Descriptive Phenomenological Analysis Research Articles

Enhanced student joy in learning environment; understanding and influencing the process

AbstractIn education, there is a risk that joy in learning is counteracted by allowing a performance culture to dominate. Research shows that emotions are of great importance for results, motivation and well‐being. This study aims to add knowledge about the essential meanings of joy in learning based on students' lived experiences and thereby implications for the learning environment. The essence of the phenomenon of joy in learning has been formulated through descriptive phenomenological analysis. Qualitative data consists of 25 narratives from students engaged in voluntary forms of education. The study shows that joy in learning emerges throughout the learning process, when students discover that they gain knowledge, understand and can control their learning process and achieve something with their knowledge. The implications for teaching involve awareness of the learning process providing a balance between structure, support, challenge and personal choice which was valued along with relationships that contribute to autonomy.

Existential Well-Being in Nature: A Cross-Cultural and Descriptive Phenomenological Approach.

Exploring the putative role of nature in human well-being has typically been operationalized and measured within a quantitative paradigm of research. However, such approaches are limited in the extent to which they can capture the full range of how natural experiences support well-being. The aim of the study was to explore personal experiences in nature and consider how they might be important to human health and well-being. Based on a descriptive phenomenological analysis of fifty descriptions of memorable moments in nature from England, Indonesia, and Norway, our findings illustrate a common structure presented under three themes: 1. serenity that gives rise to a growing awareness of how the body is stimulated by the senses; 2. admiration and appreciation for the sensation of beauty; 3. an emerging sense of togetherness and deep emotional bonding. The findings are discussed using the concepts of ecological time and the ecological body, which foreground being in nature as constituted as an interdependent and dynamic human process. We conclude by understanding well-being in terms of human responsiveness to their surroundings and thus as rooted in the human condition.

Daughters rewarding mothers’ piteous lives: Eldest daughters caring for aging mothers

This study is an analysis of the personal and social meanings of married women’s experiences caring for their aging mothers as the eldest daughter in Korean society. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants for this study. The interviews were conducted in Korean, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis in four categories: “being the eldest daughter and daughter-in-law in a patriarchal society with nothing but duties”; “the pain of taking care of my mother that invades my daily life”; “The compassion of an eldest daughter who can’t turn a blind eye to her mother’s miserable life.”; and “Support from society to overcome the psychological difficulties of caregivers and help older adults in their daily lives”. The study participants felt emotional pain in caring for their mothers, and it was difficult for them to simultaneously play the roles of daughter-in-law, wife, and mother. However, they felt compassion for their mothers’ lives in a patriarchal society and believed they could compensate for their mothers’ hardships by caring for them. The participants emphasized the need for specialized in-home services that address the specific health needs of the older adult, along with counseling services for their caregivers. In Korean society, when daughters care for their mothers, it strengthens the shared history and emotions between mothers and daughters, affirming female solidarity. Based on the above findings, policy and practical measures are recommended to ensure that daughters who provide care for their mothers can deliver stable care.

Experiences of trauma, stress, and resilience in indigenous mental health workers operating among refugee and conflict-affected populations on the Thai–Myanmar border: A descriptive phenomenological analysis.

Experiences of trauma, stress, and resilience in indigenous mental health workers operating among refugee and conflict-affected populations on the Thai–Myanmar border: A descriptive phenomenological analysis.

The Lived Experiences of Non-Thai Teachers in Code-Switching at Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University

This study investigates the lived experiences of non-Thai teachers' code-switching in delivering their English lessons in EFL classrooms. The study employed a qualitative approach, specifically phenomenology. The teachers were interviewed using semi-structured interview questions. The responses were transcribed and analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step descriptive phenomenological data analysis approach. The findings of this study showed that teachers’ experiences of code-switching were a helpful, practical, and essential tool to foster active participation from the students. The teachers’ reasons for utilizing code-switching are to relieve students’ anxiety and amplify socialization, word power, understanding of grammar, and instruction. Furthermore, the study also emphasizes that excessive use of code-switching can hinder the student’s learning of the target language. Additionally, the teachers face a challenge when they code-switch due to the tone-sensitive nature of the Thai language. Thus, it is suggested that one must be at least conversational in the students' language to use code-switching effectively. It is concluded in this study that teachers should not cease using code-switching since it helps students grasp complex ideas and allows them to be engaged in the classroom.

