Depressed Mood In Adolescents Research Articles

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Depressive Mood in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Core Selfevaluation

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Depressive Mood in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Core Selfevaluation

The relationship between cognitive and affective control and adolescent mental health.

Cognitive control problems have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of mental health problems, including depression, in adults. Studies in adolescents have been more equivocal, with some showing changes in cognitive control in adolescents with mental health problems, whereas others fail to show an association. This study examines whether adolescent mental health is associated with affective control, the application of cognitive control in affective contexts, which shows more protracted development than cognitive control. The present study investigated the association of cognitive and affective control with depressive symptomatology and self-reported diagnostic history of mental health problems in adolescents. The study included 1929 participants (M age=13.89) from the Future Proofing Study (N=6,388, 11-16years), who completed affective (incl., affective stimuli) and/or cognitive (incl., neutral stimuli) versions of a working memory (backward digit-span) and/or shifting (card-sorting) task at least once within 3weeks of assessing mental health. Poorer working memory was associated with greater depressive symptomatology in adolescents (β=-0.06, p=.004), similarly across cognitive and affective control conditions (β=-0.02, p=.269). Adolescents with self-reported diagnostic history of mental health problems had significantly poorer shifting ability in affective compared to cognitive control conditions (b=0.05, p=.010), whereas for adolescents with no self-reported diagnoses, shifting ability did not differ between conditions (b=-0.00, p=.649). The present analyses suggest that working memory difficulties, in particular, may be associated with the experience of current depressed mood in adolescents. Problems with affective shifting may be implicated in a range of mental health problems in adolescents. Given the ubiquitous need for efficient cognitive functioning in daily life, enhancing cognitive and affective control in adolescents may be a promising means of improving functioning across a range of domains, including affective functioning, and by extension, adolescent mental health.

Behaviorally and environmentally induced non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in sighted patients.

To determine whether there was evidence of circadian or sleep-regulatory dysfunction in sighted individuals with non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder. Three sighted individuals with signs and/or symptoms of non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder were studied. Thirty-five- to 332-day laboratory and home-based assessments of sleep-wake and circadian timing, endogenous circadian period, photic input to the circadian pacemaker, and/or circadian and sleep-wake-dependent regulation of sleep were conducted. No evidence of circadian dysfunction was found in these individuals. Instead, sleep-wake timing appeared to dissociate from the circadian timing system, and/or self-selected sleep-wake and associated light/dark timing shifted the circadian pacemaker later, rather than the circadian pacemaker determining sleep-wake timing. These findings suggest that the etiology of this disorder may be light- and/or behaviorally induced in some sighted people, which has implications for the successful treatment of this disorder. Emens JS, St Hilaire MA, Klerman EB, etal. Behaviorally and environmentally induced non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in sighted patients. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):453-459.

The roles of repetitive negative thinking and perfectionism in explaining the relationship between sleep onset difficulties and depressed mood in adolescents

ObjectiveThe present study investigated the relationship between difficulty initiating sleep and depressed mood and whether it is mediated by repetitive negative thinking. A moderating role of perfectionism was also examined. MethodsWe surveyed 393 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years (M = 17.32, SD = 1.90) via an online questionnaire that assessed difficulty initiating sleep, repetitive negative thinking, perfectionism, and depressed mood. ResultsResults indicated that repetitive negative thinking fully mediated the relationship between difficulty initiating sleep and depressed mood. In addition, this relationship was moderated by perfectionism, specifically, the relationship between repetitive negative thinking and depressed mood was stronger among more perfectionistic adolescents. ConclusionsThese findings highlight that repetitive negative thinking is significantly associated with both difficulty initiating sleep and depressed mood, supporting the conceptualization of repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. Further, individual differences in perfectionism may amplify the relationship between repetitive negative thinking and mood. The role of repetitive negative thinking and perfectionism in explaining the link between sleep onset problems and depressed mood has important clinical implications through providing possible treatment targets.

The Association between Depressive Mood and Cholesterol Levels in Korean Adolescents.

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that there is a correlation between lipid levels and depressive mood, and that lipids could be useful biomarkers for depression. We conducted this study to clarify the association between lipid levels and depressive mood in adolescents, especially in community samples. MethodsWe analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that was conducted from 2013 to 2016. A total of 2,454 adolescents aged 12–18 years (1,273 boys, 1,181 girls) participated in the Survey. We conducted a cross-sectional study using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for age, household income, daily energy intake, daily fat intake, and daily cholesterol intake, to assess the association between depressive mood and serum lipid levels. ResultsDepressive mood was found in 8.7% of those included in the study. Borderline (110–129 mg/dL) and high (≥130 mg/dL) levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly associated with depressive mood [Borderline level: odds ratio (OR)=5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–19.81, p=0.01; High level: OR=5.73, 95% CI 1.06–31.08, p=0.04]. However, this association was not found in girls. ConclusionOur findings indicate that depressive mood in boys is associated with higher LDL-C levels. Further investigation regarding this relationship and the underlying biological mechanisms is needed.

Cannabis Use and Depressive Mood in Adolescence: The Mediating/Moderating Role of Anxiety, Cannabis Effect Expectancies, and Peer Users

abstractThe aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between depressive mood and lifetime cannabis use in adolescents, particularly through the mediating role of anxiety and cannabis use effect expectancies, and the moderating role of peer cannabis use. A questionnaire was administered to 1,246 adolescents (16 to 17 years old). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, logistic regressions, and mediation/moderation analyses were performed. Results demonstrate that depressive adolescents show a greater probability of cannabis use when they have friends who also consume cannabis. Also, social anxiety has a preventing effect against cannabis use. However, if adolescents have few or no friends who use cannabis, depression does not appear to be a risk factor, and social anxiety becomes a stronger preventing factor against early cannabis use.

