Description Of Behavior Research Articles

The linguistic construal of extreme behaviour

Abstract Teaching and family communities usually have an active role in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in childhood. Examining the construal of hyperactivity-impulsivity in teaching guidelines and online parental exchanges can elucidate common lay understandings of the trait. The study considers transitivity, with a focus on Relational and Behavioural clauses, lexical metaphors and appraisals. The linguistic descriptions have a potential to assist medical specialists in interpreting evidence presented by teaching and family communities in the complex task of diagnosing ADHD, facilitating communication and explaining the strategies used to avoid potentially stigmatising descriptions. The analysis supports the suitability of distinguishing Behavioural processes in transitivity and traces a parallelism between the metaphorical descriptions of extreme behaviour and those traditionally reported for strong emotions.

On the hysteretic bending behavior of slack metallic cables

Short and slack stranded metallic cables are encountered in several technical applications to connect different structures or different parts of the same structural system. A couple of relevant examples are provided by flexible-bus conductors used in high-voltage electrical substations or passive damping devices installed on overhead electrical lines, such as Bretelle dampers. Bending behavior of metallic cables is nonlinear and non-holonomic due to the onset and propagation of relative sliding phenomena between the wires. While taut suspended cables have been widely studied in the literature under the classic assumptions of small sag and perfect flexibility, whenever dealing with short and slack cables, the aforementioned hypotheses typically cease to be valid, and the bending stiffness contribution plays a significative role in the determination of the overall structural response. In the present paper, two different modeling strategies for the description of the bending behavior of short and slack stranded cables are presented. The first (discrete bending model) describes the cable as a composite structural element made of wires, which are individually modeled as curved elastic thin rods interacting through normal and tangential contact forces. The second (phenomenological bending model), instead, relies on a description of the cable bending process based on an application of the well-known Bouc-Wen hysteresis model. Applications of the proposed models are presented both at the cross-sectional and at the structural levels. The systematic comparison between theoretical and experimental results allows to assess the performance of the two proposed bending models when used with “nominal” values of the model parameters, which are estimated only on the base of the knowledge of the material and geometric properties of the strand. Moreover, a back-analysis of the model parameters is carried out to get an insight on internal mechanical parameters of the cable and on the overall cross-sectional bending response (e.g. bending stiffness values).

Experimental and modeling investigation on anisotropic plastic flow of metal plates under nonproportional loading conditions

The plastic deformation behavior of metal plates has been proved to be affected by loading paths. Plastic flow is a critical component in the mechanical description of plastic deformation, like yield and hardening. In this work, the anisotropic plastic flow of two metal plates (16MnCr5 and S420MC) under non-proportional loading conditions was investigated. Large specimens manufactured along different orientations were pre-tensioned up to various strain levels; subsequently, small uniaxial tensile specimens were cut from the pre-tensioned specimens along different orientations with the interval of 15°, and then loaded to rupture. Meanwhile, the r-value, a measure of anisotropic plastic flow, was recorded. Result shows that for the studied plates which had constant r-value in the monotonic uniaxial tensile tests, a downward evolution of the r-value against plastic strain was observed when the Schmitt angle of two stage loading directions was greater than 90°. As the plastic strain in the subsequent loading stage accumulated, the r-value dropped from a higher level to its original level within a strain range about 6.0%. Based on the transient r-value evolution, a HEXAH-based evolutionary plastic potential model was constructed within the framework of non-associated flow (non-AF) theory. In the model, a local ellipse-shape distortion of the plastic potential surface was defined during plastic deformation process and when the Schmitt angel exceeded 90°, such distortion caused a downward evolution of the r-value in the subsequent deformation. The calibration result indicates that the model could reproduce the transient r-value response relevant to loading path change. The proposed evolutionary plastic potential model can be applied together with different anisotropic hardening models in the non-AF theory to give a detailed description of the plastic deformation behavior and hopefully provide a solution for the accurate simulation of the complex sheet metal forming process.

Assessment of the fatigue crack growth behavior of HG785D steel welded joints

Fatigue performance of high-strength steel welded joints is widely concerned in engineering fields. In this research, the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of HG785D steel with and without a "soft + hard + soft" composite welded metal is investigated by conducting FCG tests, hardness tests and fracture observation. Further, FCG curves (da/dN-ΔK) quantified by Seven-point incremental polynomial method (SP) and Smith method (SM) from tested crack length and number of cycles are compared. Results show the fatigue performance of composite welded metal is improved due to the hard layer ensures strength and soft layers provide toughness. Additionally, the fatigue life assessment is safer using da/dN-ΔK curves by SP, whereas more accurate using that by SM. The da/dN-ΔK curves by SP can capture the local fluctuations in FCG rate, while that by SM provides a smooth and global description for FCG behavior with steadily increased da/dN. Considering heterogeneous properties of composite welded metal, a piecewise function combining SP method is recommend to describe the unconventional da/dN-ΔK curves. Moreover, the correlation between Paris parameters for steels is analyzed, offering a reference for fatigue reliability assessments.

