Onset Of Depression Research Articles

A systematic review of the effects of rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing depressive symptoms

There is still potential room for improving the effectiveness of standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in preventing the onset of depression, achieving full remission, and preventing relapse or recurrence of depression. Standard CBT seems less effective in reducing depressive rumination, a key risk factor leading to the onset and persistence of depression. To improve treatment efficacy for depression, rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (RFCBT) was developed, which was modified from CBT and specifically targeted to manage rumination. This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of RFCBT by evaluating whether RFCBT could contribute to reducing depressive symptoms pre-post intervention. A literature search was conducted up to April 30, 2024, across four English-language databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase. The search terms employed were: (depress* OR mood OR affect OR rumination) AND (“Rumination Focused Cognitive behavio* Therapy” OR RFCBT). Among the initial 328 studies identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria, of which 10 were randomized controlled trials. Intervention characteristics and results were narratively synthesized to address the review aims. This review found preliminary evidence that the RFCBT could eliminate depressive symptoms post-intervention, and might prevent individuals from developing depression, alleviate depressive symptoms, and prevent relapse of depression, as well as reduce rumination. RFCBT could be promoted to treat depressive symptoms, especially for those with a high tendency toward rumination. However, more studies with rigorous designs are required to confirm its efficacy across different stages of depression. Future studies could compare RFCBT with other psychotherapies, dismantle the psychological therapies to identify their effective components, and explore which specific groups of people might benefit most from this intervention.

Psychological interventions to prevent the onset of major depression in adults: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

Psychological interventions are increasingly discussed as a method to prevent major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults who already experience subthreshold depressive symptoms. In this individual participant data meta-analysis, we quantify the effect of preventive interventions against control on MDD onset in this population, and explore effect modifiers. In this systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis, we screened full-texts of eligible studies within the Metapsy research domain for articles on psychological interventions for depression, from database inception to May 1, 2023, published in English, German, Spanish, and Dutch. We included individual participant data of randomised trials comparing psychological interventions with a control group regarding their effects on MDD onset in adults with subthreshold depressive symptoms but no MDD at baseline, confirmed by standardised diagnostic interviews. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. Effect on the onset of MDD (the primary outcome) and moderators were analysed using one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis. Survival analyses were conducted to examine effects on time to MDD onset within 12 months. We involved people with related lived experience in the study design and implementation. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42017058585. 30 of 42 eligible randomised controlled trials with 7201 participants (2227 [30·9%] male, 4957 [68·9%] female, and 17 [0·2%] preferred not to report their sex) were included in our analysis (3697 participants had intervention and 3504 participants had control). The mean age of participants was 49·9 years (SD 19·2). Of the 3152 participants with reported ethnicity, 1608 (51·0%) were White. Five studies received a high risk of bias rating. Psychological interventions were associated with significantly reduced MDD incidence at post-treatment (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0·57 [95% CI 0·35-0·93]; τ2=0·29; 18 studies), within 6 months (0·58 [0·39-0·88]; τ2=0·11; 18 studies), and within 12 months (0·67 [0·51-0·88]; τ2=0·05; 19 studies). No significant effect was observed at 24 months (IRR 1·16 [95% CI 0·66-2·03]; τ2=0·10; six studies). Preventive effects were stronger for individuals who had not previously had psychotherapy (IRR 0·39 [95% CI 0·25-0·62]) compared with those who had received psychotherapy before (0·92 [0·61-1·36]; p=0·029; seven studies). Although no overall linear association was identified, higher baseline depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and anxiety symptom (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) scores were associated with greater reductions in MDD onset risk. On the study level, delivery type appeared to moderate outcomes, with conference telephone calls being more effective than delivery via face-to-face, internet-based, and other formats (p=0·002), albeit based on only two studies of conference telephone calls with four comparisons. Other factors (eg, age) showed no significant differential effects. Our findings show the effectiveness of preventive psychological interventions for subthreshold depressive symptoms. Tailoring interventions to consider participant-level and study-level factors could help to increase the impact of such interventions on a population level. None.

The impact of tea consumption on the risk of depression: A Mendelian randomization and Bayesian weighting algorithm study.

