Depressive Symptoms In Older Adults Research Articles

Chronic exercise effects on overall depression severity and distinct depressive symptoms in older adults: A protocol of a systematic and meta-analytic review.

There is high evidence that chronic exercise benefits overall depression severity in older adults. However, late-life depression is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestation emphasizing the need for more individualized exercise intervention programs. Therefore, the objective of the proposed review is to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on overall depression severity and on different symptoms of depression in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including older adults with a mean age of at least 60 years, and by considering the moderating effects of intervention characteristics and individual characteristics. This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). We will use the Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes-Study design (PICOS) criteria for study inclusion and will search the following database sources for relevant RCTs: Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, APA Psycinfo, SPORTDiscuss, Cochrane. Two independent reviewers will conduct the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Disagreement will be solved by a third reviewer. Primary outcome will be changes in overall depression severity and secondary outcomes will encompass changes in symptoms of depression as defined by the DSM-5, such as sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, mood, apathy, changes in weight, information processing speed, and executive functions, from baseline until the end of the intervention and to any available intermediary measurement or follow up. Meta-analysis will be undertaken to synthesize the effects of chronic exercise on primary and secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis will investigate the moderating effects of intervention characteristics (frequency, intensity, duration, type of exercise, cognitive demand, social interactions, exercise supervision, behavioral change techniques, compliance, study design, dropout-rate, type of control group) and individual characteristics (age, sex, education, functional capacity, global cognition, population) on primary and secondary outcomes. Additionally, we plan to assess quality of evidence and publication bias, and to carry out sensitivity analysis. The results of the proposed review are anticipated to have a substantial impact on research and clinical practice. On the one hand, the review's conclusions could form the foundation for developing evidence-based recommendations for individualized exercise programs that alleviate depression in older adults. On the other hand, by revealing research gaps, the review results could encourage the formulation of research questions for further RCTs. This protocol has been published in the Prospero repository (PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022361418, available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022361418).

Lifestyle redesign, quality of life, depressive symptoms in older adults

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the Israeli Lifestyle Program (ILP) on older adults’ quality of life (QoL) and depressive symptoms. The study employed a non-randomized controlled pre-post intervention design, (N = 99), ages 60+ years, living independently in the community. The ILP group (n = 79) participated in 15 weekly group meetings and two individual sessions. The control group (n = 20) received an educational booklet based on the ILP content. Participants completed the (WHOQoL-BREF) and a Personal Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) pre and post intervention. At baseline, no significant differences were found between the groups. Post-intervention, the ILP group values improved in the psychological (p < .001, η2 = .154), social relationship (p < .001, η2 = .131), and environmental (p = .002, η2 = .105) domains of the WHOQoL- BREF, whereas no change was found in these domains among the control group. Physical QoL increased beyond group (p = .020, η2 = .056), although not significantly. ILP participants showed no change in the depressive symptom report (p = .424, η2 = .007), whereas participants in the control group, reported more depressive symptoms (p = .009, η2 = .070). The ILP was found to increase participants’ QoL and deemed as a promising health enhancement intervention for community-dwelling older adults.

COVID-19 and depressive symptoms among older adults in South Korea

This study analyzed the effects of COVID-19 and gender differences in depressive symptoms in older adults using data from the 7th (2018) and 8th (2020) surveys of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A panel two-way-fixed effects model was used to control for individual fixed effects and time effects. A 0.1% point increase in the intensity of COVID-19 was associated with an average increase of 1.5 points out of 10 on the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CES-D10) among older adults. The increase in depression was greater among women. Depressive factors due to COVID-19 among older adults are more likely to be related to negative emotions or interpersonal relationships than to physical and behavioral decline. Depression prevention policies for older adults should be informed by these gender differences. While older men require assistance with instrumental activities of daily living such as housework, meal preparation, etc., older women should be provided with online socialization opportunities to interact with others.

The effects of pension on depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: A moderated multiple mediator model.

