Formalism For Description Research Articles

Fuzzy logic based thermal image processing for temperature monitoring of rotating cylindrical surfaces

When a non-contact and remote temperature measurement is of importance, several environmental factors must be considered. Of these, two are of crucial importance — the surface emissivity of the observed object and the directional emissivity in the object–sensor relationship. This paper proposes FDEM — a Fuzzy Directional Emissivity Model built with the assumption that the observed surface is cylindrically shaped. The model consists of two submodels — for vertical and horizontal directions separately. The main contribution of this paper is the formalization of a linguistic description of measurement conditions typical for an industrial environment. Additionally, dual linguistic fuzzy modifiers were used to increase the accuracy of the modeled emissivity. Finally, the proposed model achieved up to 40% reduction of RMSE error when used for correcting the temperature measurements of a rotating cylinder. Overall, our model provides a novel and reliable way for temperature readout correction on the entire surface of a drying roller, such as ones used in the papermaking industry. Furthermore, the proposed approach is not only inherently capable of compensating for the position of the camera, but also does it in an interpretable, and hence expert-verifiable, manner.

The EMC effect for few-nucleon bound systems in light-front Hamiltonian dynamics

The light-front formalism for a covariant description of the European Muon Collaboration (EMC) effect, already applied to He3, is formally extended to any nucleus, and used for actually calculating the 3H and He4 cases. The realistic and accurate nuclear description of few-nucleon bound systems, obtained with both phenomenological and chiral potentials, has been properly combined with the Poincaré covariance and macroscopic locality, automatically satisfying both number of particles and momentum sum rule. While retaining the on-mass-shell nucleon structure functions, one is then able to predict a sizable EMC effect for He4, as already observed for He3. Moreover, the impact on the EMC effect of both i) the short-range correlations, such as those generated by modern nuclear interactions, and ii) the ratio between the neutron and proton structure functions has been studied. The short-range correlations generated by retaining only the standard nuclear degrees of freedom act on the depth of the minimum in the EMC ratio, while the uncertainties linked to the ratio of neutron to proton structure functions are found to be very small. These light-front results facilitate ascribing deviations from experimental data due to genuine QCD effects, not included in a standard nuclear description, and initiating unbiased investigations.

Ways to develop soft skills in pre-service mathematics and physics teachers when studying certain topics of olympiad mathematics

The development of soft skills in pre-service teachers helps to improve the quality of teaching, create a positive classroom environment and ensure an individualized approach to learning. The integration of soft skills, in particular flexibility and adaptability to change, helps teachers to respond effectively to new teaching methods, technological innovations and the requirements of the modern educational environment. The authors of this article aimed to investigate the possibilities of developing soft skills within the educational components of the training programme for pre-service mathematics and physics teachers. The methodological basis of the study was the analysis of scientific literature, synthesis, formalization of scientific sources, description, comparison, and theoretical generalization of own pedagogical experience of teaching the course “Olympiad Mathematics”. The results of the study reveal some ways of developing soft skills of future masters of secondary education of Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko in the process of studying the course “Olympiad Mathematics”. At the same time, among the various topics of the course, the topic “Proof of Inequalities” was singled out. The peculiarities of applying the following methods and techniques to the proof of inequalities in the context of development of soft skills are revealed: the method of strengthening (weakening) of inequality, the method of mathematical induction, the Malikov's method, the method of transforming the common term in sums and its evaluation, the method of evaluating the terms of the product and introducing an additional factor, the method of applying the properties of functions to the proof of inequalities, the method of using the properties of the definite integral of a certain function on a segment. It has been found that the most common methods of proving inequalities have wide possibilities in the context of development of soft skills. Each of the methods of proving inequalities discussed in the article is illustrated by relevant examples with detailed explanations. It is proved that this topic opens up wide opportunities for the acquisition and development of a number of soft skills. The research allows identifying specific ways to improve soft skills in pre-service mathematics and physics teachers, which are practically significant for further development of these professions when studying specific topics of the “Olympiad Mathematics” course: using group work formats during seminars, problem-based learning in mathematics, applying digital technologies in the study of Olympiad Mathematics, self-analysis and reflection, using mentoring support technology, public speaking during seminars with presentations of own solutions

Relativistic fluctuations in stochastic fluid dynamics

The state-of-the-art theoretical formalism for a covariant description of non-Gaussian fluctuation dynamics in relativistic fluids is discussed.