The precise impact of tea consumption on the risk of depression remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the consumption patterns of tea and the likelihood of depression onset, utilizing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology. We utilized available genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets on tea intake and depressive disorders. To investigate the causal relationship between tea consumption and depression, we employed a set of two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods. These included the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis, weighted median approach, and MR-Egger regression. Additionally, we utilized MR-PRESSO and the MR-Egger intercept test for the detection of pleiotropic effects. To ensure the robustness and consistency of our findings, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, applying the 'leave-one-out' strategy. The Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization (BWMR) was employed to conduct additional testing on the obtained results. The study's outcomes revealed a causal association between increased tea intake and an increased risk of depression (Inverse-Variance Weighted Analysis: Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.029, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.003-1.055, p = 0.027). This was observed despite variations in instrumental variables and the nonexistence of horizontal pleiotropy. Furthermore, the robustness of our Mendelian Randomization investigation was affirmed through the implementation of the 'leave-one-out' method in our sensitivity analysis. The findings from BWMR were in line with those obtained from IVW (BWMR: OR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.003-1.057, p = 0.029). The results from this study indicate a substantial and positive causal link between the regularity of tea drinking and the risk of depression onset.

The application of integrating electroencephalograph-based emotion recognition technology into brain–computer interface systems for the treatment of depression: a narrative review

Dysregulation of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, along with alterations in P300 amplitude and abnormalities in the theta and beta bands, has been closely linked to the onset and pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, integrating electroencephalograph-based emotion recognition technology into brain‒computer interface systems offers the potential for real-time identification and modulation of emotional states through continuous interaction between the brain‒computer interface system and brain activity. This closed-loop system could precisely control neural stimulation in brain regions associated with emotional disorders, potentially alleviating the distressing memories of traumatic events. Although the efficacy of the brain‒computer interface in treating depression still requires validation through extensive clinical trials, its inherent real-time feedback and adaptive capabilities present a promising avenue for depression therapy. This review aims to explore the neuroanatomical mechanisms and neural activity patterns associated with depression and evaluate the potential of brain‒computer interface technology as a treatment modality. The objectives include summarizing key brain regions and neural networks involved in depression, analyzing their activity patterns, and assessing the impact of brain‒computer interface technology on these regions to provide theoretical support for future clinical trials. Significant functional abnormalities have been identified in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of patients with depression. The gray matter density, functional connectivity, and neural activity in these regions are closely associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Common features in patients with depression include a reduced P300 amplitude and increased θ and α current density. Brain‒computer interface technology has demonstrated potential in modulating these abnormal neural activities, particularly in emotion recognition and regulation. When combined with techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation, brain‒computer interface may provide effective interventions for managing emotional states in patients with depression. This review confirms the association between depression and functional abnormalities in specific brain regions and suggests that brain‒computer interface technology offers promising therapeutic potential by modulating abnormal neural activity. Brain‒computer interface could represent a novel treatment approach for depression. Future research should focus on validating the practical applications, efficacy, and safety of brain‒computer interface in treating depression.

New perinatal mental health conditions diagnosed during COVID-19: a population-based, retrospective cohort study of birthing people in Ontario.

We aimed to determine the incidence of mental health diagnoses and associated health and social risk factors among perinatal people in three different COVID-19 phases. We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study using linked administrative datasets. We included persons with live, in-hospital births in Ontario, Canada from January 1 to March 31 in 2019, 2021, or 2022 (three phases relative to COVID-19 with different public health policy measures). We excluded people with prior mental health diagnoses. We used diagnostic codes to identify new onset of depression, anxiety, or adjustment disorder in the antenatal and postpartum period. We developed multivariable, modified Poisson models to examine associations between sociodemographic and clinical factors and new mental health diagnoses in each phase. There were 72,242 people in our cohort. Antenatal mental health diagnoses were significantly higher in 2021 (aRR = 1.32; CI = 1.20-1.46) and 2022 (aRR = 1.22; CI = 1.11-1.35) versus 2019. Postpartum diagnoses were significantly greater in 2021 (aRR = 1.16; CI = 1.08-1.25) versus 2019. Antenatal diagnoses were associated with birth year, previous stillbirth, pre-existing hypertension, multiparity, residential instability, and ethnocultural diversity. Postpartum diagnoses were associated with birth year, maternal age, multiparity, care provider profession, assisted reproductive technology, birthing mode, pre-existing hypertension, intensive care admission, hospital readmission, residential instability, and ethnocultural diversity. Family physicians increasingly made mental health diagnoses in 2021 and 2022. Increased incidence of perinatal mental health diagnoses during COVID-19 suggests complex dynamics involving pandemic and health and social risk factors. This study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05663762) on December 21, 2022.