This study investigates the impact of pension on depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. Additional effort is made to test the mediating effect of multidimensional downward intergenerational support and the moderating effect of age on this relationship. A total of 1828 Chinese older community-dwellers who met our inclusion criteria are drawn from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Multivariate regression modeling is applied to analyze the effect of pensions on depressive symptoms of older adults. Additionally, bootstrap method with resampling strategies is used to estimate the mediating effect of three dimensions of downward intergenerational support (instrumental, emotional, and financial support). Further, Johnson-Neyman technique is employed to analysis and visualize the moderating effect of age. The findings reveal a significant inverse relationship between pension levels and depressive symptoms (B=-6.664, SE=2.826, p<0.05). The analysis shows that downward intergenerational emotional support (B=-0.195, Boot SE=0.103, 95% Boot CI [-0.404, -0.003]) serves as a partial mediator in this relationship. Furthermore, the results highlight the moderating role of age in the linkage between pension and depressive symptoms (B=0.065, SE=0.039, p<0.1). This investigation is pioneering in simultaneously assessing the mediating role of multidimensional downward intergenerational support and the moderating effect of age in the context of pension and depressive symptoms. The study underscores the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach in devising comprehensive intervention strategies. These should encompass pension policy consultation, respite services, and other crucial elements aimed at mitigating the severity or reducing the risk of depressive symptoms among the older adults.

Network Analysis Revealed the Role of Helplessness as a Central Feature Among Late-Life Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Stage Dementia.

It has been reported that depressive symptoms in older adults are different from those in younger adults, especially when accompanied by cognitive decline. However, few studies have investigated the network structure of depressive symptoms in this population. The participants consisted of 627 older adults (>60 yr) who were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early stage dementia. Among them, 36.7% were male and the mean age was 76.20±7.71 years. The Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) was used to evaluate their depressive symptoms and network analyses were performed using bootnet R-package to identify the central features among depressive symptoms. Of all the KGDS items, we found that KGDS 2 (often feel helpless) had the highest node strength followed by KGDS 21 (in good spirits), KGDS 14 (not confident at all), and KGDS 15 (cheerful and happy). In terms of node betweenness, KGDS 2 also showed the highest value. The edge weights of edges connected to node KGDS 2 were strongest in KGDS 3 (restless and fidgety) and KGDS 28 (easily get tired). In this study, we presented which symptoms are central among the elderly with MCI and early stage dementia. This result not only increases the understanding of depressive symptoms in this group but would also help determine target symptoms in the treatment program.

Sense of Freedom in the Golden Years: Disentangling the Complex Ties Between Community Safety Concerns and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life.

This study investigates the "Negative Spillover Effect"-a conceptual framework that highlights the correlation between older adults' community safety concerns and depressive symptoms. It explores the moderating influence of the sense of freedom in this relationship. Through the analysis of data from 3408 participants in the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey, employing a two-stage least squares regression approach, the study uncovers the intricate role of the sense of freedom in influencing the depressive symptoms of older adults based on their community safety concerns. The sense of freedom serves as a protective factor against the adverse psychological effects of community safety concerns when they are strong. However, this protective role diminishes when coupled with a low perception of the fair match between labor input and living condition rewards. The study underscores the importance of addressing and mitigating the negative spillover effect to foster sustainable and equitable community development. Reducing these adverse effects is essential for enhancing the mental health and well-being of the older demographic.

Association between Oral Health and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Dietary Diversity.

Diet is a modifiable factor in healthy population aging. Additionally, oral health and diet are important factors affecting depressive symptoms. To assess the mediating role of dietary diversity (DD) in oral health and depressive symptoms in older adults, we selected 8442 participants aged ≥ 65 years from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS) for a cross-sectional study. Depressive symptoms were determined based on scores on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10). Dietary diversity scores (DDS) were established based on the frequency of intake of food groups. Oral health was measured by denture use and toothbrushing frequency. Stepwise multiple linear regression and PROCESS macros were used for mediated effects analysis and testing. The sample had a positive detection rate of 44.1% for depressive symptoms, 40.8% for denture use, and 41.9% for once-a-day toothbrushing. Denture use (ρ = -0.077, p < 0.01) and toothbrushing frequency (ρ = -0.115, p < 0.01) were negative predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults. DD significantly mediated the association between denture use (indirect effect -0.047; 95%CI: -0.068-0.028; p < 0.001), toothbrushing frequency (indirect effect -0.041; 95%CI: -0.054-0.030; p < 0.001), and depressive symptoms. Denture use and toothbrushing frequency not only directly reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in older adults, but also indirectly affect depressive symptoms through DD.

