Depth-fused 3D Display Research Articles

Stereo depth‐fused 3D rendering for stacked stereo displays

AbstractWe propose a rendering method that enables the perception of 3D images at precise positions independent of the interocular distance of the observer by combining stacked stereo display and depth‐fused 3D (DFD) display and confirm its effectiveness through evaluation experiments. The depth range that can be expressed in stereo displays causes discomfort in observers because of the discrepancy between vergence and accommodation. However, the depth perceived differs depending on the interocular distance of the observer, resulting in discontinuity of the 3D image. Therefore, we propose a rendering method for stacked stereo displays that is independent of the observer's interocular distance using DFD display.

Paper] Construction of 3D Image and Visibility Improvement of 2D Image Outside 3D Viewing Zone by Edge-Based Depth-Fused 3D Display Using Aerial Image and Rear Display

Paper] Construction of 3D Image and Visibility Improvement of 2D Image Outside 3D Viewing Zone by Edge-Based Depth-Fused 3D Display Using Aerial Image and Rear Display

3D Aerial Display Combining Optical See-Through Aerial Imaging by Retro-Reflection with Depth-Fused 3D Display

3D Aerial Display Combining Optical See-Through Aerial Imaging by Retro-Reflection with Depth-Fused 3D Display

Edge-Based DFD (Depth-Fused 3-D) Display With Enlarged Viewing Angle and Maximum Perceived Depth

We have proposed and developed an “edge-based depth-fused 3-D (DFD) display” in order to solve four problems in conventional DFD displays for many applications. 1) Obscure double imaging and an inappropriate luminance distribution may appear outside the overlap area due to adjusting the ratio of the luminances between the two overlapping images, which have the same shape, in order to control the perceived depth. 2) The viewing angle may be narrow. 3) The maximum perceived depth may be limited. 4) Moreover, the display system is rather thick. An “edge-based” DFD display, which projects a 2-D image of the desired 3-D image and a corresponding edge image with a gap, overcomes problem (1) by adjusting the perceived depth by changing the luminance of only the edge image so that the front or rear image is always a clear 2-D image. It also overcomes problems (2) and (3), respectively, by utilizing head movement and/or by blurring the edge image. The thickness problem (4) is overcome by fusing a DFD display and an arc 3-D display.

Aerial depth-fused 3D image formed with aerial imaging by retro-reflection (AIRR)

We have realized a new type of three-dimensional (3D) aerial image. The aerial image is an image that exists in the mid-air and can be observed without using 3D glasses. We utilized aerial imaging by retro-reflection (AIRR) to form the aerial image. Conventionally, the formed aerial image is a two-dimensional (2D) image. To give depth information, we have designed a new optical system to form two-layered aerial images. We have introduced depth-fused 3D (DFD) display technique. The DFD display is composed of a front image and a rear image. When the front and the rear images are overlapped from the viewing position, the two images are perceived as one depth-fused image. We realized this by overlapping two aerial images, taking advantage of the feature that the aerial image is translucent and we can observe the object behind it while observing the aerial image. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a protruding DFD display which gives depth beyond the gap of the two layers. Thus, we have realized aerial DFD display, which shows a floating 3D aerial image in the mid-air.

360-degree screen-free floating 3D image in a crystal ball using a spatially imaged iris and rotational multiview DFD technologies.

A rotational multiview depth-fused 3D (DFD) display and 360-deg displaying optics using a spatially imaged iris method are proposed to realize a 360-deg 3D image. This method enables displaying clear floating images in a crystal ball. Its symmetric optics provide clear and natural 360-deg images with smooth motion parallax in horizontal and vertical directions using the directional selectivity of a spatially imaged iris method and natural 3D images of a rotational multiview DFD display.

Perceived Depth Change of Depth-Fused 3-D Display with Changing Distance between Front and Rear Planes

We estimated the dependence of the perceived depth on luminance ratio by increasing the distance between the front and rear planes of a depth-fused 3-D (DFD) display. When the distance is great, the perceived depth has the tendency of nonlinear dependence on luminance ratio, which is very different from the almost linear dependence in a short-distance conventional DFD display. In a long-distance DFD display, the perceived depth is split to near the front plane at 0-40% of the rear luminance, near the rear plane at 70-100%, and the midpoint of the front and rear planes at 40-60%. Thus, the luminance-ratio dependence of perceived depth changes widely with the distance.

Invited Paper: Depth reproducibility of multiview depth‐fused 3‐D display

Abstract— A multi‐view depth‐fused 3‐D (DFD) display that provides smooth motion parallax for wide viewing angles is proposed. A conventional DFD display consists of a stack of two transparent emitting screens. It can produce motion parallax for small changes in observation angle, but its viewing zone is rather narrow due to the split images it provides in inclined views. On the other hand, even though multi‐view 3‐D displays have a wide viewing angle, motion parallax in them is discrete, depending on the number of views they show. By applying a stacked structure to multi‐view 3‐D displays, a wide‐viewing‐angle 3‐D display with smooth motion parallax was fabricated. Experimental results confirmed the viewing‐zone connection of DFD displays while the calculated results show the feasibility of stacked multi‐view displays.

New depth-fused 3-D perception on 3-D display system using two stereoscopic displays

We describe a new type of depth-fused 3-D (DFD) perception that occurs when watching a display system that uses two stereoscopic displays instead of two 2-D displays in a conventional DFD display. Subjective tests for this display revealed that two 3-D images of the same shape displayed by the two stereoscopic displays were fused into one 3-D image when they were viewed as overlapping as in a conventional DFD display in which two 2-D images are fused. The perceived depth of the fused 3-D image depends on both the luminance ratio of the two 3-D images and their depth specified by binocular disparity. This result demonstrates that DFD perception is dominated by the effects of binocular disparity and image intensity, i.e., the effect of the depth of focus is much weaker.

前後２面のＬＣＤを積層した小型ＤＦＤディスプレイ

We have developed a compact 3-D display using a depth-fused 3-D (DFD) visual illusion in which two overlapped images with edges displayed at different depths can be perceived as a 3-D image.To make the display compact, we utilize the apparent luminance summation at two transparent LCDs instead of direct luminance sum-mation.Moving color 3-D images can thus be shown on a compact display.Our compact DFD display is promising for various applications, such as cellular phones, PDAs, and PC monitors.

53.3: A New Method for Protruding Apparent 3‐D Images in the DFD (Depth‐Fused 3‐D) Display

AbstractWe have found a new method in which two overlapped images displayed at different depths can be perceived as an image protruding outside the region of the two images. This enables a deeper 3‐D imaging area in the DFD display, when the two images have opposite signs of luminance difference between an object in the images and the surroundings.