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and the incidence of depression: a nationwide population-based study (2010-2017).

The risk of depression in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) has yet to be thoroughly researched. This study aimed to investigate the association between NAION and the onset of depression using a large-scale nationwide cohort in South Korea. This is a retrospective, nationwide cohort study involving 145,020 subjects without NAION and 29,004 individuals with a previous NAION diagnosis. Follow-up clinical data were collected until December 31, 2017. Multivariable adjustment models were employed to account for potential confounding factors. The incidence of new-onset depression was significantly higher among NAION patients (incidence, 38.09 per 1000 person-years) than among non-NAION individuals (incidence, 29.91 per 1000 person-years). After adjusting for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and comorbid diseases, the association remained significant (aHR = 1.271; 95% CI = 1.226-1.317). Notably, a subgroup analysis highlighted a particularly pronounced risk of depression in NAION patients aged 40 to 64 compared to those aged 65 or older (aHR = 1.34 vs. 1.207; interaction P = 0.0038). Our findings demonstrate a significant association between NAION and an increased risk of depression, especially in relatively younger patients aged 40 to 64 years. These results highlight the importance of regular monitoring and early intervention for depressive symptoms in patients with NAION.

Research progress on the mechanism of exercise against depression

The substantial global health burden of depression encourages the development of innovative and broadly effective interventions. This paper aimed to examine recent advancements by which exercise works as an antidepressant and recommends optimal types and quantity of exercise as supplemental therapies in treating depression. Sedentary behavior and low physical activity significantly influence the onset of depression. Being an effective treatment option, exercise can significantly reduce depression risk. Exercise exerts antidepressant effects as it modulates neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, the immune system, and hormone levels. Effective exercise forms include yoga, strength training, and walking/jogging. Tailored exercise regimens that consider individual preferences and tolerability can improve outcomes. Regular exercise enhances general well-being and reduces depressive symptoms. Additional research is needed to understand the complex basis of exercise's effects on depression. Exercise is a cost-effective and accessible intervention for depression management that needs additional exploration. Thus, customized exercise programs, as per each patient’s needs, are essential for their successful implementation clinically.

Unraveling the complexities of adolescent depression: A call for action

The adolescent years are a period of profound change, both physically and psychologically. For many, these years are marked by excitement and exploration, but for others, they are fraught with challenges that can lead to significant mental health issues. Depression, in particular, has become an increasingly prevalent concern among adolescents worldwide, and its multifaceted etiology requires a comprehensive approach to understanding and intervention. A recent study on the relationships among negative life events, dysfunctional attitudes, social support, and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between various factors contributing to adolescent depression. The authors explore a moderated mediation model to better understand how these factors interact with and contribute to the onset of depression. This article aims to delve into the key findings of the study, highlight its implications for clinical practice, and encourage further research in this critical area.

Depression, stress, and tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway: treatment strategies from the perspective of Chinese herbal medicine.

The pathogenesis of depression is complex, involving abnormalities in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP). Moreover, depression is closely related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation, and stress. These factors collectively influence the multidimensional pathological mechanisms of depression. TRP, a fundamental amino acid, serves as a precursor for neuroactive metabolites vital to physiological functions. Central to TRP metabolism is the KP, and the imbalance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites is closely related to the onset and progression of depression. Therefore, maintaining the balance of KP metabolites is important. In this review, we have investigated the role of the KP in depression and explored the complexity of KP dysregulation and its therapeutic importance. Here, we highlight how a deeper understanding of the KP and its regulation can pave the way for new treatment strategies. Specifically, we have summarized the latest advances in elucidating the key mechanisms of rate-limiting enzyme inhibitors, providing insights into their potential therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we have explored the emerging field of Chinese herbal medicine, discussing its potential to regulate KP metabolites and alleviate depressive symptoms, thereby expanding the treatment options for depression. Our findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of depression and the necessity of interdisciplinary research to fully utilize KP regulation and Chinese herbal medicine as strategies to advance the treatment of depression.