Numerical investigation of composite metal foams using substructure techniques

An accurate description of the mechanical behaviour of inhomogeneous, anisotropic composite materials, such as metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs), is a challenging task. This paper is based on the so-called substructure technique, which has never been used for the mechanical modelling of metal foams or MMSFs. Using this method, a finite element model with low computational requirements but still modelling inhomogeneous properties can be constructed that reproduces the results of laboratory measurements with high accuracy. In all cases, the tests presented in this paper are limited to the linearly elastic phase. As the most common investigation of MMSFs is the compression test, this study considers only this loading case. A more detailed discussion of the stress analysis of MMSFs is given at the end of this work. A potential cause of 45° crack planes during compression tests and the evolution of stresses as a function of space-filling are also investigated.

The (Un)Attractiveness of Dark Triad Personalities: Assessing Fictitious Characters for Short‐ and Long‐Term Relationships

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe current study assessed how individuals evaluate potential romantic partners who display either low, medium, or high levels of DT traits for short‐term (STR) and long‐term (LTR) relationships.MethodsNine fictitious persons in the form of vignettes (description of behavior and facial image) were presented to every participant. The sex of the fictitious persons was determined by sexual orientation of each participant, while the displayed faces were selected from an existing image bank and matched for physical attractiveness. Study 1 (n = 475) used a fixed composition for face and trait description, while the composition for Study 2 (n = 794) was randomized. Mixed‐effects modeling was implemented for both studies.ResultsStudy 1 demonstrated people with a male preference (mostly women) perceived medium levels of the three traits as the most attractive STR. For Study 2, both men and women found the low levels the most attractive for both STRs and LTRs.ConclusionsFindings from Study 1 were mostly consistent across previous DT attractiveness literature, while findings from Study 2 contradicted them. This could suggest that the concept of DT is not as attractive even for STRs unless it is accompanied by physical attractiveness.

Big Data in Leadership Studies: Automated Machine Learning Model to Predict Preferred Leader Behavior Across Cultures

With global leadership as the new norm, discussion about followers’ preferred leader behaviors across cultures is growing in significance. This study proposes a comprehensive predictive model to explore significant preferred leadership factors, drawn from the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQXII), across cultures using automated machine learning (AML). We offer a robust empirical measurement of culturally contingent leader behavior and entrepreneurship behaviors and provide a tool for assessing the cultural predictors of preferred leader behavior to minimize predictive errors, explore patterns in the data and make predictions in an empirically robust way. Hence, our approach fills a gap in the literature relating to applications of AML in leadership studies and contributes a novel empirical method to better predict leadership preferences. Cultural indicators from Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE) predict the likelihood of the preferred leader behaviors of “Role Assumption”, “Production Emphasis” and “Initiation of Structure”. Hofstede’s Long-Term/Short-Term Orientation is the most critical predictor of preferences for “Tolerance of Uncertainty” and “Initiation of Structure”, whereas the value of restraint impacts the likelihood of preferring leaders with skills in “Integration” and “Consideration”. Significant entrepreneurial values indicators have a significant impact on preferences for leaders focused on “Initiation of Structure”, “Production Emphasis” and “Predictive Accuracy”. Findings also support earlier studies that reveal age and gender significantly impact our preferences for specific leader behaviors. We discuss and offer conclusions to support our findings that foster development of global business managers and practitioners.

Enhancing Predictive Maintenance Through Detection of Unrecorded Track Work

Predictive maintenance can help infrastructure managers to reduce costs and improve railway availability while ensuring safety. However, its accuracy depends on reliable data from various sources, especially track measurement data. When analysing track data over time, historical maintenance actions must be considered, as otherwise the interpretation of the data would be misleading. This research aims to address inconsistencies in recorded maintenance data by detecting unrecorded track works through track geometry evaluations. The main goal is to provide the foundations for accurate descriptions of track behaviour, supporting the implementation of effective predictive maintenance regimes. As part of the research, three different approaches are analysed and evaluated, whereby two of them are based on cross-sectional analyses and the third one detects track works in longitudinal track dimension. The results show that the CRAB algorithm produces the most statistically significant results. Conversely, the cumulative track geometry-based algorithm provides a homogeneous representation of past maintenance work and a result that is statistically only marginally inferior. Consequently, these two methods are best suited to build the foundation for making accurate cross-sectional conclusions about track geometry behaviour. This allows for the verification and enhancement of existing maintenance databases.