A Phenomenological Qualitative Exploration of Mind-Body Therapy Use and Effectiveness Among Young, Middle, and Older Adult Cancer Survivors.

Having been diagnosed with and treated for cancer can have negative psychosocial repercussions that may differ across the lifespan. Mind-body therapies (MBTs), such as tai-chi/qigong (TCQ) or mindfulness-based cancer recovery (MBCR), have shown promise in decreasing negative psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors, but few studies have explored potential differences in MBT use and effectiveness across age groups. A descriptive phenomenological qualitative design was used. Participants included young (18-39), middle (40-64), and older (65+) adult cancer survivors who were diagnosed with any type of cancer and had participated in Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery (MBCR) or Tai Chi/Qigong (TCQ) MBTs. Semi-structured qualitative interviews explored participants' experiences in MBTs and these were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis. Among the interviews (n = 18), young (n = 6), middle-aged (n = 8), and older (n = 4) adults participated. 5 themes emerged: influences in joining the program, unique lifestyles, positive class experiences, use of media, and program impacts. Though all age groups benefitted from MBT participation, variations between age groups with respect to the benefits received and motivations for joining the program were observed. MBTs had beneficial physical and mental health effects on survivors of all age groups. These benefits were particularly connected to the ongoing life stresses common to each age cohort, such as relief from work and family roles for young adults or support during retirement transition for older adults. Hence, access to MBT programs may be beneficial as part of the survivorship plan for patients and the recruitment strategies or content can be adapted by MBT providers to better target and support age-specific groups. More research is required with a larger sample.

Dynamics of the Emergence of Solidarity among Farmers in Trisik Galur Kulonprogo Hamlet

Solidarity in an area that is left behind is very important because individuals are in an area that is an area that is left behind from several other areas around it. Farmers previously had to face a life that could be said to be very deprived, difficult challenges and obstacles in living their lives, such as insults from outside and sometimes rejection, lack of resources, and living a life of deprivation. This research focuses on the depiction of teacher persistence in the coastal areas of Berareh Island. This research uses snowball sampling with three recommended subjects. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive phenomenological research (PFD). The data collection technique used was observation and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis technique used is phenomenological analysis with Giorgi's six stages. Based on the findings of the synthesis themes through descriptive phenomenological analysis (DPA), three essential themes were found from the three participants, namely Solidarity, Unity, and Helping.
 Keywords : solidarity, farmer, Trisik

Lived experiences of nurses working in the clinical setting during Covid-19, in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng Province, South Africa

BackgroundThe Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak rose rapidly and had a strenuous impact on the healthcare systems. As the health system responded to the pandemic, there was a change in the care rendered. Additionally, as more people became infected with the virus, the number of nurses reduced resulting in prolonged working hours and increased burden of care for the remaining few nurses. This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of nurses working in the clinical setting during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng Province. MethodsThe study followed a descriptive phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face and telephonically with thirteen professional nurses who were purposively sampled as they had nursed COVID-19 positive patients in a hospital in Ekurhuleni District, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and inductively analysed using descriptive phenomenological analysis with the aid of the ATLASti Version 9 program. FindingsFour themes emerged: (1) Nurse’s social life during COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Challenges in the clinical setting during COVID-19 pandemic. (3) COVID-19 pandemic impact on patient care. (4) Nurse’s future recommendations for pandemic management. ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that professional nurses who nursed COVID-19 patients suffered psychological distress and physical burnout. Having insufficient resources, which included Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and other equipment exposed the nurses to the possibility of contracting COVID-19. Lack of managerial support worsened poor patient care. Therefore, further studies are needed to improve the procurement of resources and disaster preparedness. Therefore, it is recommended that managerial support which includes offering of professional counselling be done routinely, regular in-service training, and nurses should be involved in decisions affecting patient care. Implications for nursing managementManagerial support to offer professional routine counselling for improvement of mental wellbeing of the nurses and acknowledge nurses’ input.

