Depth Imaging Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Research Articles

Macular choroidal thickness, volume, and vascularity index in patients with systemic sclerosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate choroidal parameters in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-SD-OCT) and to determine their relationships with clinical variables and ocular features. Thirty-three patients with SSc and 40 controls were enrolled. The groups did not differ with regard to age, sex, and axial length. The mean choroidal thickness and volume were obtained in each conventional Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid subfield. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI), which provides a quantitative analysis of vasculature by calculating the proportion of the luminal area (LA) to the total choroidal area (TCA), was determined. Lower choroidal thickness and volume were observed in the SSc group. The CVI was significantly higher in SSc patients, whereas the TCA, LA, and stromal area were significantly lower in the SSc group; however, the significant difference of the stromal component was more pronounced than that of the luminal component. Regression analyses did not identify any clinical factors associated with the CVI (except Ca-blocker use), central macular thickness, or volume. No significant differences in choroidal parameters were found within the SSc subtypes (diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) vs. limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc)), or between eyes stratified according to SSc pattern (early, active, or late) using nailfold capillaroscopy (p > 0.05 for all). Our results, with notably higher CVI values, may shed new light on choroidal impairment in patients with SSc. Stromal involvement appeared to dominate the vascular component.

Axial Length Control Is Associated With a Choroidal Thickness Increase in Myopic Adolescents After Orthokeratology.

To investigate the changes in choroidal thickness and axial length after orthokeratology in adolescents with low-to-moderate myopia and to explore the relationship between choroidal thickness and axial length variation. Thirty eyes with low-to-moderate myopia were retrospectively studied, and optometric data were collected before and after 6 months of continuous orthokeratology. Axial length and choroidal and foveal thicknesses were measured using optical biometry and enhanced depth imaging-spectral domain optical coherence tomography, respectively. Axial length in the low myopia group increased (P<0.001) after 6 months of orthokeratology, and the variation was greater than that in the moderate myopia group (P<0.05). The subfoveal choroidal thickness in low and moderate myopia groups increased (P<0.01), and the variation was greater in the moderate myopia group (P<0.05). Choroidal thickness in all seven measured spots increased, with the variation of subfovea, nasal 1 mm to fovea, and temporal 1 mm to fovea being statistically significant (P<0.001, P<0.05, and P<0.05). The change in axial length was negatively associated with subfoveal and average choroidal thicknesses (P<0.01). Adolescents with moderate myopia presented better axial length control after 6 months of orthokeratology. The choroidal thickness of low and moderate myopic eyes increased, and the variation was more significant in moderate myopic eyes. The axial length control effects can be associated with an increase in the subfoveal and average choroidal thickness.

Tamoxifen related chorioretinal structural changes

Purpose To evaluate the vascular structure of the choroid and each retinal layer in patients with breast cancer on tamoxifen therapy and compare them with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods 124 eyes of 62 patients with breast cancer who were on tamoxifen therapy (group 1) and 80 eyes of 40 healthy controls (group 2) were included in this prospective cohort study. The structure of the choroid was evaluated using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and choroidal binarisation. Spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) was performed to analyse the peripapillary nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFL) and each retinal layer thickness. A subgroup analysis was performed based on chemotherapy history in Group 1. All parameters were compared between Group 1 and the healthy controls and between the subgroups of Group 1. Results The subfoveal choroidal thickness and temporal and nasal directions were increased in Group 1 when compared with Group 2 (p < 0.05, each comparison). Choroidal vascularity index was significantly decreased in Group 1 compared with Group 2 (63.15 ± 3.11% and 65.37 ± 4.63%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in each retinal layer, pRNFL thickness, and choroid structural parameters between the subgroups of Group 1. Conclusions Increased choroidal thickness may be the initial finding of subclinical tamoxifen-induced retinopathy. Patients with breast cancer undergoing tamoxifen therapy may be screened prior to tamoxifen therapy and followed during treatment by SD-OCT.