The Many Faces of Guilt: A Review Mapping Unique and Overlapping Expressions in OCD and Depression.

Guilt, a complex emotional experience pervading many lives, takes on an intricate form when intertwined with psychiatric conditions. As a multifaceted concept, guilt represents a key diagnostic feature in depression and is an integral part of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This systematic review aimed to synthesize empirical research on the varied dimensions of guilt across these two mental illnesses, where guilt is emphasized as a pathognomonic factor. A systematic computer-based literature search was conducted, using a rigorous set of eligibility criteria and specific keyword combinations to ensure relevant and exhaustive coverage of the topic. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, a comprehensive literature search spanning multiple databases identified 12 eligible studies on guilt in OCD and 8 in depression. The findings revealed 20 distinct guilt constructs measured across the two disorders. Notably, 5 unique guilt subtypes and 15 themes for OCD and 6 exclusively studied guilt for depression emerged, reflecting potential disorder-specific manifestations of guilt. Delineating such guilt profiles holds the potential to untangle the role of guilt in the onset, perpetuation, and clinical course of OCD and depression. This comprehensive mapping of guilt constructs provides an empirical foundation for elucidating disorder-specific pathways influenced by guilt, thereby informing the development of targeted psychological interventions tailored to the distinct guilt patterns underpinning these debilitating conditions.

The assessment of psychosocial distress in hospitalized cancer patients during radio-oncological treatment: a monocentric experience study.

This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of psychosocial distress among hospitalized patients undergoing radiotherapy to identify opportunities for interventions to enhance patient well-being. Between January 2021 and May 2023, 137 hospitalized patients received radiotherapy treatment at the Department of Radiation Oncology of the Fondazione A. Gemelli IRCCS were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire comprising the Distress Thermometer (DT) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The study revealed a significant correlation among anxiety, depression, total HADS scores, and Distress Thermometer scores (p < 0.001). Female patients exhibited higher total HADS scores and anxiety levels compared to males (p < 0.004, p < 0.010, respectively). Sleep disturbances were associated with increased anxiety, depression, and overall distress (p < 0.05). Younger patients (< 65years old) demonstrated elevated anxiety and depression levels, while no significant depressive tendency was observed among older participants (> 65years old). These findings underscore the intricate interplay between demographic variables, psychological distress, and treatment-related symptoms among patients during radiotherapy treatments. The study highlights the critical necessity of promptly identifying and addressing psychosocial distress in this population. It suggests that implementing a psychological therapeutic approach, particularly one focused on support, could effectively deter the onset of depression, especially among younger patients. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to explore distress trajectories and interventions' effectiveness in mitigating distress, with collaborative efforts to translate research findings into evidence-based clinical practice for improved patient care.

Understanding the connection and relation between sleep and depression in a tertiary health-care center: Insights from a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: There is a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and depression, with which a new hypothesis could be generated, that is, sleep disturbance can be a prodromal event rather than a symptom of depression. Many long-term studies have identified insomnia as a risk factor for the onset or recurrence of depression in young, middle-aged, and older people and it can also increase the risk of self-harm and suicide, which can also exacerbate the medical comorbidity conditions and also increase the substance intake. Materials and Methods: Those patients attending the psychiatry outpatient department of tertiary Health-care center for 6 months were considered. Those patients who were diagnosed with depression as per the International Classification of Diseases-11 depression criteria were taken after getting proper informed consent from them. Then, those patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were taken into the study and evaluated with self-structured pro forma including details regarding the sociodemographic profile, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index Scale to assess the severity of depression and sleep disturbance. Results: The prevalence of sleep disturbance in depressive individuals was found to be 78% (140). The significance was established between the severity of depression and the severity of insomnia (P&lt;0.001), along with sleep duration (P&lt;0.001), insomnia type (P=0.002), benzodiazepine usage (P&lt;0.001) and self-harm ideas/attempts (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Sleep is considered a major aspect of holistic care, as it may have an impact on the severity, frequency and duration of depression and its remission along with quality of life and mortality rate.