Descriptive Formalism and Evaluative Formalism in Kant’s Theory of Music: A Response to Young

In his article “Kant’s Musical Antiformalism” (Young 2020), with additional clarifications (Young 2021),1 James O. Young argues that Kant is an “antiformalist.” Young says: He [Kant] believes that some music is fine art and that the fine arts are imitative arts. Imitative arts have content, consequently at least some music has content, though, as we shall see, Kant believes that this content is inexpressible. Kant was certainly not a formalist (Young 2020, 171). I intend to enter into the discussion of Young’s proposal. I seek to demonstrate that Young’s defense of the claim that Kant is an antiformalist about instrumental music is not entirely convincing if we take the notions of formalism Young himself chooses to adopt. I develop my argument by proposing a distinction between two types of formalism: descriptive formalism and evaluative formalism. Young’s definition gives us a merely descriptive type of formalism, which leads us to a quasi-formalist perspective of Kant in relation to music. As we shall see below, it is plausible to ascribe to Kant an evaluative antiformalism toward art in general. However, I will argue that it is because Kant is a descriptive quasi-formalist about music that such an art is placed last in Kant’s evaluative hierarchy.

On Einstein–Born–Infeld conformally invariant theory

A new Weyl Born Infeld model is presented. It takes as basis the formalism for the mathematical description of conformal gravity based on the local twistor geometry from Merkulov (Class Quantum Gravity 1:349–354, 1984). As in the pure Maxwell case, the electromagnetic field can be naturally incorporated into this scheme by a modification of the local twistor parallel transport law. The dynamical equations of the linear case, namely the Bach equations for gravity and the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, can not be obtained by varying a single quantity-the modified twistor connection, unless a geometric condition on a particular function of the invariants is imposed. When that condition is met, the Weyl–Maxwel gravity system are contained in the obtained set. The invariance under standard dualities and other generalized maps are briefly discussed.

Rate-equation approach for multi-level quantum systems

Strong driving of quantum systems opens opportunities for both controlling and characterizing their states. For theoretical studying of these systems properties we use the rate-equation formalism. The advantage of such approach is its relative simplicity. We used the formalism for description of a two-level system with further expanding it on a case of a multi-level system. Obtained theoretical results have good agreement with experiments. The presented approach can also be considered as one more way to explore properties of quantum systems and underlying physical processes such as, for instance, Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana transitions and interference.

Self-consistent description of Bose–Bose droplets: modified gapless Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov method

We define a formalism of a self-consistent description of the ground state of a weakly interacting Bose system, accounting for higher order terms in expansion of energy in the diluteness parameter. The approach is designed to be applied to a Bose–Bose mixture in a regime of weak collapse where quantum fluctuations lead to stabilization of the system and formation of quantum liquid droplets. The approach is based on the generalized Gross–Pitaevskii equation accounting for quantum depletion and renormalized anomalous density terms. The equation is self-consistently coupled to modified Bogoliubov equations. We derive well defined procedure to calculate the zero temperature renormalized anomalous density—the quantity needed to correctly describe the formation of quantum liquid droplet. We pay particular attention to the case of droplets harmonically confined in some directions. The method allows to determine the Lee–Huang–Yang-type contribution to the chemical potential of inhomogeneous droplets when the local density approximation fails.

Unified Meaning Representation Format (UMRF) - A Task Description and Execution Formalism for HRI

To facilitate continuous development of novel HRI systems, it is beneficial to have tools that enable quick adjustments, flexibility, or re-invention of the human interfaces when system requirements change due to updates in the state-of-the-art, application domain, etc. Thus, modularity is a key design principle which promotes software reuse and scalability, and reduces development time and cost. Hence, a robot’s autonomous capabilities should not depend on the command interface and should be decoupled via a common format that possesses the descriptive capabilities for outlining tasks and has a sensible syntax for HRI. In this paper, we propose the Unified Meaning Representation Format (UMRF) , which provides the syntax and semantics for passing both simple and complex commands modelled as control flow graphs. UMRF is a standalone meaning representation container that supports embedding other meaning representation formalisms, such as predicate-argument semantics and graphical meaning representation formats, making it adoptable as a standard task description format for semi-autonomous systems in HRI domains. In this article, we define the UMRF syntax and semantics, summarize its unique aspects relative to related task description formats, and demonstrate its descriptiveness by navigating a robot via concurrent (e.g., gestures and speech) and interchangeable input systems (e.g., Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa).

Presentation attack detection and biometric recognition in a challenge-response formalism

Presentation attack detection (PAD) is used to mitigate the dangers of the weakest link problem in biometric recognition, in which failure modes of one application affect the security of all other applications. Strong PAD methods are therefore a must, and we believe biometric challenge-response protocols (BCRP) form an underestimated part of this ecosystem. In this paper, we conceptualize what BCRPs are, and we propose a descriptive formalism and categorization for working with them. We validate the categorization against existing literature that we classified to be describing BCRPs. Lastly, we discuss how strong BCRPs provide advantages over PAD methods, specifically in the protection of individual applications and the protection of other applications from inadvertent leaks in BCRP applications. We note that research in BCRPs is fragmented, and our intent for the proposed formalism and categorization are to give focus and direction to research efforts into biometric challenge-response protocols.