Choroidal thickness and effect of sex and age in Africans.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) and the effect of age and gender in healthy Africans using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. In 172 eyes of 88 volunteers, the CT in the central subfoveal (CSF) area and at 2.5 mm superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants was measured. Four eyes were excluded due to poor image quality and image decentration. Simple linear regression was used to measure the effect of age on CT, and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The were 88 male and 84 female eyes, aged 30-80 years. The mean CT was CSF 265.44 ± 6.2 μm; inferior 256.19 ± 70.6 μm; superior 249.92 ± 76.2 μm; temporal 235.51 ± 70.3 μm; and nasal 199.53 ± 69.8 μm. The choroid was thickest in the CSF > Inferior > Superior > Temporal, and the nasal quadrant was thinnest in all age groups. There was a considerable decrease in the CSF with increasing age (P < 0.001). CT in males and females was similar since the difference in mean CSF CT between the genders was 2.085 μm (P = 0.858). Menopausal females had thinner CSF CT compared to premenopausal females (P < 0.001), but this was due to the aging effect. CT decreases significantly with increasing age but shows no gender difference in Africans. A comparison of CT studies from other ethnic nationalities shows some similarity with CT in Africans, suggesting that CT findings from other ethnic groups can be extrapolated to Africans.

Effect of nasal septum deviation on choroidal thickness

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the choroidal thickness in patients with nasal septum deviation using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Patients and Methods: The prospective case-control study included 106 eyes of 53 patients (29 males, 24 females; mean age: 31.2±10.6 years; range, 18 to 50 years) who were detected to have nasal septum deviation by anterior rhinoscopy and nasal endoscopy between April 2020 and July 2020. Seventy-two eyes of 36 healthy participants (20 males, 16 females; mean age: 28.3±10.1 years; range, 18 to 50 years) were included in the control group. The degree of deviation of patients with septum deviation was graded with the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale. Choroidal thickness measurements were performed at subfoveal, temporal, and nasal regions using the EDI-OCT and compared in patients with and without deviation. In addition, the relationship between the severity of septal deviation and choroidal thickness measurements was examined. Results: The mean subfoveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thicknesses in the nasal septum deviation group were 361.0±99.4 μm, 334.5±101.1 μm, and 349.7±93.6 μm, respectively. The mean subfoveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thicknesses in the control group were 381.2±75.5 μm, 345.5±72.8 μm, and 368.6±79.2 μm, respectively. There was no significant difference in choroidal thickness measurements between the groups (p&gt;0.05). However, it was observed that choroidal thickness decreased as the NOSE scale grade increased (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that choroidal thickness measurements are similar between patients with nasal septal deviation and healthy participants and demonstrates a negative correlation between the severity of septum deviation and choroidal thickness.

Comparison of Spectral-Domain OCT versus Swept-Source OCT for the Detection of Deep Optic Disc Drusen.

Deep optic disc drusen (ODD) are located below Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) and may go undetected due to the challenges in imaging them. The purpose of this study is a head-to-head comparison of currently widely used imaging technologies: swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; DRI OCT-1 Triton, Topcon) and enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT; Spectralis OCT, Heidelberg Engineering) for the detection of deep ODD and associated imaging features. The eyes included in this study had undergone high-resolution imaging via both EDI SD-OCT and SS-OCT volume scans, which showed at least one deep ODD or a hyperreflective line (HL). Grading was performed by three graders in a masked fashion. The study findings are based on 46 B-scan stacks of 23 eyes including a total of 7981 scans. For scan images with ODD located above or below the level of BMO, no significant difference was found between the two modalities compared in this study. However, for HLs and other features, EDI SD-OCT scan images had better visualization and less artifacts. Although SS-OCT offers deep tissue visualization, it did not appear to offer any advantage in ODD detection over a dense volume scan via EDI SD-OCT with B-scan averaging.

Border tissue morphology is associated with the pattern of visual field progression in open-angle glaucoma

The etiology of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is yet unclear. This study investigated possible risk factors, such as the morphology of the border tissue that affect the pattern of visual field (VF) progression in eyes with OAG. 166 eyes of 166 OAG patients with an externally oblique border tissue (EOBT) at least in one direction were included. EOBT was obtained by analyzing enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images. A pointwise linear regression was used to determine VF progression by measuring the deterioration rate of each point in the VF. The odds ratio of VF progression for each risk factor was estimated using logistic regression analysis. Seventy (42.2%) eyes showed VF deterioration. In multivariate analysis, longer follow-up period, higher baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), lower mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), and smaller angular location of the longest EOBT were associated with VF progression (all p values were below 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the location of the longest EOBT was significantly associated with inferior (p = 0.002) and central (p = 0.017) VF progression. In conclusion, VF progression pattern in OAG eyes is associated with the location of the longest EOBT as well as other known risk factors.