Trajectories of depressive symptom and its association with air pollution: evidence from the Mr. OS and Ms. OS Hong Kong cohort study

BackgroundDepression is a global health priority. Maintaining and delaying depressive symptoms in older adults is a key to healthy aging. This study aimed to identify depressive symptom trajectories, predictors and mortality, while also exploring the relationship between air quality and depressive symptoms in older adults in the Hong Kong community over 14 years.MethodsThis study is a longitudinal study in Hong Kong. The target population was community-dwelling older adults over age 65. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Group-based trajectory model was used to identify heterogeneity in longitudinal changes over 14 years and examine the associations between baseline variables and trajectories for different cohort members using multinomial logistic regression. The Kaplan–Meier method was employed to conduct survival analysis and explore the variations in survival probabilities over time among different trajectory group. Linear mixed model was used to explore the relationship between air quality and depressive symptoms.ResultsA total of 2828 older adults were included. Three different trajectories of depressive symptoms in older people were identified: relatively stable (15.4%), late increase (67.1%) and increase (17.5%). Female, more number of chronic diseases, poor cognitive function, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were significantly associated with other less favorable trajectories compared with participants with stable levels of depressive symptoms. The late increase group had a lower mortality rate than the relatively stable and increased groups. Lower baseline ambient air pollutant exposure to NO2 over 14 years was significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that a late increase in depressive symptoms was the predominant trend in older Chinese people in Hong Kong. Poorer HRQOL was predictive of less favorable trajectories of depressive symptoms. Ambient air pollution was associated with depressive symptoms. This novel observation strengthens the epidemiological evidence of longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms and associations with late-life exposure to air pollution.

Relationship between Pain and Dementia: The Mediating Effect of Depression among Chinese Elderly.

Chronic pain poses a significant problem for older adults and may potentially impact cognitive function. This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between pain severity and cognitive function in elderly individuals residing in the community. Additionally, this study sought to examine the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between pain and dementia. The study sample was derived from the 2018 China Health and Aging Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), comprising cross-sectional data from 4559 community residents aged 65 years or older. The primary outcome assessed was the occurrence of dementia, while the main independent variable was pain severity (none, little, somewhat, quite a bit, very). Depression score served as the mediating factor. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between depression and the occurrence of pain and dementia. An intermediate model was constructed by stepwise regression. The study indicates a significant association between cognitive impairment and both chronic pain and depressive symptoms in older adults living in China. Individuals who frequently report experiencing pain exhibit a higher likelihood of developing dementia when compared to those who do not report any pain (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, depressive symptoms significantly mediate the relationship between pain and dementia, with the mediating effect accounting for 65.25%. Chronic pain not only directly impacts patients' cognitive function but also indirectly exacerbates cognitive impairment through depressive symptoms as a mediating variable. For elderly individuals experiencing depressive symptoms, it is important to provide appropriate psychological treatment in conjunction with pain management strategies.

Urban-Rural Differences in Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Its Related Factors Among Older Adults: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

Purpose: Many studies exist on factors associated with depressive symptoms in urban and rural older adults; however, studies using a longitudinal design are scarce. This study aimed to determine whether there is a difference in the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their associated risk factors over time between urban and rural areas using a longitudinal sample of Korean older adults. Methods: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2020) of older adult participants ≥65 years without depressive symptoms were analyzed. A generalized estimating equation model was employed for repeated measures analysis. Results: As the time of living in the area increased, the prevalence risk of depressive symptoms in older adults increased in urban areas compared to rural areas in adjusted Model 2. In urban areas, less social contact with neighbors was significantly associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms. In rural areas, occasional social contact with children was significantly associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was associated with five components of successful aging with some variations observed based on urban and rural residential areas. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that understanding the longitudinal impact of residence on depressive symptoms provides valuable insights into the relationship between urban/rural areas and depressive symptoms. This study highlights the need for nursing intervention efforts aimed at promoting successful aging and increasing social contact with children or neighbors.

Study protocol for a comparative randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi and conventional exercise training on alleviating depression in older insomniacs

