Descriptive Taxonomy Research Articles

How do software practitioners perceive human-centric defects?

Context:Human-centric software design and development prioritises the way users prefer to complete their jobs, rather than expecting users to adapt to the software. Software users can have different genders, ages, cultures, languages, disabilities, socioeconomic statuses, and educational backgrounds, among many other differences. Due to the inherently varied nature of these differences and their impact on software usage, preferences and issues of users can vary, resulting in user-specific defects that we term as ‘human-centric defects’ (HCDs). Objective:This research aims to understand the perception and current management practices of such HCDs by software practitioners, identify key challenges in reporting, understanding and fixing them, and provide recommendations to improve HCDs management in software engineering. Methods:We conducted a survey and interviews with software engineering practitioners to gauge their knowledge and experience on HCDs and the defect tracking process. Results:We analysed fifty (50) survey- and ten (10) interview-responses from SE practitioners and identified that there are multiple gaps in the current management of HCDs in software engineering practice. There is a lack of awareness regarding human-centric aspects, causing them to be lost or under-appreciated during software development. Our results revealed that handling HCDs could be improved by following a better feedback process with end-users, a more descriptive taxonomy, and suitable automation. Conclusion:HCDs, given their diverse end-user base, present a major challenge to software practitioners. In the software engineering domain, research on HCDs has been limited and requires effort from research and practice communities to create awareness and support for human-centric aspects.

The taxonomic composition and chronology of a museum collection of Coleoptera revealed through large-scale digitisation

IntroductionHistoric museum collections hold a wealth of biodiversity data that are essential to our understanding of the rapidly changing natural world. Novel curatorial practices are needed to extract and digitise these data, especially for the innumerable pinned insects whose collecting information is held on small labels.MethodsWe piloted semi-automated specimen imaging and digitisation of specimen labels for a collection of ~29,000 pinned insects of ground beetles (Carabidae: Lebiinae) held at the Natural History Museum, London. Raw transcription data were curated against literature sources and non-digital collection records. The primary data were subjected to statistical analyses to infer trends in collection activities and descriptive taxonomy over the past two centuries.ResultsThis work produced research-ready digitised records for 2,546 species (40% of known species of Lebiinae). Label information was available on geography in 91% of identified specimens, and the time of collection in 39.8% of specimens and could be approximated for nearly all specimens. Label data revealed the great age of this collection (average age 91.4 years) and the peak period of specimen acquisition between 1880 and 1930, with little differences among continents. Specimen acquisition declined greatly after about 1950. Early detected species generally were present in numerous specimens but were missing records from recent decades, while more recently acquired species (after 1950) were represented mostly by singleton specimens only. The slowing collection growth was mirrored by the decreasing rate of species description, which was affected by huge time lags of several decades to formal description after the initial specimen acquisition.DiscussionHistoric label information provides a unique resource for assessing the state of biodiversity backwards to pre-industrial times. Many species held in historical collections especially from tropical super-diverse areas may not be discovered ever again, and if they do, their recognition requires access to digital resources and more complete levels of species description. A final challenge is to link the historical specimens to contemporary collections that are mostly conducted with mechanical trapping of specimens and DNA-based species recognition.

Animal Scientism: Making Biology Experimental in Republican China

This essay follows animals from the animal house through the laboratory to their representation as abstracted knowledge circulating the world to trace the emergence of experimental biology in Republican China. Experimental biology was promoted and institutionalized by the Chinese Physiological Society, which British-Chinese experimental physiologist Robert Lim established in 1926, at a time when descriptive taxonomy and morphology were dominant. Proponents argued that experimental research on live animals was more advanced than the collection and observation of specimens, and that experimentation, rather than description, now undergirded international science. In championing experimentalism, they were not only trying to shift the focus of Chinese biology from description to experiment, but also revising the scientism by then entrenched in Republican China. They put forth a scientism of experiment: cultivating experimental biology would help China catch up more quickly to imperial powers. Animals, as the material basis for experimental biology, came to signify the science that they produced; the Buddhist-aligned Chinese Animal Protection Society, established in 1932, chose not to protest animal experimentation in part due to the association between animals and modern experimentalism. In Republican China, animals were thus material and cultural objects that made and embodied a new scientism of experiment.