The impact of oral health on depression: A systematic review.

As of 2020, about 21% of adults in the United States have a diagnosable mental health disorder, excluding substance use and developmental disorders. Depression, predicted by the WHO to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030, is linked to various systemic conditions and has been associated with poor oral health. Both behavioral factors, like poor dental hygiene and irregular visits, and biological mechanisms, such as changes in salivary immunity, contribute to this connection, which impacts overall well-being and quality of life. This systematic review aims include: (1) Does tooth loss affect depression? (2) Does oral pain, such as that experienced during chewing and speaking, impact depression? (3) Does oral functionality, including chewing and speaking, influence depression? (4) Does overall oral health affect depression? We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EBSCO host, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from January 2000 to June 2024 using relevant keywords. Studies examining the impact of oral health parameters (tooth loss, oral pain, oral functionality, overall oral health) on depression were included. Articles were included if (1) full text manuscripts in English were available, (2) the study described the association of oral health and depression, and (3) the independent value was an oral related factor and the dependent value was depression. The following were excluded from our analysis: (1) any articles where oral factors were not the independent value, (2) systematic reviews, (3) case reports, and (4) duplicate studies among our databases. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Tooth loss, oral pain, and impaired oral functionality were consistently associated with increased depressive symptoms across the included studies. Greater tooth loss was linked to higher odds of both onset and progression of depression. Oral pain exacerbated depressive symptoms, while difficulties in chewing or speaking were associated with elevated risks of depression. There is a bidirectional relationship between oral health and depression, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive public health initiatives. Integrating oral health assessments into routine medical care, and developing targeted interventions are crucial steps to mitigate the impact of poor oral health on mental health outcomes.

Neurocognitive dysfunction in adolescents with recent onset major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional comparative study.

The aim of this study was to examine the neurocognitive deficits associated with the first episode of major depressive disorder (recent onset depression, ROD) in adolescents as compared to adult patients. Cross-sectional neurocognitive data from the baseline assessments of the PRONIA study with N = 650 (55.31% females) were analyzed. Based on a principal component analysis of eleven neurocognitive tests, we constructed an overall neurocognitive performance (NP) score. We examined mean score differences in NP between the groups of healthy controls (HC) and ROD and between adolescents (15-21years) and adults (22-40years) within a GLM approach. This accounts for unbalanced data with focus on interaction effects while controlling for effects of medication and educational years. Our results show lower NP for the ROD as compared to the HC group (d = -0.29, p = .046) and lower NP for the adolescent group as compared to the adult group (d = -0.29; p < .039). There was no interaction between these two group effects (F = 1.11; p = .29). Our findings suggest that the detrimental effect of ROD on neurocognitive functioning is comparable in adolescent and adult patients, since lower scores in adolescent patients are explained by effects of age and education. Neurocognitive impairment is an under addressed issue in clinical treatment guidelines for adolescent MDD. We suggest efficient monitoring in clinical practice by using an aggregate of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and the Trail Making Test B, which highly correlated with the overall score of NP (r = 0.82).

Mediation effects of subjective social status and personality traits between childhood nurturing experiences and depressive symptoms in adult volunteers.