Exploring Community Participation in Prevention and Care of Tuberculosis from Patients’, Healthcare Providers’ and Community Member’s Perspective, In Wolayta Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. A Qualitative Study

Background: In developing countries, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality. To reduce the loss of lives and economical burden that TB poses up on citizens, early case detection and successful treatment of infected cases are very essential mainly with active community participation in prevention and care of TB. This study was aimed to explore community participation in prevention and care of TB in Wolayta Zone of SNNPR, Ethiopia. Method: Descriptive phenomenological research methodology was employed in the study. A total 24 participants were chosen using purposive sampling technique. Participants in the study were from various sections of society. Of these, 14 were TB patients on TB treatment and former TB patients who were recovered, 8 were health professionals and 2 were Key Informants which were selected from the community to provide key information. Data were gathered through focus groups and in-depth interviews. Using the Open Code and Colaizi 7 steps of descriptive phenomenological method data analysis was used. Interviews were audio recorded, verbatim transcribed, translated, and exhaustive description was written. Results: Community participation in prevention and care of TB in study area was high. Preventive participation and supportive participations were identified and these participations have their own goals in TB prevention and care. Preventive participation has focused on early case finding strategies like referring the suspect cases for TB diagnosis and contact tracing. Supportive participation has focused on treatment success such physical, economical, psychological and social supports which increase the patients adherence to treatment and as result increases treatment success rate. Conclusion. Our study revealed highto moderate community participation in tuberculosis prevention and care in the the study area. The finding is that the TB prevention and care strategy for eliminating TB will be operationally effective. In cumulative effect, the region might be able to meet the WHO's recommendations for the community TB prevention and care plan, which call for case notification of more than 70% and an 85% success rate for treatment and all seek to eliminating TB by 2030. Therefore, the study emphasizes the necessity for effective communication to be established between community and the health institutions. To further raise TB notification and treatment success rates, all feasible methods of utilizing community participation in TB care are advised.

Capturing The Meaning of Life and Self-Love Among Transgender Women: Unveiling Experiences, Family Impacts, and Struggles in Achieving a Meaningful Life

Transwomen is an abbreviation for transgender women, individuals who choose a gender that differs from their biological sex. Previous studies have identified discrimination and issues related to the gender identity and sexuality of trans women. This research aims to portray the meaning of life for trans women in Palangkaraya. Participants were selected through snowball sampling. Data were collected through observations and interviews. This research employs a descriptive phenomenological data analysis to delve into the life experiences of trans women in detail and depth. This research study revealed a new theme, which encompasses the aspect of self-love as a part of the lives of trans women participants in their pursuit of a meaningful life. In this study, it was observed that trans women in the city of Palangkaraya undergo various and challenging life processes in their quest for a meaningful existence. Factors such as family, relatives, employment, thought patterns, attitudes, and personality play a crucial role in guiding trans women towards living a meaningful life and achieving true meaningfulness in life.

Facilitating Significant Learning in Asynchronous Online Courses: A Descriptive Phenomenological Analysis and Discussion

Facilitating Significant Learning in Asynchronous Online Courses: A Descriptive Phenomenological Analysis and Discussion

Perioperative stress and anxiety in parents of children operated on for congenital heart disease