Rationale and design of the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) Match in glomerular diseases: designing the right trial for the right patient, today

Glomerular diseases are classified using a descriptive taxonomy that is not reflective of the heterogeneous underlying molecular drivers. This limits not only diagnostic and therapeutic patient management, but also impacts clinical trials evaluating targeted interventions. The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) is poised to address these challenges. The study has enrolled >850 pediatric and adult patients with proteinuric glomerular diseases who have contributed to deep clinical, histologic, genetic, and molecular profiles linked to long-term outcomes. The NEPTUNE Knowledge Network, comprising combined, multiscalar data sets, captures each participant's molecular disease processes at the time of kidney biopsy. In this editorial, we describe the design and implementation of NEPTUNE Match, which bridges a basic science discovery pipeline with targeted clinical trials. Noninvasive biomarkers have been developed for real-time pathway analyses. A Molecular Nephrology Board reviews the pathway maps together with clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic data assembled for each patient to compile a Match report that estimates the fit between the specific molecular disease pathway(s) identified in an individual patient and proposed clinical trials. The NEPTUNE Match report is communicated using established protocols to the patient and the attending nephrologist for use in their selection of available clinical trials. NEPTUNE Match represents the first application of precision medicine in nephrology with the aim of developing targeted therapies and providing the right medication for each patient with primary glomerular disease.

Marine and freshwater centrohelid heliozoans (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) in Canada, including taxonomic revisions and descriptions of 22 new species and subspecies

Canadian coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean as well as inland freshwater habitats in Ontario were sampled for centrohelid heliozoans (free-living heterotrophic single-celled organisms) over a period of nearly five decades. More than 60 species and subspecies were revealed, including 1 Triangulopteris, 1 Raphidocystis, 2 Pseudoraphidocystis, 3 Raineriophrys, 4 Pseudoraphidiophrys, 12 Choanocystis, 15 Pterocystis, and 25 Acanthocystis taxa. Of these, 22 were officially named and described as new to science based primarily on the morphology of the siliceous scales that cover the cell. New species were compared with images and/or descriptions of close “relatives” to validate their new species assignments. New data on five species of Acanthocystis and one species of Choanocystis required revisions of their descriptive taxonomy that in some cases resulted in the splitting off of separate species or subspecies. Very little can be concluded about global distribution of centrohelid heliozoans, owing to the paucity of records. For many of the taxa reported here, previous records consist of just one or two findings from other parts of the world. One example is Choanocystis antarctica Tikhonenkov and Mylnikov, 2011 that was previously known only from Antarctic seawater, but is reported here from an Ontario softwater lake.

Attention: a descriptive taxonomy

The term attention has been used to mean so many different things that some have despaired of it being useful at all. This paper is devoted to bringing a modicum of order to the chaos through the time-honored device of categorization. The chief purpose of this paper is to introduce a comprehensive descriptive taxonomy of the nuanced ways the term attention may be employed. It is presented in table form, followed by elucidations and illustrations of each of its items. But first, I offer reasons why a taxonomy of attention is needed and explore some of its possible benefits. After presenting the taxonomy, I sketch by way of example how it might be applied to two interesting questions: is the umbrella term attention still useful?; and, what is it that ties the subdefinitions of attention together yet distinguishes them from other kinds of cognition?

FIRST REPORT OF GENUS PARMELIELLA MÜLL. (PELTIGERALES; LECANOROMYCETES; ASCOMYCOTA) FROM PAKISTAN

When studying lichens in Pakistan, we came across a crustose species with small to moderate squamulose on a thin blackish hypothallus with a dry, rough, gray-brown to the black upper surface. The standard chemical tests integrated with conventional to modern taxonomic tools were used to name the specimen. Consequently, with minor differences in the morphology, and no difference in nucleotides, the lichen species was baptized Parmeliella thriptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg. The descriptive taxonomy and n-ITS-based phylogeny of this species with its habitus are presented in this study. No previous record of this species, genus, or family was found in Pakistan.