A comprehensive enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography analysis of pseudoexfoliation spectrum from non-glaucomatous to advanced stage glaucoma in the aspect of Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width.

To compare the correlations between lamina cribrosa (LC) and related structures with Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) and different stages of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG). This prospective cross-sectional study included 32 PXS eyes of 24 patients and 94 PXG eyes (early-stage (n: 55) and advanced-stage glaucoma (n: 39) of 78 patients. Global and six sectors of RNFL thicknesses and BMO-MRW parameters were measured with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode of SD-OCT. Structural parameters; lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT), lamina cribrosa depth (LCD), prelaminar tissue thickness (PLTT), four quadrants of peripapillary choroidal thicknesses (PPCT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured and statistical relationships between the structural parameters have been laid out. We apply the generalized estimating equations method to take into account dependency of right and left eyes. From PXS to mild and advanced PXG groups LCT and PLTT decrease from 147.29 ± 33.10, 145.62 ± 30.64, 126.30 ± 29.14 and 260.93 ± 185.07, 247.27 ± 142.58, 159.89 ± 86.84, respectively, and LCD varies as 159.89 ± 86.84, 420.88 ± 117.80, and 505.64 ± 183.25. The correlations between LCD, LCT, and PLTT and the stage of the disease are significant. BMO-MRW shows slightly stronger correlations than the RNFL with LC related parameters. SFCT does not exhibit any significant relationship with the stage of the disease. However, PPCT in only the interior quadrant does. The significant correlations between LCD and all quadrants of PPCT is the sign of important anatomic relationship. These findings show that the BMO-MRW parameter may be more sensitive than RNFL and can safely be used in the diagnosis and follow-up in PXS and PXG, but this result should be supported with longer and larger series.

Choroidal Thickness in Emmetropia: An Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Study.

Objectives:To investigate and determine the choroidal thickness (CT) in healthy emmetropic Turkish subjects aged between 20 and 40 years using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI-OCT).Methods:This study included 194 eyes of 194 healthy emmetropic subjects. All participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination. Axial length (AL) was measured with optical biometry. CT measurements were performed at subfoveal, 1.0 mm temporal, and 1.0 mm nasal using the EDI-OCT. Central macular thickness (CMT) measurements were also performed at the same time. Participants were divided into two groups; Group 1 (age between 20 and 30 years) and Group 2 (age between 31 and 40 years). CT and CMT were compared among two groups.Results:The mean age of all the subjects was 26.61±6.08 years, the mean AL was 23.44±0.72 mm, and the mean spherical equivalent was −0.11±0.28 Diopter. The mean subfoveal, nasal, and temporal CT was 389.27±86.61 μm, 354.54±86.86 μm, and 368.25±78.69 μm, respectively. Subfoveal and nasal CT of female participants were found thinner than male participants (p=0.013 and p=0.008, respectively). CT and CMT were found similar between Group 1 and Group 2.Conclusion:This study showed that mean subfoveal CT and CMT was 389.27±86.61μm and 268.17±18.76 μm, respectively, among healthy emmetropic Turkish subjects. Females had thinner CT in subfoveal and nasal quadrants. In addition, age did not affect CT between 20 and 40 years.

Comparison of the Stability of Two Intraocular Lenses in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma after Phacoemulsification

Objective. To observe the stability of intraocular lenses (IOLs) in primary angle-closure glaucoma by ultralong scan depth spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (UL-OCT) after phacoemulsification. Methods. A prospective, randomized study. 73 patients (82 eyes) with primary closed-angle glaucoma and age-related cataract were included in the study. 42 eyes were implanted with ZCB00, while 40 eyes were implanted with Softec HD after phacoemulsification. The tilt, decentration, and space between IOL and posterior capsule (IOL-PC space) were analyzed using UL-OCT at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. The intergroup difference was compared with the paired t-test. Result. The difference of decentration and tilt was not statistically significant (both P &gt; 0.05 ) both in the horizontal and vertical positions at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. The horizontal IOL-PC space is 0.111 ± 0.091 mm2, 0.044 ± 0.066 mm2, and 0.055 ± 0.055 mm2 in the Softec HD group and 0.458 ± 0.488 mm2, 0.497 ± 0.363 mm2, and 0.492 ± 0.441 mm2 in the ZCB00 group. The vertical IOL-PC space is 0.102 ± 0.061 mm2, 0.037 ± 0.052 mm2, and 0.053 ± 0.079 mm2 in the Softec HD group and 0.692 ± 0.815 mm2, 0.510 ± 0.415 mm2, and 0.691 ± 0.635 mm2 in the ZCB00 group. The difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05 ) both in the horizontal and vertical positions except for the first week on the horizon. The Softec HD group is smaller than the ZCB00 group. Conclusion. There is no difference in the stability of the IOL although the IOL-PC space is different. The thickness of IOL may affect the IOL-PC space.