BackgroundInsomnia and depression are prevalent mental disorders that are often comorbid among older adults. Lifestyle intervention strategies incorporating Tai Chi or conventional exercise have been shown to alleviate symptoms of insomnia and depression. However, the comparative efficacy of these exercise modalities in individuals with both disorders has yet to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of Tai Chi and conventional exercise for reducing depressive symptoms in older adults with chronic insomnia and depressive symptoms, when compared to a health education control. MethodsThis study is a prospective, assessor-blinded, three-arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. Older adults aged ≥60 years with a diagnosis of chronic insomnia and depressive symptoms will be randomly assigned to a Tai Chi, conventional exercise or health education control condition on a 1:1:1 basis. Interventions will last for 3 months, with a 6-month follow-up period. The primary outcome is depressive symptoms, assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes include subjective sleep quality, 7-day actigraphy, 7-day sleep diary, anxiety symptoms, quality of life, medication usage and physical function. All measurements will be conducted at baseline, 3 months and 9 months by outcome assessors who are blinded to group allocation. DiscussionThis study will compare the efficacy of Tai Chi and conventional exercise in improving depression outcomes in older adults with chronic insomnia and depressive symptoms. Our results will shed light on the clinical potential of these interventions for combating insomnia and depression in older adults.

The longitudinal relationship between leisure activities and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults: an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis approach

BackgroundExisting studies have shown a correlation between leisure activities and depressive symptoms in older adults, but the direction of the longitudinal relationship is inconsistent. This study used an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine the longitudinal relationship between leisure activity participation and geriatric depression.MethodsA total of 7,138 participants aged 60 years or older from the 2nd to the 4th wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analysed.ResultsFirst, present depressive symptoms were significantly associated with future depressive symptoms (β2013-2015 = .893, p < .001; β2015-2018 = .946, p < .001), and the same rule applied to leisure activities (β2013-2015 = .402, p < .001; β2015-2018 = .404, p < .001). Second, current depressive symptoms negatively predicted future leisure activities (β2013-2015 = –.071, p < .001; β2015-2018 = –.085, p < .001), but the inverse relationship was not statistically significant (β2013-2015 = –.003, p > .05; β2015-2018 = –.003, p > .05).ConclusionThese findings underscore the importance of interventions targeting depressive symptoms to potentially enhance engagement in leisure activities among older adults. The results contribute to the understanding of the complex dynamics between mental health and lifestyle choices in older populations, highlighting the potential of proactive mental health interventions to improve overall well-being.

Above and Beyond Number of Illnesses: A Two-Sample Replication of Current Approaches to Depressive Symptoms in Multimorbidity

ABSTRACT Objectives To expand current models of depressive symptoms in older adults with multimorbidity (MM) beyond the number of illnesses as a predictor of worsened mental health. Methods Two-sample replication study of adults ≥62 years old with ≥ two chronic illnesses, who completed validated questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms, and disease- and treatment-related stressors. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Results The model of cumulative number of illnesses was worse at explaining variance in depressive symptoms (Sample 1 R2 = .035; Sample 2 R2 = .029), compared to models including disease- and treatment-related stressors (Sample 1 R2 = .37; Sample 2 R2 = .47). Disease-related stressors were the strongest factor associated with depressive symptoms, specifically, poor subjective cognitive function (Sample 1: b = -.202, p = .013; Sample 2: b = -.288, p < .001) and greater somatic symptoms (b = .455, p < .001; Sample 2: b = .355, p < .001). Conclusions Using the number of illnesses to understand depressive symptoms in MM is a limited approach. Models that move beyond descriptive relationships between MM and depressive symptoms are needed. Clinical implications Providers should consider the role of somatic symptom management in patients with MM and depressive symptoms.

Exploring the interplay of frailty, physical function, physical activity, nutritional status, and their association with quality of life and depressive symptoms in older adults with the frailty phenotype.

This study aimed to explore the interplay between frailty, physical function, physical activity, nutritional status, and their impact on the quality of life and depressive status in older adults with frailty. A cross-sectional study involving 235 pre-frail/frail older adults residing in Spanish communities was conducted. Frailty was assessed using Fried's criteria, physical function was evaluated using the Short Physical Performance Battery, and physical activity levels were measured via wrist-worn accelerometers. Nutritional status was determined using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment alongside anthropometric measurements. Quality of life was gauged using the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level, while depressive status was assessed using the Yesavage 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression analyses were employed to elucidate the associations of these factors with quality of life and depression. Our findings revealed significant correlations between various factors and quality of life. Notably, reported fatigue (β=-0.276, p=0.002), performance in the 4-m gait test (β=-0.242, p=0.001), the score on the short version of the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (β=0.312, p=0.002), and engagement in light physical activity (β=0.180, p=0.023) were all found to be associated with quality of life. In terms of depressive symptoms, the Mini-Nutritional Assessment score emerged as a protective factor (Odds ratio, OR: 0.812, p<0.001), as did participation in moderate physical activity (OR: 0.988, p=0.028). Conversely, fatigue (OR: 3.277, p=0.003) and a slow gait speed (OR: 1.136, p=0.045) were identified as risk factors for depressive symptoms. This study underscores the detrimental association of fatigue and slow gait speed on both quality of life and depressive status among older adults with frailty. In contrast, engaging in physical activity and addressing malnutrition risk emerge as critical protective factors for enhancing quality of life and ameliorating depressive symptoms in this population. This is a study that uses cross-sectional data from a trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05610605).