Test-retest reliability of the HEXACO-100-And the value of multiple measurements for assessing reliability.

Despite the widespread use of the HEXACO model as a descriptive taxonomy of personality traits, there remains limited information on the test-retest reliability of its commonly-used inventories. Studies typically report internal consistency estimates, such as alpha or omega, but there are good reasons to believe that these do not accurately assess reliability. We report 13-day test-retest correlations of the 100- and 60-item English HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-100 and HEXACO-60) domains, facets, and items. In order to test the validity of test-retest reliability, we then compare these estimates to correlations between self- and informant-reports (i.e., cross-rater agreement), a widely-used validity criterion. Median estimates of test-retest reliability were .88, .81, and .65 (N = 416) for domains, facets, and items, respectively. Facets' and items' test-retest reliabilities were highly correlated with their cross-rater agreement estimates, whereas internal consistencies were not. Overall, the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised demonstrates test-retest reliability similar to other contemporary measures. We recommend that short-term retest reliability should be routinely calculated to assess reliability.

What is implicit culture?

AbstractIn this paper, I examine what it means for culture, in both its personal and public forms, to be implicit. I begin by considering a recent attempt to develop a descriptive taxonomy of other people's views of practices developed by Stephen Turner. A key result is that a specific combination of claims about the properties of practices yields an ontologically problematic category, which is a candidate for elimination. Following Turner's lead, I provide my own refurbished taxonomy of practical culture that does not contain ontologically problematic members. Another key result of the initial analysis is that implicitness is a relational property presupposing at least one agent with awareness (or unawareness) of the cultural element in question. This epistemic dependence implies that only personal culture internalized by people can be coherently thought of as 'implicit' (to them). Finally, I conclude that using mentalistic versions of implicitness to characterize public culture, such as texts, language, monuments, tools, and classifications on paper, yields the same ontologically incoherent category eliminated in the first step. Following from this, I argue that it is desirable to conceptualize 'implicit' in a way that makes sense for public culture without stirring up the ghosts of collective minds and related conundrums. I propose one such (weak) version of implicitness when speaking of public culture that does not run afoul of this issue. I then return to personal culture, considering whether 'implicitness' is a unitary property of this kind, answering in the negative. This conclusion requires us to develop a principled taxonomy of the distinct ways personal culture can be ‘implicit,’ yielding personal culture that is implicit because it acquired 'automatic' status, versus personal culture that is implicit because it lacks (access) consciousness.

CIRCULICHNIS LEOMONTI, A NEW RING-LIKE ICHNOSPECIES (TRACE FOSSIL) FROM THE LATE CAMBRIAN LION MOUNTAIN MEMBER, RILEY FORMATION, BURNET COUNTY, TEXAS

AbstractCirculichnis is a well-known ichnogenus demonstrating broad stratigraphic and geographic distribution with known habitats spanning from deep-marine to terrestrial environments. Although commonly small in size, a recent discovery in Central Texas demonstrates a much larger early member of this ichnogenus. Compared to previous identifications of Circulichnis, the findings presented herein express a larger trace string width exceeding the average for this ichnogenus. This expansion in morphometric parameters emphasizes the importance of overall dimensions in ichnospecies descriptions in concert with descriptive taxonomy.

Security Threats and Mitigation Techniques in UAV Communications: A Comprehensive Survey

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been instrumental in enabling many new applications and services, including military and rescue operations, aerial surveillance, civilian applications, precision farming, as well as providing extensive wireless network access in remote areas. They have also been used in other areas such as transmission line and oil rig monitoring, disaster recovery, etc. With their increasing payload ability and flight duration, using UAVs is a preferred choice for a multitude of upcoming wireless communication systems. However, because of their open operational nature, UAVs are highly vulnerable to severe security breaches via cyber attacks, eavesdropping on navigational and communication links, etc. Given their widespread applications, the requirement of secured UAV communications has become more and more critical since security failures can lead to detrimental consequences. Several works have examined the extent of privacy and security issues in UAV-assisted networks and introduced various mitigation techniques to address different security challenges. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is conducted that centers on the security issues related to UAV-aided networks. A descriptive taxonomy of various security intrusions on the UAV networks and commonly-used secrecy performance metrics are thoroughly reviewed. An in-depth discussion is provided on alleviating threats with proactive security techniques blended with key wireless communication technologies such as mmWave, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and cognitive radio. Moreover, several emerging topics like machine learning, software-defined networks, fog and edge computing, blockchain, are discussed in the context of UAV-aided secure communications.