IntroductionLevels of stress and anxiety suffered by parents of children with congenital heart disease (PCUCS) during their children’s admission for cardiac surgery may be higher than those suffered by other parents who go through the same experience. ObjectiveGeneral objective of this study was to measure the stress and anxiety suffered by PCUCS and parents of children undergoing renal surgery (PCURS) in relation to the intervention of their children. The specific objective of the quantitative study was to compare global stress and anxiety according to sex, time of the perioperative period, and cohort. The general objective of the qualitative section is to explore the experience that PCUCS and PCURS have during their hospital stay and to identify the specific factors that influence the genesis of stress and anxiety. MethodA cohort study was carried out in which PCURS and PCUCS were included. The quantitative part was performed by comparing the scores of three questionnaires that measure stress levels (PSS-14), state anxiety (STAIE) and trait anxiety (STAIR) throughout three perioperative moments. At the same time, a qualitative study was carried out with semi-structured interviews and collection of diaries on which a descriptive phenomenological analysis was carried out, according to Munhall. The analysis of the text was carried out according to Colaizzi. ResultsStress and anxiety levels were significantly higher in PCUCS compared to PCURS. Mothers in the cardiac cohort were those with the highest scores on all scales. In the qualitative study, four themes emerged: “stress and anxiety from the moment of diagnosis”, “surgical intervention as a critical moment”, “harshness of the postoperative period in the Intensive Care Unit” and “joy and gratitude versus dependence and fear for the future”. ConclusionsPCUCS suffer higher levels of stress and anxiety than PCURS, being the mothers of the cardiac cohort those who suffer these disorders with greater intensity. This study can constitute a starting point to develop strategies that cover these parental needs.

Estrés y ansiedad perioperatorios en padres de niños intervenidos de cardiopatías congénitas

IntroductionLevels of stress and anxiety suffered by parents of children with congenital heart disease (PCUCS) during their children's admission for cardiac surgery may be higher than those suffered by other parents who go through the same experience. ObjectiveGeneral objective of this study was to measure the stress and anxiety suffered by PCUCS and parents of children undergoing renal surgery (PCURS) in relation to the intervention of their children. The specific objective of the quantitative study was to compare global stress and anxiety according to sex, time of the perioperative period, and cohort. The general objective of the qualitative section is to explore the experience that PCUCS and PCURS have during their hospital stay and to identify the specific factors that influence the genesis of stress and anxiety. MethodA cohort study was carried out in which PCURS and PCUCS were included. The quantitative part was performed by comparing the scores of 3questionnaires that measure stress levels (PSS-14), state anxiety (STAIE) and trait anxiety (STAIR) throughout 3perioperative moments. At the same time, a qualitative study was carried out with semi-structured interviews and collection of diaries on which a descriptive phenomenological analysis was carried out, according to Munhall. The analysis of the text was carried out according to Colaizzi. ResultsStress and anxiety levels were significantly higher in PCUCS compared to PCURS. Mothers in the cardiac cohort were those with the highest scores on all scales. In the qualitative study, 4themes emerged: “stress and anxiety from the moment of diagnosis”, “surgical intervention as a critical moment”, “harshness of the postoperative period in the Intensive Care Unit” and “joy and gratitude versus dependence and fear for the future”. ConclusionsPCUCS suffer higher levels of stress and anxiety than PCURS, being the mothers of the cardiac cohort those who suffer these disorders with greater intensity. This study can constitute a starting point to develop strategies that cover these parental needs.

Gender role reversal: Civilian husbands of U.S. military servicewomen as tied‐migrant workers

AbstractObjectiveThis qualitative study examined the experiences of male spouses of female service members in the U.S. military (civilian husbands of servicewomen) in their positions as tied‐migrant workers.BackgroundEmployment of civilian husbands of servicewomen is frequently affected when they geographically relocate due to their wives' military service. Because societal norms for husbands as primary breadwinners in marriages persist and the majority of military couples consist of male service members married to female civilian spouses, civilian husbands of servicewomen may experience a gender role reversal in their identities as a spouse and as a provider within their relationships and military culture.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted with 22 civilian husbands who experienced at least one geographic relocation due to their wife's military service. Descriptive phenomenological analysis was used to discover the essence of participants' experiences.ResultsThemes around defining masculinity, minority experiences in the military, and nontraditional gender provider roles as tied‐migrant workers emerged. Participants experienced a gender role reversal as tied‐migrant workers and as military spouses, and they had some difficulties integrating into military communities. Participants expanded their masculine identities to include performing traditionally feminine tasks and valuing egalitarianism in their spousal relationships when they experienced barriers to breadwinning.ConclusionFindings indicated the importance of emotional support as civilian husbands navigate their masculine identities and relationships both with spouses and as gender minorities in their communities.ImplicationsClinical recommendations for psychotherapists are provided with an emphasis on using emotionally focused therapy with couples consisting of civilian husbands and servicewomen.