Usability of the digit-tracking technique in a geriatric population of inpatients with and without neurocognitive disorders: The DIGICOG-start study.

Tools for the early diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders (NCD) both accessible, fast, fun and efficient are currently needed. A digit-tracking technique (Digitrack) has been developed based on the exploration of blurred images on a tablet with the finger, related to the exploration of images during eye-tracking. The present study aimed at assessing the objective usability and the subjective User eXperience (UX) of the Digitrack by older adults according to the presence and the severity of NCD. A total of 135 patients were included in a geriatric acute care unit. Objective usability was assessed through the number of patients able to complete the Digitrack's training (3 images) and evaluation (20 images) phases. UX was measured through standard questionnaires (AttrakDiff and meCUE), and through the description of engagement behaviors following an internally developed scale which included 5 levels (interactive, constructive, active, passive and disengaged behaviors). The success rate of the device was 94.1%. The Digitrack had a very good overall attractiveness, standard hedonic and pragmatic qualities, and the emotions perceived were predominantly positive. These findings were not homogeneously observed in the whole studied population. Patients highly impaired due to NCD tended to rate the device with more neutral scores and to perceive more negative emotions. The participants mainly demonstrated active behaviors, but patients with severe major NCD were mostly passive. The study showed promising results regarding the usability and acceptability of a digit-tracking technique within older adults. Further studies should evaluate the potential of this novel methods to make a cognitive diagnosis.

Phenology and social status of the endemic Sable Island Sweat Bee, Lasioglossum sablense

Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sablense Gibbs, 2010 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) is endemic to Sable Island, an isolated sandbar located about 160 km east of Nova Scotia, Canada. Lasioglossum sablense is currently listed as Threatened due to its restricted geographic distribution, and promoting its conservation requires detailed information about nesting phenology, behaviour, and other life history details. We combined measurements of body size, wear, and ovarian status from adult females collected from flowers in 2016 and 2017 with measurements and behavioural observations of foragers collected at the Sable Island Station in 2019 and 2022, to compile a preliminary description of flight phenology and social behaviour. Like many members of its genus, L. sablense exhibited a diphasic life history. Phase 1 began when large, fertilized adult females emerged from hibernation, began nest and brood cell construction, and foraged to provision Brood 1, which comprised both daughters and sons. Most nests initiated during Phase 1 reactivated during Phase 2, with adult Brood 1 daughters foraging to provision Brood 2. Observations of bees at nest entrances demonstrated that some reactivated nests contained multiple adult females. Phase 1 foragers were larger, less worn, and had marginally higher levels of ovarian development than Phase 2 foragers. Five large females collected during Phase 2 had high levels of wear, suggesting they were long-lived Phase 1 foundresses that resumed foraging during Phase 2. Taken together, these observations suggest a mix of univoltine (single generation) and bivoltine (two generation) life histories, as well as a mix of solitary and social behaviour in L. sablense.

Solutions of a Neutron Transport Equation with a Partly Elastic Collision Operators

In this paper, we derive sufficient conditions that guarantee an description of long-time asymptotic behavior of the solution to the Cauchy problem governed by a linear neutron transport equation with a partially elastic collision operator under periodic boundary conditions. Our strategy involves showing that the strongly continuous semigroups et(T+Ke)t≥0 and et(T+Kc+Ke)t≥0, generated by the operators T+Ke and T+Kc+Ke, respectively, have the same essential type. According to Proposition 1, it is sufficient to show that remainder term in the Dyson–Philips expansion is compact. Our analysis focuses on the compactness properties of the second-order remainder term in the Dyson–Phillips expansion related to the problem. We first show that R2(t) is compact on L2(Ω×V,dxdv), and, using an interpolation argument (see Proposition 2), we establish the compactness of R2(t) on Lp(Ω×V,dxdv)-spaces for 1<p<+∞. To the best of our knowledge, outside the one-dimensional case, this result is known only for vaccum boundary conditions in the multidimensional setting. However, our result, Theorem 1, is new for periodic boundary conditions.