“Put the what, where? Cut here?!” challenges to coordinating attention in robot-assisted surgery: a microanalytic pilot study

IntroductionDuring robot-assisted surgery (RAS), changes to the operating room configuration pose challenges to communication by limiting team members’ ability to see one another or use gesture. Referencing (the act of...

Containers, genres, and formats, oh my: Creating sustainable concepts by connecting theory, research, practice, and education

AbstractThis interactive panel brings together researchers, practitioners, and educators to explore ways of connecting theory, research, practice, and LIS education around the issue of information format. Despite a growing awareness of the importance of information format to information seeking, discovery, use, and creation, LIS has no sound, theoretically‐informed basis for describing or discussing elements of format, with researchers and practitioners alike relying on know‐it‐when‐they‐see‐it understandings of format types. The Researching Students' Information Choices project has attempted to address this issue by developing the concept of containers, one element of format, and locating it within a descriptive taxonomy of other format elements based on well‐established theories from the field of Rhetorical Genre Studies. This panel will discuss how this concept was developed and implemented in a multi‐institutional, IMLS‐grant‐funded research project and how panelists are currently deploying and planning to deploy this concept in their own practice. Closing the loop in this way creates sustainable concepts that build a stronger field overall.

Character Synthesis of Ballet Archetypes on Robots Using Laban Movement Analysis: Comparison Between a Humanoid and an Aerial Robot Platform with Lay and Expert Observation

Imitation of human movement by robots is an important area of research to create expressive systems that are able to interact with humans in social settings. One lens through which imitation may be investigated is that of character archetypes, commonly found in human story-telling. Classical ballet, a form of story-telling through movement, makes extensive use of such archetypes. This paper reviews how Laban Movement Analysis creates a descriptive taxonomy in which features of interest may be identified and reported from human performers to robotic platforms, specifically for a BeBop aerial drone and a Nao humanoid platform. To determine the success of this approach, the paper also presents evaluation by lay human viewers that validates the character transfer. Moreover, this paper offers more nuance into this evaluation by querying two specialized groups of experts, which frequently deviated from lay ratings and, thus, offer deeper insight into both the success of the character transfer and the importance of prior training in movement perception. This work may be useful in human-facing scenarios where character archetypes facilitate engagement, identification, and understanding between robots and human counterparts. Further, it highlights nuances in working with expert artists to create broadly applicable designs.

The omission of critical data in the pursuit of ‘revolutionary’ methods to accelerate the description of species

The omission of critical data in the pursuit of ‘revolutionary’ methods to accelerate the description of species

Integrative taxonomy of the new millipede genus Coxobolellus, gen. nov. (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Pseudospirobolellidae), with descriptions of ten new species