Living with Schizophrenia: the role of interpersonal relationships

People with a chronic condition such as schizophrenia encounter significant challenges interacting with their immediate environment. However, there is little data exploring interpersonal relationships between people living with schizophrenia and their families and healthcare providers, particularly in developing countries. This study investigated the interpersonal relationship experiences of persons with schizophrenia in Southern Ghana. The study adopted a descriptive phenomenological approach using the purposive sampling technique to recruit nine (9) persons living with schizophrenia. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth, face-to-face interviews and analysed using a descriptive phenomenological data analysis framework. Five themes emerged; three described positive interpersonal relationships, and two negative interpersonal relationships existed in participants with schizophrenia. The study revealed a poor interpersonal relationship between study participants and the public. Stigma was implicated as a factor responsible for the negative interpersonal relationships between study participants and people outside their immediate families.

Patient and Staff Attitudes Toward Clothing Restrictions on a Pediatric Psychiatric Unit

AbstractIntroductionPediatric psychiatric inpatients are among the most vulnerable individuals in society. While the use of seclusion and restraint is well chronicled in the field of research in this population, there is limited literature describing the effects, meaning, and attitudes of mandating the wear of clothing in hospital settings. This research explores the phenomenon of the practice of mandatory wear of hospital-issued clothing and its meaning to patients and the awareness and attitudes of this practice among staff caring for this population. This research aims to improve understanding of the experiences of patients regarding this practice at a large, urban hospital providing care for children using a mixed methods design. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological analysis was conducted through individual interviews with adolescent patients (N = 5) on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Additionally, a cross-sectional self-reported questionnaire examined the awareness and attitudes toward this practice among unit staff (N = 41). The patients’ attitudes toward clothing restrictions was predominantly negative, noting a lack of self-expression, feeling like a mental health patient, desires to wear ones’ personal clothing, and feelings of shame and punishment. Among the staff there was a modest correlation between age, number of years practicing as a health professional, and years practicing in a pediatric setting with feelings of a need for a change in the clothing policy to allow patients to wear their own clothing on admission. Staff age and number of years working at the institution demonstrated a modest correlation between awareness of legal statutes regarding patients’ rights to their own clothing. This research found a readiness among staff to adopt a clothing policy that would permit patients to wear their own clothing on admission, which would improve the negative experiences described among the patients in the sample.FundingNo Funding

The Live Experiences of Nurses Caring for Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19 Infection in the North West Province

Background: Nurses are the frontline healthcare workers and continue to play a vital role in caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. Exploring and describing the experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients are significant to determine what nurses are experiencing physically, psychologically, and socially, in order to help them in improving the quality of patient care. Objective: The study aimed to explore and describe the live experiences of the nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in the North West Province. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive, phenomenological and contextual design was used to collect data. The study used a non-probability sampling approach and purposive sampling technique to select four focus group discussions (FGDs) in this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysis was done using descriptive phenomenological data analysis to develop themes and categories. Measures to ensure the trustworthiness of the study were considered throughout the study. Results: The results indicated nurses’ conceptualisation of COVID-19, nurses’ physical experiences of caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, nurses' psychological experiences of caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, nurses' social experiences of caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, nurses' positive experiences of caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, and nurses' experiences of coping when caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The study showed nurses caring for COVID-19 patients to be physically, psychologically, and socially affected by the disease. Therefore, they needed support from the managers, colleagues, family members, and the community.