The Role of Muscular Strength on the Relationship between Number of Chronic Diseases and Depressive Symptom in Older Adults

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether muscular strength modulates the relationship between the number of chronic diseases (NCD) and depression in older adults of Korean descent.METHODS: Data from the Living Profiles of Older People Survey including 10,097 older adults of Korean descent aged ≥65 years were used. Depressive symptoms were defined as a score of ≥8 on the self-administered Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Muscular strength was assessed through a self-reported questionnaire. Chronic diseases comprising the NCD were defined as physician-diagnosed long-term conditions.RESULTS: Depressive symptoms were more prevalent as the NCD increased in both male (odds ratio [OR]=2.650; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.214-3.172, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) and female (OR=2.261; 95%CI: 1.880-2.720, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) patients. Similarly, depressive symptoms increased as muscular strength decreased in both male (OR=2.323, 95%CI: 1.757-3.073, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) and female (OR=2.280, 95%CI: 1.886-2.775, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001) patients, even after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking education, and marriage. Moderation analysis showed that the effects of the NCD on depressive symptoms was modulated by muscular strength (β=0.557, 95%CI=0.222-0.891, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.001), even after adjustments for all the covariates.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that muscular strength plays a beneficial role in the NCD and depressive symptoms in older adults of Korean descent.

A predictive model for medication adherence in older adults with heart failure.

Although many studies have examined the predictors of medication adherence (MA), further empirical research is required to clarify the best model for predicting MA for older adults with heart failure (HF). Thus, we hypothesized a model in which information (knowledge), motivation (social support and depressive symptoms), and behavioural skills (barriers to self-efficacy) would be associated with MA in patients with HF. Using a cross-sectional survey, 153 adults aged ≥ 65 years taking medication for HF were recruited from a university hospital in Korea. Data were collected based on the information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) model constructs and MA. In the hypothesized path model, self-efficacy was directly related to MA (β = -0.335, P = 0.006), whereas social support was indirectly related to MA through self-efficacy (β = -0.078, P = 0.027). Depressive symptoms were directly related to MA (β = 0.359, P = 0.004) and indirectly related to MA through self-efficacy (β = 0.141, P = 0.004). The hypothesized MA model showed a good fit for the data. Knowledge, social support, and depressive symptoms accounted for 44.3% of the variance in self-efficacy (P = 0.004). Left ventricular ejection fraction, knowledge, social support, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy explained 64.4% of the variance in MA (P = 0.004). These results confirmed the IMB model's suitability for predicting MA in older adults with HF. These findings may guide and inform intervention programmes designed to alleviate depressive symptoms in older adults with HF and enhance their HF knowledge, social support, and self-efficacy, with the ultimate goal of improving their MA.

Gender difference on the mediation effects of filial piety on the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depressive symptoms in older adults: A community-based study.

Filial piety is viewed as strong family support for older Chinese people, and strongly associated with depressive symptoms. It is unknown if there exists gender difference in the mediation effects of filial piety on the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (manifested as lung function) and depression. We investigated whether filial piety mediates the association between lung function and depression in community-dwelling older men and women using the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST). Community dwelling adults aged 65 and above were analyzed. Pulmonary function, depressive symptoms, and filial piety expectation (FPE) and receipt of filial piety (RFP) were collected. The interaction and mediation of filial piety between lung function and depression was analyzed. We found that in older men, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was inversely correlated with depression (β = -0.1281, p = 0.004) with no mediation effect of FPE. In older women, FEV1 was negatively associated with FPE, but FPE did not increase the risk of depression (β = 0.0605, p = 0.12). In both older men and women, FEV1 was negatively associated with RFP, while RFP reduced the risk of depression (p< 0.001). In older women, the correlation between FEV1 was complete mediation of RFP. Results indicate that feelings of insufficient filial piety may increase the likelihood of depression, especially in elderly women with worse lung function. Although modest, the main mediation effect of filial piety was improvement of lung function in older subjects, which might decrease depression.

A Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Training for Cognitively Preserved Adults in Liguria, Italy

In this study, we examined the effects of memory training on cognitive function and depressive symptoms in a cohort of 794 healthy adults aged 50 years or older. Participants were divided into an active intervention group and a passive intervention group, with various cognitive measures assessed over a one-year period. Univariate analysis revealed that the active intervention group consistently outperformed the passive group in measures of memory self-perception (Memory Complaint Questionnaire—MACQ), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale—GDS-4), verbal memory and recall ability (A3LP), and verbal fluency (VF). Significant differences in MACQ scores were observed between the two groups at all time points, indicating enhanced memory self-perception in the active group. GDS-4 scores consistently favored the active group, suggesting a reduction in depressive symptoms. A3LP scores demonstrated that the active group had better verbal memory and recall abilities. VF scores consistently favored the active group, indicating superior language skills and cognitive flexibility. Linear regression model and mixed linear regression model reinforced these findings, with highly significant interaction effects observed between the active/passive group, gender, age, education, and time. These effects were particularly pronounced for MACQ and A3LP scores, indicating the combined impact of these factors on memory self-perception and verbal memory. This study highlights the positive impact of memory training intervention on cognitive function and depressive symptoms in older adults and underscores the importance of considering gender, age, and education in cognitive interventions. Notably, these benefits persist for up to six months from the end of the program. The results provide valuable insights into cognitive changes in aging populations and suggest that tailored memory training programs can yield significant improvements.

The association between functional disability and depressive symptoms among older adults: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that depressive symptoms in older adults was associated with functional disability, including basic activities of daily living (BADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). However, little is known about the impact of different patterns of functional disability and new-onset functional disability on subsequent depressive symptoms. ObjectiveTo determine the effect of various patterns of functional disability and new-onset functional disability on depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults aged 60 years and above. MethodThe study included 3242 older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which was conducted from 2011 to 2018. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the associations between patterns of functional disability and depressive symptoms. The associations were also examined in the population with new-onset functional disability. ResultDuring 15,321 person-years of follow-up, 946 depressive symptoms occurred. The hazard ratios (HRs) of depressive symptoms were 1.29 (95 % confidence intervals [CI]: 1.05–1.58) for IADLs disability, 1.22 (95 % CI: 0.75–1.55) for BADLs disability, and 1.78 (95 % CI: 1.41–2.22) for both IADLs and BADLs disabilities. In the analysis of new-onset functional disability, the HRs were 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06–2.13) for onset IADLs disability, 1.28 (95 % CI: 0.85–1.91) for onset BADLs disability, and 1.69 (95 % CI: 1.03–2.76) for both onset BADLs and IADLs disabilities. LimitationsDepressive symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, which has limitations in diagnosing clinical depression. ConclusionFunctional disability increases the risk of depressive symptoms, particularly impaired IADLs function. Psychological care for older adults with functional disability should be strengthened.

Association between healthy eating and depression symptoms among Chinese older adults: A cross-sectional study based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity survey

IntroductionThis study aimed to assess the relationship between the healthy eating index (HEI) and depression symptoms in an older adult population using the Chinese Longevity Health Survey. MethodsThe HEI was constructed based on the frequency of intake of 13 dietary variables, with higher scores indicating better diet quality. Depression symptoms was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 scale. We used multivariate binary logistic regression to explore the association between the HEI and depression symptoms and reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). ResultsA total of 12,078 older adults were included. The average HEI for this group of older adults was 26.4 ± 7.1. After adjusting for covariates, compared with participants in the lowest quartile of a healthy eating index, those in the second to the fourth quartile group had a 0.93- (95 % CI: 0.83 to 1.03), 0.84- (95 % CI: 0.75 to 0.95) and 0.69- (95 % CI: 0.62 to 0.77) fold risk of depression symptoms, respectively. Restricted cubic spline curves showed that the risk of depression symptoms decreased with increasing HEI, especially above 26, and for each unit increase in the HEI, the risk of depression symptoms in older adults decreased by 3 % (OR = 0.97; 95 % CI: 0.96 to 0.99). ConclusionsThis study found an association between higher levels of the HEI and reduced risk of depression symptoms in older Chinese adults. This result emphasizes the need to focus on dietary diversity in older adults to promote healthy aging.