Pseudospirobolellidae is a poorly known family of spirobolidan millipedes with only two genera and five described species. Yet, the descriptive taxonomy and molecular systematics of this group have been largely neglected. Therefore, the present work presents an integrative taxonomic study of new pseudospirobolellid taxa in Thailand. To this end, two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S rRNA) combined with morphological characters were used to define the genus Coxobolellus, gen. nov. with 10 new species, viz. C. albiceps, sp. nov., C. compactogonus, sp. nov., C. fuscus, sp. nov., C. nodosus, sp. nov., C. serratus, sp. nov., C. simplex, sp. nov., C. tenebris, sp. nov., C. tigris, sp. nov., C. transversalis, sp. nov. and C. valvatus, sp. nov. The interspecific COI sequence divergences among the new species ranged from 6 to 15%. The intergeneric COI sequence divergence between species of Coxobolellus, gen. nov., Benoitolus birgitae and Pseudospirobolellus sp. ranged from 20 to 23%. Three major morphological differences separate Coxobolellus, gen. nov. from Benoitolus and Pseudospirobolellus, namely (1) the protruding process on the 3rd (and 4th) coxae on male legs, (2) the posterior gonopod telopodite divided into two parts, and (3) a conspicuous opening pore at the mesal margin at the end of the coxal part of the posterior gonopod. Thus, the new genus is well supported by both mtDNA and morphological evidence, while the delimitation of the 10 new species is supported by the congruence between mtDNA and morphological data. Yet, with respect to the relationships of Benoitolus birgitae, morphological data suggest a similarity with Coxobolellus, gen. nov. and Pseudospirobolellus, whereas mtDNA data place this species in the Pachybolidae. Further phylogenetic analyses are needed to explore this apparent incongruence and test the monophyly of Pseudospirobolellidae.

<p><strong><em>Phytotaxa </em>ten years on—the success of the foremost journal in botanical and mycological taxonomy</strong></p>

Ten years ago, a group of botanical and mycological taxonomists led by Dr Maaren Christenhusz (then at the Natural History Museum, London, UK) observed the early success of the mega-journal Zootaxa in helping zoological taxonomists rapidly document the world’s biodiversity (Zhang 2006a, b) and the contributions Zootaxa had made to the progress of descriptive taxonomy (Zhang 2008). They wanted to emulate the success of Zootaxa and proposed to me the possibility of establishing a sister journal, Phytotaxa, for their community. After a short period of discussion and preparation, Phytotaxa was launched officially in late October 2009 to accelerate the description of plant, algal, and fungal biodiversity (Christenhusz et al. 2009). In its first couple of years Phytotaxa quickly gained community acceptance (Christenhusz et al. 2011a; Christenhusz & Zhang 2011) and grew rapidly over the next three years (Esser & Zhang 2012; Zhang et al. 2013, 2014). Now, ten years later, I review the growth and success of Phytotaxa during its first decade, with a focus on the last five years.

Ontological Knowledge for Rhetorical Move Analysis

Scholarly writing in the experimental biomedical sciences follows the IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) structure. Many Biomedical Natural Language Processing tasks take advantage of this structure. Recently, a new challenging information extraction task has been introduced as a means of obtaining these types of detailed information: identifying the argumentation structure in biomedical articles. Argumentation mining can be used to validate scientic claimsand experimental methodology, and to plot deeper chains of scienti creasoning. One subtask in identifying the argumentation structure is the identication of rhetorical moves, text segments that are rhetorical and perform specic communicative goals, in the Methods section. Based on a descriptive taxonomy of rhetorical moves structured around IMRaD, the foundational linguistic knowledge needed for a computationally feasible model of the rhetorical moves is described: semantic roles. One goal is to provide FrameNet and VerbNet-like ontologies for the specializeddo main of biochemistry. Using the observation that the structure of scholarly writing in the laboratory-based experimental sciences closely follows the laboratory procedures, we focus on the procedural verbs inthe Methods section. Occasionally, the text does not contain llers forall of the semantic role slots that are needed to perform an adequate analysis of a verb. To overcome this problem, an ontology of experimental procedures can be interrogated to provide a most likely candidate for the missing semantic role(s).

Post-Brexit. The Politics of Resentment and EU Reintegration: Creating A New Legal Constitution for Capitalism