The Application of Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases.

The choroid plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various posterior segment diseases. However, traditional imaging methods still have limited cross-sectional observation of choroid. Enhanced depth imaging in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT) uses a closer scanning position to the eye to create an inverted SD-OCT image with the advantage of better depth sensitivity, which can observe choroidal structure and measure choroidal thickness (CT) accurately. At present, more and more choroidal thickness measurements have been made in normal and pathologic states, in order to understand the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, especially for macular lesions. This paper would review relevant original literatures published from January 1, 2008, to February 1, 2020, to evaluate the relationship between the changes of CT with EDI SD-OCT and macular diseases.

Differentiation of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy from Normal Tension Glaucoma by Comparison of the Lamina Cribrosa.

PurposeTo compare lamina cribrosa (LC) morphology between eyes with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and eyes with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in the Korean population.MethodsThis retrospective study included 48 eyes with NAION, 48 eyes with NTG, and 48 healthy control eyes matched by age, intraocular pressure, axial length, and optic disc area. Eyes with NAION and NTG were also matched by retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the affected sector. Optic nerve heads were scanned using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. LC depth (LCD) and the LC curvature index (LCCI) were measured at seven locations spaced equidistantly across the vertical optic disc diameter. LCD and the LCCI were compared in the three groups.ResultsRNFL thicknesses of the matched affected sectors did not differ between the NAION and NTG groups (P = 0.347). LCD and the LCCI were significantly larger in the NTG group than in the NAION and healthy control groups at all seven planes (P < 0.001 each), but were comparable in the NAION and healthy control groups. The LCCI was larger in the affected than in the unaffected sector of NTG eyes (P = 0.010) but did not differ in NAION eyes (P = 1.000). LCD did not differ between affected and unaffected sectors in either NAION (P = 0.600) or NTG (P = 0.098) eyes.ConclusionsLC morphology differed in eyes with NAION and NTG, despite a similar degree of RNFL damage. Evaluation of LC morphology may help to understand the distinctive pathophysiology of NAION and to differentiate NAION from NTG eyes.

Lamina Cribrosa Moves Anteriorly After Trabeculectomy in Myopic Eyes.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate changes in lamina cribrosa (LC) depth after trabeculectomy in myopic eyes using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).MethodsSerial horizontal B-scans of the optic nerve head of 41 myopic eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were obtained before and 3 months after trabeculectomy using EDI SD-OCT. LC depth, defined as the distance from the opening plane of Bruch's membrane to the level of the anterior LC surface, was measured before and 3 months after trabeculectomy at 7 locations spaced equidistantly across the vertical optic disc diameter on B-scan images. The mean of the measurements at these seven planes was defined as the average LC depth. Factors associated with changes in LC depth were identified by linear regression.ResultsIntraocular pressure (IOP) decreased from 26.3 ± 9.3 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) preoperatively to 10.6 ± 3.5 mm Hg 3 months after trabeculectomy. LC depth was significantly lower 3 months after trabeculectomy than preoperatively (P < 0.001, all planes). The magnitude of LC depth reduction was significantly associated with younger age, higher preoperative LC depth, and greater magnitude of IOP reduction (all P ≤ 0.016).ConclusionsLC depth reduction was observed after trabeculectomy in myopic eyes. The degree of LC depth reduction was not related to the degree of myopia.