Various risk factors, such as childhood nurturing experiences and subjective social status, have been identified to be involved in the onset of depression. However, the mechanism of depression is not yet fully understood. In this study, we hypothesized that nurturing experienced in childhood affects subjective social status and current personality traits, which in turn influence depressive symptoms in adulthood, and verified this hypothesis through structural equation modeling. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 404 adults. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted using demographic information and scores for the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Parental Bonding Instrument, and NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Subjective social status was found to mediate the association between nurturing experiences and neuroticism (0.029 for Overprotection and -0.034 for Care). On the other hand, neuroticism was found to mediate the association between subjective social status and depressive symptoms (-0.097 in Care model and -0.103 in Overprotection model), as well as the association between nurturing experiences and depressive symptoms (0.144 for Overprotection and -0.134 for Care). Furthermore, it was also shown that complex paths, in which the association of nurturing experiences with depressive symptoms was mediated by two factors, namely, subjective social status and neuroticism, were statistically significant as indirect effects (0.016 for Overprotection and -0.018 for Care). In this study, we clarified that nurturing experienced in childhood affects neuroticism in adulthood, which is mediated by subjective social status, and furthermore, the effects of nurturing on neuroticism lead to varying levels of depressive symptoms in adulthood. The mediation effects demonstrated in the present study may contribute towards unraveling the causes of depression and developing effective treatments for depressive symptoms.

Construction of a nomogram risk prediction model for depressive symptoms in elderly breast cancer patients

The primary objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the development of depressive symptoms in elderly breast cancer (BC) patients and to construct a nomogram model for predicting these symptoms. We recruited 409 patients undergoing BC treatment in the breast departments of two tertiary-level hospitals in Jiangsu Province from November 2023 to April 2024 as our study cohort. Participants were categorized into depressed and non-depressed groups based on their clinical outcomes. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify independent risk factors for depression among BC patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that monthly income, pain score, family support score, and physical activity score significantly influenced the onset of depression in older BC patients (P < 0.05).The risk prediction model, constructed using these identified factors, demonstrated excellent discriminatory power, as evidenced by an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.824. The maximum Youden index was 0.627, with a sensitivity of 90.60%, specificity of 72.10%, and a diagnostic threshold value of 1.501. The results of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (χ² = 3.181, P = 0.923) indicated that the model fit the data well. The calibration curve for the model closely followed the ideal curve, suggesting a strong fit and high predictive accuracy. Our nomogram model exhibited superior predictive performance, enabling healthcare professionals to identify high-risk patients early and implement preventative measures to mitigate the development of depressive symptoms. This study is a cross-sectional study that lacks longitudinal data and has a small sample size. Future research could involve larger samples, multicenter studies, and prospective designs to build better clinical predictive models.

The reward positivity as a predictor of first lifetime onsets of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in high-risk adolescents

BackgroundReduced reward Positivity (RewP), an electroencephalography (EEG) marker elicited by feedback indicating reward, has been associated with an increased risk for depression in adolescence. However, the predictive capability of RewP in predicting the first-lifetime onset of depressive disorders, as opposed to anxiety and suicidal ideation in high-risk populations, has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the authors examine if RewP predicts the first-lifetime onset of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation over 18 months in familial high-risk adolescents. MethodsThe sample included 145 adolescents (64.8% male), aged 11–17 years, who had at least one parent with a history of mood and anxiety disorders and completed baseline and at least one follow-up measurement. At baseline, RewP was measured using a simple gambling task, their current internalizing symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires, and the youth’s psychiatric diagnoses were evaluated with diagnostic interviews. The same interview was administered to the adolescents again at 9 months and 18 months later. ResultsLogistic regression models showed that higher RewP scores significantly predicted a lower likelihood of developing a first onset of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) over 18 months, even after controlling for sex, age, and baseline internalizing symptoms. In contrast, RewP did not significantly predict the first onset of anxiety disorders or suicidal ideation. ConclusionsReduced RewP precedes the first onset of depression in high-risk adolescents, highlighting RewP's predictive capability in predicting depression risk in predisposed populations. Blunted RewP could complement self-reported symptoms in screening and prevention.