Negative media representations of young people during COVID related national lockdown increases young people's perceived stress

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a destructive respiratory disease that has affected the lives of billions of people around the world. Researchers argue that a group‐based approach drawing on our membership of specific social groups, rather than appealing to our individual self‐interest, is necessary to combat the disease. Social groups who are perceived to be not adhering to national mitigation measures aimed at reducing the spread of the virus, are often portrayed negatively by the media. The current study examines the impact of negative media constructions of young peoples’ behavior during the COVID‐19 pandemic, specifically focusing on when these constructions have been contested by young people involved. A total of 789 young people were randomly assigned to read either a positive or negative description of young people's behavior during COVID‐19 restrictions. Results indicate that the type of article had no impact on behavioral outcomes or perceived stress. However, an interaction effect was noted where reading a negative article and disagreeing with the content increased individuals’ levels of perceived stress. Findings indicate that negative group‐based media constructions of behavior do not increase behavioral conformity but does undermine the mental health of those involved.

Characteristic frequencies of localized stress relaxation in scaling-law rheology of living cells

Living cells are known to exhibit power-law viscoelastic responses and localized stress relaxation behaviors in the frequency spectrum. However, the precise interplay between molecular-scale cytoskeletal dynamics and macroscale dynamical rheological responses remains elusive. Here, we propose a mechanism-based general theoretical model showing that cytoskeleton dissociation generates a peak in the loss modulus as a function of frequency, while the cytoplasmic viscosity promotes its recovery, producing a subsequent trough. We define two characteristic frequencies (ωc1 and ωc2) related to the dissociation rate of crosslinkers and the viscosity of the cytoplasm, where the loss modulus 1) exhibits peak and trough values for ωc1<ωc2 and 2) monotonically increases with frequency for ωc1>ωc2. Furthermore, the characteristic frequency ωc1 exhibits a biphasic stress-dependent behavior, with a local minimum at sufficiently high stress due to the stress-dependent dissociation rate. Moreover, the characteristic frequency ωc2 evolves with age, following a power-law relationship. The predictions of the dissociation-based multiscale theoretical mechanical model align well with experimental observations. Our model provides a comprehensive description of the dynamical viscoelastic behaviors of cells and cell-like materials.

Gambaran Sedentary Behavior Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Padang

College can be a difficult time for many students because during this time they face a lot of pressure and challenges that can cause various threats to the physical, social and emotional. Such times make them more susceptible to stress and health problems due to unhealthy lifestyles, one of which is sedentary behavior. This study aims to determine the description of the sedentary behavior of Padang State University students. This study uses a quantitative method using descriptive statistical analysis. The population in this study were Padang State University students in the 2018-2020 intake with a total of 4,166 people. Sampling in the study used the consecutive sampling technique using the Slovin formula with a 10% error tolerance so that a total of 98 respondents were obtained. This study used the Sedentary behavior questionnaire scale by Rosenberg et al (2010) which was adapted into Indonesian and distributed via gform. Based on the results, the mean was 37.3 and SD 23.5. This means that the sedentary behavior of Padang State University students tends to be high.

Toward the resilience of UAV swarms with percolation theory under attacks

Unmanned aerial swarms have been widely applied across various domains. The security of swarms against attacks has been of significance. However, there still exists a lack of quantitatively assessing the unmanned swarm resilience against attacks. Thus, this work adopts the percolation theory to mathematically analyse the resilience of the unmanned aerial swarms after random attacks. In addition to the typically used popularity in the preferential attachment, distance of neighbours is taken into account for modelling unmanned swarms, which is missing in the literature. This improved preferential attachment-based swarm model offers a more precise and realistic description of swarm behaviours. In addition, an attack model is proposed, which can be a description of dynamic attacks. Moreover, this study also utilizes the percolation theory to assess the resilience of swarms after the random attacks. Finally, the simulation results show that the resilience derived using percolation theory aligns with the improved swarm model. The proposed swarm model maintains 79% resilience when 20% of the UAVs are attacked under random attacks, and even 69.4% resilience when 20% of the UAVs are attacked under initial betweenness-based attacks.

New algorithm of three-phase equilibrium calculations for CO2-hydrocarbon-water systems

In this century, global warming caused by the accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide has become an essential concern. The industry has two main decarbonization options: CO2 capture for permanent storage in geological formations and CO2 utilization for enhancing oil recovery (EOR). Both methods require accurate reservoir simulation to correctly describe the fluids flowing process and design an optimal injection plan. However, existing reservoir simulation practices often neglect the interaction and dissolution of CO2 and hydrocarbon components in water, leading to inaccurate predictions. Neglecting CO2 dissolution in water undermines storage estimation for capture and results in unreliable EOR descriptions. Therefore, to address this, our study focuses on developing a reliable and accurate phase equilibrium calculation package for hydrocarbon-CO2-water three-phase systems, which meets the demanding efficiency and robustness criteria of reservoir simulation. In this paper, we first introduce the methodology of the three-phase equilibrium calculation algorithm, then illustrate the numerical techniques employed to improve computational efficiency and finally demonstrate superior robustness of this algorithm through comprehensive case studies. Our research contributes three key improvements. First, we have increased the reliability of phase behavior descriptions by considering the dissolution of CO2 and hydrocarbon components in water. Second, we have enhanced the robustness of the three-phase equilibrium calculations algorithm, enabling accurate determination of three-phase statuses and fluid behaviors where standard commercial software may fail. Third, our algorithm exhibits notable efficiency improvements, ensuring its suitability for three-phase compositional simulations. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the accurate modeling of hydrocarbon-CO2-water three-phase systems and offer practical solutions for designing effective CO2 reduction strategies.