Macular choroidal thickness in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum measured by enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

To analyze macular choroidal thickness in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Sixty-eight eyes of 34 patients with PXE and 68 normal eyes of 34 controls were included to study the macular area with enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Eyes with PXE were classified in three groups: those without choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or chorioretinal macular atrophy macular (Group 1); those with active CNV (Group 2) and those with macular atrophy secondary to inactive CNV (Group 3). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) was 266.70 ± 46.93µm in control group, 304.24 ± 65.52µm in group 1, 198.55 ± 66.33µm in group 2, and 119.45 ± 63.89µm in group 3 (p = 0.00). Comparison between PXE subgroups showed that subfoveal CT was significantly decreased in group 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (p < 0.0001 for both groups). The CT in the different quadrants (superior, inferior, temporal and nasal) was significantly thinner in group 3, followed by group 2 and 1 in ascendant order. Group 1 showed significant increased thickness compared to the other groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting thicker macular choroid in patients with PXE without active or inactive CNV than in normal eyes. Initial changes in Bruch membrane (MB) and choroid, in addition to the increased oxidative stress, would lead to hyperpermeability of the choroid and alterations of the barrier BM-RPE causing a thick choroid in early stages.

Can subfoveal choroidal thickness replace subjective tests in patients using tadalafil to treat erectile dysfunction?

We aimed to determine the effect on choroidal thickness of daily 5mg tadalafil use in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and to evaluate agreement between short form of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF 1-5, 15) scores and choroidal thickness during follow-up. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was used to measure full choroidal thickness in the subfoveal area, choroidal thickness (CT) and small-choroidal-vessel-layer (SCVL) thickness. Thirty of the 45 patients included complete their follow-ups and exhibited medication continuity. Patients were divided into two groups, five (16.7%) with ED at any level at third-month follow-up, and 25 (83.3%) with no ED, and subgroup analysis was then performed. Median changes in SCVL thickness at first- and sixth-month follow-ups were 20.5µm versus 9.0μm (p=.001) and 23.5µm versus 12.5µm (p=.005) in patients without and with ED respectively. The SCVL thickness increased by 20μm compared with the baseline level, indicating an improvement in the patient's complaints of erectile dysfunction. The level of increase in SCVL thickness can be a useful and objective guide to clinicians if they cannot be present when the IIEF questionnaire is administered.

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Associated Changes of Angiogenic Factors in Women with Severe Preeclampsia.

Severe preeclampsia complicates roughly 1% of all pregnancies. One defining feature of severe preeclampsia is new onset visual disturbance. The accessibility of the choroid to high-resolution, noninvasive imaging makes it a reasonable target of investigation for disease prediction, stratification, or monitoring in preeclampsia. This study aimed to compare subfoveal choroidal thickness between women with severe preeclampsia and those with normotensive pregnancies, and to investigate associations between such findings and other indicators of disease severity, including gestational age and serum angiogenic factors. We designed a case-control study comprised of 36 women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia (cases) matched to 37 normotensive women (controls) by race/ethnicity and parity, all diagnosed in the postpartum period. All patients underwent enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and serum analysis. Cases showed no difference in subfoveal choroidal thickness compared with controls (p = 0.65). Amongst cases, subfoveal choroidal thickness and gestational age at delivery were inversely related (r = 0.86, p < .001). There was a positive association of placental growth factor with subfoveal choroidal thickness amongst cases (r = 0.54, p = 0.002). This study suggests a relationship between the degree of disease severity and the magnitude of choroidal thickening. We also show an association between this index and placental growth factor level in the postpartum period.

The clinical features of posterior scleritis with serous retinal detachment: a retrospective clinical analysis.

To summarize the clinical features, systemic associations, risk factors and choroidal thickness (CT) changing in posterior scleritis (PS) with serous retinal detachment. This retrospective study included 23 patients diagnosed PS with retinal detachment from August 2012 to July 2017. All patients' medical history and clinical features were recorded. The examinations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus examination, and routine eye examinations. Posterior coats thickness (PCT) was determined by B-scan ultrasound, the CT was measured by enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and clinical data were compiled and analyzed. After application of extensive exclusion criteria, 23 patients with PS remained (13 females, 10 males). The average age at presentation was 29.5±9.24 years old. Ocular pain and blurred vision were the two most common complained symptoms by patients. Anterior scleritis occurred in 12 patients, which was confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) examination. Despite all patients displaying serous retinal detachment in their macula, no fluorescein leakage was observed in the macular area. Optic disc swelling was documented in 10 of the 23 eyes. From B-scan ultrasound examination, the PCT increased with fluid in Tenon's capsule demonstrated as a typical T-sign. The average PCT was 2.51±0.81 mm in the PS-affected eyes and only 1.09±0.29 mm in the unaffected eye (P<0.0001). The subfoveal CT was 442.61±55.61 µm, which correlated with axis length (r=-0.65, P=0.001) and PCT (r=0.783, P<0.001). The BCVA and IOP did not correlate with either CT or PCT. PS with serous retinal detachment presented a variety of symptoms, such as pain, visual loss, and physical indicators. Typical T-sign detected by B-scan ultrasound is a useful confirmatory sign for PS diagnosis. Pathological increases in CT might be a potential predictive factor for inflammation.