Which Psychosocial Risks Are Necessary for Developing Depression During Adolescence? A Novel Approach Applying Necessary Condition Analysis

Although many factors predict adolescent depression, risks that operate as necessary conditions (ie, absence of the factor conveys absence of the outcome) have been largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate which psychosocial risk factors might serve as necessary conditions for future onset of depression across adolescence. At baseline, cognitive and personality risks, symptom severity, stressful events, and past depression history were assessed among 382 adolescents (225 girls; mean age= 12.6), who were then followed over 2 years with repeated diagnostic interviews to ascertain depression onset. An innovative statistical approach in mental health research, necessary condition analysis, was applied. Baseline rumination (d= 0.50), stressful events (d= 0.37), depressive symptoms (d= 0.23), and self-criticism (d= 0.35) all emerged as significant necessary conditions for adolescents to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder over the subsequent 24 months. Overall, 13.5% of the sample did not show all the necessary conditions (ie, they lacked 1 or more conditions) and were therefore virtually immune from experiencing 1 or more major depressive episodes over the follow-up, and 65.5% did not meetall those conditions for experiencing 3 or more major depressive episodes (ie, recurrent depression). These findings can inform future theory building and testing as well as clinical applications via screening of necessary risk to future pediatric depression so that youth who may most benefit from effective interventions can be identified. The Necessary Conditions for Depressive Symptoms and Major Depression in Adolescence; https://osf.io; b5ced. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science.

Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Depression in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: A Study Conducted at Handan First Hospital, China.

Depression exhibits notable prevalence among patients affected by chronic kidney disease(CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Emerging reports suggest a potential association between magnesium (Mg) levels and depressive symptoms, there has been a surge of interest in exploring Mg supplementation as a complementary measure in depression treatment. In this study our aim is to investigate the correlation between depressive symptoms and serum Mg level in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) at Handan First Hospital, China. Additionally, we assessed the diagnostic significance of this relationship and identified pertinent influencing factors. This study comprises a cohort of 140 individuals undergoing PD for a minimum duration of 3 months at the PD center of the Handan First Hospital. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) served as the assessment tool to evaluate the psychological status of the patients. Serum Mg levels, hemoglobin (Hb), and various demographic and clinical data were collected. Logistic regression and ROC analysis were performed to identify significant predictors of depression. The prevalence of depression was higher in patients with hypomagnesemia (60%) compared to those with normal or elevated Mg levels. Notably, a correlation emerged between abnormal serum Mg levels and the presence of depressive symptoms among individuals undergoing PD. Furthermore, binary logistic regression analysis revealed that serum Mg levels, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and unemployment significantly influenced the likelihood of occurrence of depression in patients undergoing PD (P< 0.05). In addition, serum Mg levels demonstrate significant predictive value in anticipating onset of depression, indicating that rectifying low serum Mg levels among patients undergoing PD may serve as a preventive measure against depression. Further research is recommended to explore the therapeutic potential of Mg supplementation in this population.

Transcriptional evidence of HPA axis dysregulation in adolescent females: Unique contributions of chronic early-life stressor exposure and maternal depression history

BackgroundDepression risk increases dramatically for adolescent females following the pubertal transition. Although chronic early-life stressor exposure and a maternal history of depression are established risk factors for depression onset in this population, we know little about the biological mechanisms underlying these associations. MethodTo investigate, we examined how chronic early-life stressor exposure and maternal depression history were associated with stress-related gene expression patterns, using a high-risk family design in 48 psychiatrically healthy adolescent females, 20 of whom had a mother with a lifetime history of depression. Lifetime chronic stressor exposure was assessed using the STRAIN and gene expression patterns were estimated using transcriptional profiling of whole blood. ResultsConsistent with hypotheses, we found that adolescent females with greater chronic stressor exposure had higher NR3C1 expression levels compared to those with less chronic stressor exposure. Additionally, youth with a depressed mother had lower levels of FKBP5 expression compared to those without a depressed mother. Levels of FKBP5 expression, in turn, interacted with chronic stressor exposure to predict NR3C1 expression. Specifically, for those with low chronic stressor exposure, levels of FKBP5 and NR3C1 expression were strongly interrelated, whereas for those with high chronic stressor exposure, NR3C1 expression was high regardless of levels of FKBP5 expression. LimitationsThis study was correlational, the sample size was limited, and additional research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and predict who subsequently develops depression. ConclusionsNotwithstanding these limitations, these data indicate that having low FKBP5 expression, alongside high NR3C1 expression, may be a potential preclinical marker of depression risk in adolescent females that warrants additional investigation.