Modeling method of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm behavior based on spatiotemporal hybrid Petri net

The more and more widely used UAV swarm operations have received great attention in the new global military revolution of informatization, and the integrated modeling of UAV swarms has great significance and value for the testing and verification of combat modes. Aiming at the modeling and simulation requirements of combat scenarios, taking the collaborative combat process of heterogeneous UAV swarms as the research object, starting from the modeling of a single UAV, on the basis of the formalization and mathematical description of the single combat process, this paper employs Petri nets based on the hybridization of time and space to describe the discrete states and continuous processes of heterogeneous UAV swarm systems, and effectively solves the problems of the fusion between physics and computing processes, and modeling of interactive events in swarm systems. UPPAAL is selected to formally verify the modeling of UAV swarm strike mission, which shows that the proposed modeling method is feasible and effective.

Translating questions to estimands in randomized clinical trials with intercurrent events.

Intercurrent (post‐treatment) events occur frequently in randomized trials, and investigators often express interest in treatment effects that suitably take account of these events. Contrasts that naively condition on intercurrent events do not have a straight‐forward causal interpretation, and the practical relevance of other commonly used approaches is debated. In this work, we discuss how to formulate and choose an estimand, beyond the marginal intention‐to‐treat effect, from the point of view of a decision maker and drug developer. In particular, we argue that careful articulation of a practically useful research question should either reflect decision making at this point in time or future drug development. Indeed, a substantially interesting estimand is simply a formalization of the (plain English) description of a research question. A common feature of estimands that are practically useful is that they correspond to possibly hypothetical but well‐defined interventions in identifiable (sub)populations. To illustrate our points, we consider five examples that were recently used to motivate consideration of principal stratum estimands in clinical trials. In all of these examples, we propose alternative causal estimands, such as conditional effects, sequential regime effects, and separable effects, that correspond to explicit research questions of substantial interest.

Information Theory as a Bridge Between Language Function and Language Form

Formal and functional theories of language seem disparate, because formal theories answer the question of what a language is, while functional theories answer the question of what functions it serves. We argue that information theory provides a bridge between these two approaches,viaa principle of minimization of complexity under constraints. Synthesizing recent work, we show how information-theoretic characterizations of functional complexity lead directly to mathematical descriptions of the forms of possible languages, in terms of solutions to constrained optimization problems. We show how certain linguistic descriptive formalisms can be recovered as solutions to such problems. Furthermore, we argue that information theory lets us define complexity in a way which has minimal dependence on the choice of theory or descriptive formalism. We illustrate this principle using recently-obtained results on universals of word and morpheme order.

OWL ontology evolution: understanding and unifying the complex changes

AbstractKnowledge-based systems and their ontologies evolve due to different reasons. Ontology evolution is the adaptation of an ontology and the propagation of these changes to dependent artifacts such as queries and other ontologies. Besides identifying basic/simple changes, it is imperative to identify complex changes between two versions of the same ontology to make this adaptation possible. There are many definitions of complex changes applied to ontologies in the literature. However, their specifications across works vary both in formalization and textual description. Some works also use different terminologies to refer to a change, while others use the same vocabulary to refer to distinct changes. Therefore, there is a lack of a unified list of complex changes. The main goals of this paper are: (i) present the primary documents that identify complex changes; (ii) provide critical analyses about the set of the complex changes proposed in the literature and the documents mentioning them; (iii) provide a unified list of complex changes mapping different sets of complex changes proposed by several authors; (iv) present a classification for those complex changes; and (v) describe some open directions of the area. The mappings between the complex changes provide a mechanism to relate and compare different proposals. The unified list is thus a reference for the complex changes published in the literature. It may assist the development of tools to identify changes between two versions of the same ontology and enable the adaptation of artifacts that depend on the evolved ontology.

Tomographic mapping of the hidden dimension in quasi-particle interference

Quasiparticle interference (QPI) imaging is well established to study the low-energy electronic structure in strongly correlated electron materials with unrivalled energy resolution. Yet, being a surface-sensitive technique, the interpretation of QPI only works well for anisotropic materials, where the dispersion in the direction perpendicular to the surface can be neglected and the quasiparticle interference is dominated by a quasi-2D electronic structure. Here, we explore QPI imaging of galena, a material with an electronic structure that does not exhibit pronounced anisotropy. We find that the quasiparticle interference signal is dominated by scattering vectors which are parallel to the surface plane however originate from bias-dependent cuts of the 3D electronic structure. We develop a formalism for the theoretical description of the QPI signal and demonstrate how this quasiparticle tomography can be used to obtain information about the 3D electronic structure and orbital character of the bands.