Relationship Between Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Peripapillary Vessel Density and Lamina Cribrosa Depth.

To investigate the global and regional relationship between the pVD assessed by OCT-A and LCD assessed by enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A total of 38 eyes of 38 healthy subjects and 38 eyes of 38 glaucoma patients were included. Peripapillary microvasculature and lamina cribrosa were imaged by OCT-A and enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT, respectively. The pVD and LCD were measured at temporal, superotemporal, superonasal, nasal, inferonasal, and inferotemporal sectors. Global and regional correlations between pVD and LCD were evaluated in all subjects. The pVD (59.0±2.6 vs. 54.4±5.4%) and LCD (318.5±76.4 vs. 404.6±92.5 μm) were significantly different between healthy and glaucoma subjects. The average pVD assessed by OCT-A was not significantly correlated with average LCD assessed by SD-OCT (r=-0.160, P=0.167). Regional correlation between pVD and LCD was statistically significant only in the inferotemporal sector (r=-0.301 and P=0.008). In the linear regression analysis, reduced pVD was independently associated with decreased visual field mean deviation and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness but not with increased LCD. Global and regional correlations between pVD and LCD were poor except for the inferotemporal sector. This finding suggests that peripapillary microvascular impairment may not result directly from posterior lamina cribrosa displacement.

Association between focal lamina cribrosa defects and optic disc haemorrhage in glaucoma

Background/aimsTo explore the relationship between focal lamina defect (LD) size and optic disc haemorrhages (DH) in glaucomatous eyes.MethodsRadial B-scan images at 15° intervals obtained using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral-domain...

Structure-function relationships in glaucoma using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography-derived parameters: a cross-sectional observational study

BackgroundTo investigate structural and functional correlations in glaucoma patients using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI OCT)-derived parameters.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled healthy participants and glaucomatous patients with a wide range of disease stages. All participants underwent visual field (VF) testing (SITA - Standard 24–2; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and EDI OCT imaging (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering Co., Heidelberg, Germany). The following optic nerve head parameters were measured on serial vertical EDI OCT B-scans by two experienced examiners masked to patients clinical data: lamina cribrosa (LC) thickness and area, prelaminar neural tissue thickness and area, anterior LC depth, Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) and average, superior, and inferior BMO-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW). Only good quality images were considered, and whenever both eyes were eligible, one was randomly selected for analysis. Scatter plots were constructed to investigate correlations between each anatomic parameter and patient’s VF status (based on VF index [VFI] values).ResultsA total of 73 eyes of 73 patients were included. All EDI OCT parameters evaluated differed significantly between glaucomatous and control eyes (P ≤ 0.045). A secondary analysis, in which glaucomatous patients were divided according to VF mean deviation index values into 3 groups (mild [G1; > − 6 dB], moderate [G2; − 6 to − 12 dB] and advanced [G3; <− 12 dB] glaucoma), revealed that average BMO-MRW was the EDI OCT parameter that presented more significant differences between the different stages of glaucoma. Significant structure-function correlations were found between VFI values and prelaminar neural tissue area (R2 = 0.20, P = 0.017), average BMO-MRW (R2 = 0.35, P ≤ 0.001), superior BMO-MRW (R2 = 0.21, P = 0.012), and inferior BMO-MRW (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.002). No significant correlations were found for LC area and anterior LC depth (P ≥ 0.452).ConclusionsEvaluating the distribution pattern and structure-function correlations of different laminar and prelaminar EDI OCT-derived parameters in glaucomatous patients, we found better results for neural tissue-based indexes (compared to LC-derived parameters). The diagnostic utility of each parameter deserves further investigations.