SummaryThe GeoNOMOS model introduced in Part I, is a qualitative descriptive taxonomy updating traditional notions of sovereignty for this century and was generally applied to the 2016–2018 BREXIT divorce negotiations between the U.K. and the remaining 27EU suggesting a reintegration and redefinition of the legitimate expression of sovereignty in the region.[Diagram 01] The taxonomy depicts a framework of liberty that functions simultaneously within the core function of the State at the intersection of a vertical axis depicting a State’s domestic operation and a horizontal axis depicting the State function as part of an international community of States. The GeoNOMOS confirms two primary roles for the 21stcentury sovereign State: [1] to protect participatory democracy based on individual liberty. This is generally accomplished by the State supporting broad diversity and its cultural heritage as well as fully funded, functional and integrated domestic institutions along its vertical axis, and [2]to promote an enterprise of law supporting a global society of economic traders along its horizontal axis. This primary role of the State occurs at its core when all three essential capital resources –economic capital, social capital, and human capital – remain highly integrated and in balance. Part II specifically highlights economic capital development and utilization at the core function of the State – a shifting dynamic that has influenced most all of the BREXIT 2017–2019 negotiations to date. The December 2018 EU – BREXIT Withdrawal Agreement a Declaration repeatedly failed U.K. parliamentary adoption between January – June 2019 forcing Theresa May’s resignation as Prime Minister. The most contentious quagmire of the BREXIT Withdrawal Agreement was in the structuring of rules of law around regulating economic capital, financial markets, and global marketplace function for any future UK – EU partnership. The political chaos around BREXIT was feared by the EU political elite in terms of its disruptive impact on the May 2019 European Parliament elections and future EU budget planning and priorities. But the 2019 EU Parliament election was already a process divided on questions of political party legitimacy since 2014 with a deepening of the “politic of resentment” on the Continent between 2016–2018.The EUP elections of May 2019 have caused the biggest political shift in the EU for forty years. Part II engages this “politic of resentment” best described as a steady rise of populism across the region and Continent that challenges the post-World War II notions of liberal democracy, the values of EU solidarity, and the traditional role of the “welfare state.” More to the point, the U.K. electorate was not the only EU member outlining an action plan based on its politic of resentment in the 2016–2018 national election cycles – electoral politics in Greece, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Germany, France, Czech Republic, and Spain aggressively promoted rights of sovereign States. These national elections and the 2019 EUP elections attacked fragmented EU economic policy and highlighted the democratic imbalances of EU institutions in their day-to-day operations. These calls for an institutional “course correction” within the EU are shattering fifty years of solidarity and crying out for a redefinition of democracy and new rules of law for economic models relevant to the 21stcentury. Economic, legal, and historical research by Piketty, Rodrik, Grewal, and others who support democracy, point to documented gaps in economic capital at the level of the State, in global capital formation and in growing wealth inequality, all alarming trends which are part of the “politic of resentment”. Their research calls for creating a new 21stcentury legal constitution for capitalism as a course correction for the first legal constitution for capitalism, eg, colonialism. Picketty and Grewal argue new approaches are needed to replace both the post-war “welfare State” [1945–1979]and now, the capitalist ideology of neoliberalism [c.1980–2010], decried as defunct even by the International Monetary Fund. Part II suggests a legal reconfiguration for economic capital development and utilization –one operating inside the GeoNOMOS framework of liberty, first to support its four cornerstones and its enterprise of law and, then, based on those choice sets, to design a new paradigm for capitalist globalization in the marketplace.1

A taxonomy of event participants based on risk and security perceptions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to create a taxonomy of event participants based on risk and security perceptions.Design/methodology/approachTwo focus groups were established with British mothers, one with five mothers and the other with six, recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. A tree diagram was employed to uncover the taxonomic structure underlying risk and security perceptions. In creating the taxonomy, two critical issues were found to best categorise participants: the extent to which risks were considered before attending an event and whether or not participants showed an interest in knowing about security measures in advance of the event.FindingsSix taxonomy categories were created, based on the unique combination of attitude and reactions: overthinker, investigator, naïve, ignorer, survivalist and optimiser. Similarities and differences between the types of participants were examined across 12 typical traits and reactions to risk and security.Practical implicationsThe results provide event organisers with an understanding of whether they need to communicate their risk management strategy, and if so how they can best achieve this.Originality/valueExisting taxonomies have tended to identify customer types based on risk perceptions alone. This research expands such work by considering attitudes towards both risk and security and how these affect event attendance. Hence, the descriptive taxonomy developed in the paper provides empirical evidence of the diverse risk and security perceptions at public events.