Multisublattice cluster expansion study of short-range ordering in iron-substituted strontium titanate

Owing to the challenges in obtaining realistic atomic configurations in large chemical phase spaces, it is not straightforward to describe structure–property relations in materials exhibiting configurational disorder. One example is iron-substituted strontium titanate (SrTi1−xFexO3−d, STF), a promising perovskite-derivative cathode material in solid oxide fuel cells that exhibits full solid solubility 0≤x≤1 and a tendency to exhibit short-range order. Here we demonstrate a multisublattice cluster expansion (CE) framework and apply it to STF across the full composition range. The CE approach is distinct from more traditional CE formulations in that clusters are defined explicitly by the chemical species distributed among multiple sublattices, rather than via cluster functions of occupation variables with decoration. The modified CE approach makes it easy to distinguish meaningful chemical interactions that are harder to extract from conventional CE, since for the latter chemical identity in a cluster is expressed as a product of site occupations. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) is implemented as a regression analysis tool to select key clusters and avoid overfitting. We demonstrate this formulation on STF, and show that it can accurately predict configurational energies in comparison to conventional CE. From the key clusters, we identify that short-range ordering between substitutional Fe and oxygen vacancies (VO) results in the formation of Fe–VO strings. In addition, we consider the stability of STF through CE-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and confirm the presence of superstructures that were previously observed in transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of atomic configurations from MC samples reveals variations in the oxidation state of Fe atoms, which can be explained by the ordering tendency of Fe and VO. The cluster description and selection formalism described here may be applied to other disordered multisublattice systems for accurate and efficient material modeling.

Constraining 1+J→2 coupled-channel amplitudes in a finite volume

Whether one is interested in accessing the excited spectrum of hadrons or testing the standard model of particle physics, electroweak transition processes involving multi-hadron channels in the final state play an important role in a variety of experiments. Presently the primary theoretical tool with which one can study such reactions is lattice QCD, which is defined in a finite spacetime volume. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of implementing existing finite-volume formalism in realistic lattice QCD calculation of reactions in which a stable hadron can transition to one of several two-hadron channels under the action of an external current. We provide a conceptual description of the coupled-channel transition formalism, a practical roadmap for carrying out a calculation, and an illustration of the approach using synthetic data for two non-trivial resonant toy models. The results provide a proof-of-principle that such reactions can indeed be constrained using modern-day lattice QCD calculations, motivating explicit computation in the near future.

Some theoretical aspects of the systematic study of fossil ostracods (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the context of species problems in palaeontology

Theoretical contributions into the systematics and taxonomy of fossil ostracods conducted according to unified methodological stands have resolved some key problems of paleontology. For example, this is a problem of species and its derivatives, namely the identification of species, the estimation of the taxonomic weight of morphological characters, the determination of diagnostic characters of different taxonomic ranks, and taxa diagnoses. The unification of the terminology and the formalization of morphological description of fossil shells made it possible to estimate the taxonomic weight of morphological elements. A scheme to identify the rank of taxonomic characters (pyramid principle) has been developed. A unified terminological dictionary has been prepared to describe the morphological elements of ostracod shells in detail.

Classical Gravitational Bremsstrahlung from a Worldline Quantum Field Theory.

Using the recently established formalism of a worldline quantum field theory description of the classical scattering of two spinless black holes, we compute the far-field time-domain waveform of the gravitational waves produced in the encounter at leading order in the post-Minkowskian (weak field but generic velocity) expansion. We reproduce the previous results of Kovacs and Thorne in a highly economic way. Then, using the waveform, we extract the leading-order total radiated angular momentum and energy (including differential results). Our work may enable crucial improvements of gravitational-wave predictions in the regime of large relative velocities.

Dielectric and electro-mechanic nonlinearities in perovskite oxide ferroelectrics, relaxors, and relaxor ferroelectrics

The polarization and strain response of ferroelectric materials at electric fields below the macroscopic coercive field is of paramount importance for the operation of many electronic devices. The response of real ferroelectric and related materials is, in general, complex and difficult to interpret. The reason for this is that many processes in a ferroelectric material contribute to its properties, often concurrently. Examples include the motion of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains, the presence of domains within domains, the dynamics of different types of polar nano-entities, the interaction of polar nano-entities (e.g., polar nanoregions in relaxors) with the strain and polarization within domains, motion of defects, and rearrangement of defect clusters and their interaction with polarization and strain. One signature of these processes is nonlinearity of the strain and polarization. Most ferroelectrics exhibit nonlinear response at all practical field levels, meaning that the apparent material coefficients depend on the amplitude of the driving excitation. In this paper, we show that an investigation of nonlinear behavior is a sensitive way to study various mechanisms operating in dielectric and piezoelectric materials. We review the basic formalism of the nonlinear description of polarization and strain, give a physical interpretation of different terms, and illustrate this approach on numerous examples of relaxors, relaxor ferroelectrics, hard and soft ferroelectrics, and morphotropic phase boundary compositions. An experimental approach based on a lock-in technique that is well suited for such studies is also discussed.