±45° fabric layers at the locations of the skin with the highest value of strain energy for in-plane torsional modes. The results show that the proposed method based on modal strain energy analysis enables a tiltrotor aeroelastic tailored wing design. It can be easily employed in similar applications (e.g., vehicle scale-up/down) with the advantage of using the stiffness requirements derived directly from the aeroelastic ones (i.e., structural frequencies). The specific wing achieved aeroelastic clearance by adding only 2.7% of extra mass.

Ammoniacal nitrogen removal and reuse: Process engineering design and technoeconomics of zeolite N synthesis

This investigation of Zeolite N synthesis addressed process flow design and manufacturing economics. Zeolite N is important as it has high selectivity and capacity for ammonium ions which means it has applications in wastewater treatment or nutrient management. The aim was to accelerate zeolite N use by developing an optimal economic model for zeolite N synthesis. Three process designs for 30 tonnes per day zeolite N production were evaluated; (1) No recycling of mother liquor or wash water; (2) recycling of mother liquor; (3) recycling of mother liquor and wash water. Recycling strategies reduced demand for KOH & KCl by 58% and 83%, respectively. Water consumption was lowest for the mother liquor/wash water recycling plant (c.f. 185 m3 per batch compared to 290 m3 per batch for base case). Similarly, wastewater generation was least when using the mother liquor/wash water recycling approach. Capital expenditure was similar for the three processes (A$14,190,750 to A$15,504,000). However, operational expenditure was considerably less when recycling mother liquor and wash water. The highest net present value (NPV) for zeolite N synthesis resulted from internal recycling of mother liquor and first stage wash water (A$85,813,532) resulting in a payback period of 2.44 years. Notably the assumed zeolite N selling price of A$2000 per tonne was less than the literature value of A$3067 per tonne which was suggested to be economically attractive. Sensitivity analysis indicated a break-even point of A$1300 per tonne of zeolite N and that zeolite price was the major factor controlling project viability.

Sulfide leaching of high-grade arsenic copper concentrates

Such factors as lower-grade copper ores, more demanding mining and technical conditions, and higher implementation costs for new development projects are typical for the Ural region in general and for the Uchalinsky Mining and Processing Plant (Uchalinsky GOK), developing tennantite-containing copper-sulfide ore reserves, in particular. Depending on the process flow design and the mineral composition of the ore, 10–70 % of arsenic is transferred into copper concentrates. The mass fraction of arsenic in the resulting copper concentrates may reach 2 %, significantly reducing the concentrate grade. Sulfide-alkaline leaching has been studied as a promising conditioning method for flotation copper concentrate. It ensures more effective arsenic removal and compliance of the final product with the requirements for further pyrometallurgical processing. The studies were carried out using a low-grade high-arsenic concentrate sample from the Uchalinsky GOK containing 16.04 wt. % Cu, 5.30 wt. % Zn, 1.36 wt. % As, and 0.19 wt. % S. It has been established that iron is predominantly occurring in the form of pyrite, with chalcopyrite and sphalerite unevenly distributed in its mass. The concentrate had high concentrations of fahlore minerals (tennantite, etc.). Studies were conducted to assess the effects of changes in the sulfide leaching process parameters (temperature, raw material size, NaOH and Na2S concentrations, solid-liquid ratio, duration) on the transfer of arsenic into the alkaline solution. The specific conditions have been established (t = 95 °C; Cm(NaOH) = 3.5 M, Cm(Na2S) = 1.5 M; solidliquid ratio = 5; duration of three hours or more) that ensure almost complete removal of arsenic from the flotation concentrate to obtain a conditioned copper product meeting the requirements of GOST R 52998-2008.

Modelling of lithium extraction with TBP/P507–FeCl3 system from salt-lake brine

• A thermodynamic model was developed for Li extraction by TBP/P507/FeCl 3 system. • The model parameters were optimized by fitting the calculated to experimental data. • Extraction mechanism was clarified by modelling species distribution in organic. Recovery of lithium from Mg-rich salt-lake brines by solvent extraction has been widely studied for high Li + /Mg 2+ selectivity and Li + extraction efficiency. In a previous study, a ternary synergistic solvent extraction system consisting of tributyl phosphate (TBP), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507, denoted as HL) and FeCl 3 was developed, in which high Li + selectivity and efficient Li + stripping simply with water were realized. In this study, to further elucidate the extraction mechanism of the TBP/P507/FeCl 3 system and minimize the efforts on the process optimization for Li extraction from Mg-rich salt-lake brines with different component concentrations from different sources, a thermodynamic empirical model based on mass balances and equilibrium equations has been developed. The model parameters were optimized by fitting the calculated data to experimental results. By calculating the distribution of species in the organic phase with the model, it was found that Li + primarily existed in the form of [Li(TBP) 2 ][FeCl 4 ], followed by [Li(TBP)][FeCl 4 ]. When Li + was stripped with water, Fe 3+ mainly existed in the form of FeCl 2 L·HL·2TBP in the organic phase at low O/A ratios but converted to [H(TBP) 2 ][FeCl 4 ] at high O/A ratios. This thermodynamic model provides a guide for the design of practical process flow.

Conceptual Design Process for LEO Satellite Constellations Based on System Engineering Disciplines

Satellite design process is an interdisciplinary subject in which the need for collaboration among various science and engineering disciplines is evident. Meanwhile, finding an optimal process for conceptual design of a satellite, which can optimize time and cost, is still an important issue. In this paper, based on system engineering approach, an optimal design process is proposed for LEO satellite constellations. In the proposed method, design process, design sequences, and data flow are established. In this regard, the conceptual design process is divided into two levels of mission (or constellation) and system (or satellite) as well as 15 main activities based on the mission profile, previous experiences of the authors, and existing literature. Then, the relationships between these activities have been determined by considering the importance of relationships according to their priority. Finally, these relations are optimized based on design structure matrix (DSM). By utilizing this approach, system design process of a telecommunication satellite constellation in LEO is formulated in conceptual design phase. Performance and capability of the proposed approach in optimal design process of the satellite constellation are investigated by comparing the outcome with existing results in the literature.

Konsep Desain Sistem Informasi Manajemen Berkas Terpusat di Lembaga Amil Zakat Menggunakan Perspektif Nirlaba

The Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ) is a private non-profit organization that assists the Government of Indonesia in managing zakat. LAZ will produce performance reports and financial reports every year to ensure the accountability of the institution. The report is crucial, because it is the result of the performance of all LAZ partners and branch offices, so it must be stored and controlled properly. This performance reporting will be done centrally, so that in the process of making it, some authentic evidence that can be used as proof that it has been accepted and happened, or as a reference and complement, must be managed and distributed efficiently. The file management information system is a solution that can be applied for the management of report materials and the storage of valid reports. This research has resulted in business process flow design, system activity design, and file management information system interface design on LAZ. The theory of accountability of non-profit organizations is used as an analytical study along with the PIECES parameters, to ensure that the resulting design is in accordance with the supposed accountability. The design in this study has been presented systematically, so that it can be understood by LAZ managers or executives who are not from the information technology field.

Functional and morphological diagram of the installation for the preparation of grain molasses

The existing processes for the preparation of grain molasses are described. The flow diagrams for functioning of the most common installations for its production are shown. A functional and morphological analysis was performed, a morphological matrix was developed, and the most rational version of the design layout and process flow diagram of the installation was selected. The functional and morphological diagram of the installation for the preparation of grain molasses constructed using the methods of the theory of solving inventive problems is provided.