Implementasi Manajemen PNS Berbasis Sistem Merit Dalam Penempatan Jabatan Struktural Pegawai di Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta

The principle of "The Right Man On The Right Place" is in line with the concept of a merit system that has been formulated in the State Civil Apparatus Law. Increasing the capacity and capability of bureaucratic performance is one of the important things in Bureaucratic Reform in Indonesia. Methods that can be used to improve employee performance can be done by implementing civil servant management that pays attention to one of the issues related to employee placement. Employee placement is an organizational strategic planning because it is a policy in determining the level of effectiveness of employees and organizations in achieving goals. The formulation in this research is how to implement merit-based civil servant management in the placement of structural positions for DKI Jakarta Provincial Government employees in accordance with the qualifications, competencies and performance needed by the organization. This research aims to prepare the best scheme to ensure that the placement in structural positions for employees is in accordance with the merit system theory, which includes competence, qualifications and performance based on existing phenomena. The data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques, namely descriptive phenomenological analysis. In the discussion of the research focus, the implementation of civil servant management based on 3 aspects of the merit system, namely qualifications, competencies and performance, as well as a discussion of the framework for civil servant management based on the merit system in the placement of structural positions for employees are presented. The results found that the DKI Jakarta Provincial Civil Service Agency uses the results of the Assessment Center as policy material for stakeholders to be able to reduce the mismatch between employee competency profiles and the tasks needed or to be carried out. The process of civil servant management based on the merit system begins with an analysis related to the formation needs, qualifications and competencies needed for civil servants and organizations. Then the process of mapping employee competency profiles through the Assessment Center is carried out to determine employee competence as a basis for placement. In another context, the management of civil servants based on the merit system has also been prepared and developed the concept of talent management in supporting efforts to map the 9 Boxes of talent for existing civil servants to get a picture of the competencies and profiles of civil servants that can be projected according to organizational needs.

A Qualitative Study on the Psychological Experience of Emergency Department Medical Staff Caring for Patients with Suicide Attempts in Northeastern Sichuan

The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological experiences of emergency department staff in northeastern Sichuan when treating patients with suicide attempts and to provide a theoretical basis for developing appropriate clinical interventions and improving mental health services for suicidal patients. Sixteen emergency department staff members who met recruitment requirements at two hospitals in Nanchong, China, were interviewed using Colizzi descriptive phenomenological analysis. The interviews were in-depth and semi-structured. The qualitative analysis of this study revealed three main themes: (1) aspects of the emotional experience that may be detrimental to helping people in crisis (e.g., sympathy and regret, confusion and bewilderment, worry and stress); (2) aspects of the cognitive experience (e.g., inability to deal with patients’ psychological issues and having new perspective on the medical profession); and (3) raising awareness of mental health services. Future reform efforts should consider training medical staff in suicide prevention knowledge and communication skills, using a compassion-centered approach to alleviate the suffering of patients who attempt suicide, using the Safety Screening Scale (PSS-3), providing counselors for patients, developing family-focused interventions, and involving family members in suicide risk prevention and treatment.

Being an Elderly Person Living in Metropolitan Cities of Northwestern Ethiopia: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study.

As people grow old, they pass through various life courses. Thus, it is important to realize aging in the context of each of these stages, as aging is not only physiological and psychological processes. To understand the lifeworld experiences of the phenomenon "being an elderly person" from the individual perspective was important, in this study, within day-to-day life in Metropolitan cities of northwestern Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to describe the lifeworld of elderly persons living in Bahir Dar and Gondar Cities, Northwest Ethiopia. A community based qualitative study conducted from October 29, 2021 to November 6, 2021. A purposive sampling technique and in-depth interviews were used for sampling and data collection, respectively. To explore the life experience /life-world/ of the elderly, a descriptive phenomenological study was conducted among 15 elderly persons. The audio records were transcribed and the field notes incorporated. Transcribed texts were translated into the English language, and a descriptive phenomenological analysis was done. In this study, the essence of the phenomenon, being an elderly person, means, in an ebb and flow motion, balancing a life change characterized by changing perspective, ambiguity to body functions, and preparing for being released. The elderly experienced physical, mental, and psychosocial changes. They had encountered positive and negative situations throughout their life span. They also expressed that their time was over and wished to prepare for God's Kingdom. The use of phenomenology for this research provided an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the experiences of elderly persons. With knowledge from this study, nurses and other health professionals can understand and support the elderly from an individual point of view.