On the Large-x Asymptotic of the Classical Solutions to the Non-Linear Benjamin Equation in Fractional Sobolev Spaces

In this work, we study the large-x asymptotic of classical solutions to the non-linear Benjamin equation modeling propagation of small amplitude internal waves in a two fluid system. In our analysis, we extend known Hs-well-posedness results to the case of the variable-weight Sobolev spaces. The spaces provide a direct control over the asymptotics of classical solutions and their weak derivatives, and permit us to compute the bulk large-x asymptotic of classical solutions explicitly in terms of input data. The asymptotic formula provides a precise description of the qualitative behaviour of classical solutions in weighted spaces and yields a number of weighted persistence and continuation results automatically.

Black Caregiver Perspectives During a Developmental Diagnostic Interview.

Despite increasing autism prevalence rates across racial and ethnic groups, research has traditionally overlooked the influence of culture on developmental diagnostic conversations. Addressing this gap in research is crucial to understanding and mitigating potential disparities in diagnostic experiences, especially among Black caregivers. Black caregivers encounter frustration and discrimination during the diagnostic process, citing dismissiveness and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare providers. To address these issues, this study centers the perspectives of Black caregivers as they participate in a developmental diagnostic program for toddlers under three years of age. This retrospective qualitative study, conducted exclusively by a Black research team, involved nineteen Black caregivers of thirteen toddlers as they participated in semi-structured interviews conducted by a multidisciplinary clinical team. The research team employed a conceptual content analysis to examine caregivers' descriptions of their children's behaviors and characteristics, as well as the factors and experiences associated with their descriptions. Caregivers provided distinct descriptions of behaviors and characteristics in the categories of language and communication, learning, and temperament, associating them with situational and dispositional factors and experiences. The findings offer valuable insights for implementing culturally responsive diagnostic practices. Additionally, these results may enhance the quality of caregiver-provider interactions during developmental assessment, leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses for Black children.

Confidence control for efficient behaviour in dynamic environments.

Signatures of confidence emerge during decision-making, implying confidence may be of functional importance to decision processes themselves. We formulate an extension of sequential sampling models of decision-making in which confidence is used online to actively moderate the quality and quantity of evidence accumulated for decisions. The benefit of this model is that it can respond to dynamic changes in sensory evidence quality. We highlight this feature by designing a dynamic sensory environment where evidence quality can be smoothly adapted within the timeframe of a single decision. Our model with confidence control offers a superior description of human behaviour in this environment, compared to sequential sampling models without confidence control. Using multivariate decoding of electroencephalography (EEG), we uncover EEG correlates of the model's latent processes, and show stronger EEG-derived confidence control is associated with faster, more accurate decisions. These results support a neurobiologically plausible framework featuring confidence as an active control mechanism for improving behavioural efficiency.

Natural variability and individuality of walking behavior in Drosophila.

Insects use walking behavior in a large number of contexts, such as exploration, foraging, escape and pursuit, or migration. A lot is known on how nervous systems produce this behavior in general and also how certain parameters vary with regard to walking direction or speed, for instance. An aspect that has not received much attention is if and how walking behavior varies across individuals of a particular species. To address this, we created a large corpus of kinematic walking data of many individuals of the fruit fly Drosophila. We only selected instances of straight walking in a narrow range of walking speeds to minimize the influence of high-level parameters, like turning and walking speed, aiming to uncover more subtle aspects of variability. Using high-speed videography and automated annotation we captured the positions of the six leg tips for thousands of steps and used principal components analysis to characterize the postural space individuals used during walking. Our analysis shows that the largest part of walking kinematics can be described by five principal components (PCs). Separation of these five PCs into a 2-dimensional and a 3-dimensional subspace divided the description of walking behavior into invariant features shared across individuals and features that relate to the specifics of individuals; the latter features can be regarded as idiosyncrasies. We also demonstrate that this approach can detect the effects of experimental interventions in an unbiased manner and that general aspects of individuality, such as the the individual walking posture, can be described.