1.60 Associations Between Medical Visits for the Violence Victimization, Depressed Mood, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents in South Korea

1.60 Associations Between Medical Visits for the Violence Victimization, Depressed Mood, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents in South Korea

An approach to understanding sleep and depressed mood in adolescents: person-centred sleep classification.

Depressive mood in youth has been associated with distinct sleep dimensions, such as timing, duration and quality. To identify discrete sleep phenotypes, we applied person-centred analysis (latent class mixture models) based on self-reported sleep patterns and quality, and examined associations between phenotypes and mood in high-school seniors. Students (n=1451; mean age=18.4±0.3years; 648M) completed a survey near the end of high-school. Indicators used for classification included school night bed- and rise-times, differences between non-school night and school night bed- and rise-times, sleep-onset latency, number of awakenings, naps, and sleep quality and disturbance. Mood was measured using the total score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. One-way anova tested differences between phenotype for mood. Fit indexes were split between 3-, 4- and 5-phenotype solutions. For all solutions, between phenotype differences were shown for all indicators: bedtime showed the largest difference; thus, classes were labelled from earliest to latest bedtime as 'A' (n=751), 'B' (n=428) and 'C' (n=272) in the 3-class solution. Class B showed the lowest sleep disturbances and remained stable, whereas classes C and A each split in the 4- and 5-class solutions, respectively. Associations with mood were consistent, albeit small, with class B showing the lowest scores. Person-centred analysis identified sleep phenotypes that differed in mood, such that those with the fewest depressive symptoms had moderate sleep timing, shorter sleep-onset latencies and fewer arousals. Sleep characteristics in these groups may add to our understanding of how sleep and depressed mood associate in teens.

The associations between body dissatisfaction, body figure, self-esteem, and depressed mood in adolescents in the United States and Korea: A moderated mediation analysis

The perception of one's body image becomes particularly important in adolescence. Body dissatisfaction has been associated with negative psychological functioning, such as self-esteem and depression. Previous findings showed that the decreased self-esteem due to body dissatisfaction explained the association between negative attitude toward body and psychological well-being in different cultural contexts. The present study examined adolescents from the US (N = 1002) and Korea (N = 3993) and replicated and extended the previous findings regarding body dissatisfaction and associated psychological outcomes. The results showed that body dissatisfaction predicted higher depressed mood and that self-esteem mediated this association for both American and Korean adolescents. Notably, the indirect effect of body dissatisfaction and perceived body image on depressed mood via self-esteem was greater for American adolescents than for Korean adolescents. The implications of the cultural difference in the significance of self-esteem in mediating the body dissatisfaction and depressed mood are discussed.

Planning Adolescent Mental Health Promotion Programming in Saskatoon.

We assessed associations between key demographic risk factors and the outcome of depressed mood in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to inform the planning and implementation of mental health promotion programming in schools. In the 2008/2009 school year, 3958 students from grades 5 through 8 from 76 elementary schools completed questions regarding depressed mood on the Student Health Survey administered by the Saskatoon Health Region. The demographic risk factors for depressed mood considered in this study included age, sex, cultural status, and neighborhood income, as well as the role of school and age cohorts or grades within schools. We found Aboriginal students were significantly more likely to report moderate/severe depressed mood than other students. We also found older female adolescents were significantly more likely to report moderate/severe depressed mood. Neighborhood income explained the largest proportion (40%) of depressed mood differences between schools. These results can inform the planning and implementation of mental health promotion programming by the health sector in Saskatoon's elementary schools, including an appropriate balance between targeted and population-based interventions that address both the distal and proximal determinants of depressed mood in adolescents.

The Mediating Role of Deviant Peers on the Link Between Depressed Mood and Harmful Drinking

PurposeOne's peer group can have a strong impact on depressed mood and harmful drinking in adolescence. It remains unclear whether affiliation with deviant peers explains the link between these traits. Our study aims to (1) explore the developmental relationship between harmful drinking and depressed mood in adolescence and (2) establish to which extent affiliation with deviant peers explains this relationship. MethodsA total of 4,863 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were assessed between the ages of 14 and 16 years. Harmful drinking was established using age-appropriate measures: the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism in mid-adolescence (age, 14 years) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in late adolescence (age, 16 years). Depressed mood was measured by the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at both ages. Affiliation with deviant peers was assessed at the age of 15 years. ResultsHarmful drinking at the age of 14 years predicted depressed mood 2 years later. This association was explained by affiliation with deviant peers and remained present even after adjustment for earlier depressed mood. Depressed mood at the age of 14 years predicted harmful drinking at the age of 16 years via affiliation with deviant peers; however, this indirect effect disappeared when adjusting for adolescents' earlier harmful alcohol use (age, 14 years). No gender differences were observed. ConclusionsAdolescents who engage in early harmful drinking and subsequently become affiliated with a deviant peer group may be at particular risk of later depressed mood.

Anhedonia and depressed mood in adolescence: course, stability, and reciprocal relation in the TRAILS study

Adolescence is marked by increases in the incidence of major depression (MDD), a disorder recognized as one of the leading causes of disability. Anhedonia and depressed mood predict both onset and chronicity of major depression (MDD), but have never been studied together longitudinally in the general adolescent population. The present study examined (1) the course and the stability of anhedonia and depressed mood and (2) their cross-sectional and longitudinal relations during adolescence. The study cohort consisted of 2,230 adolescents. Anhedonia and depressed mood were assessed with items of the YSR and ASR self-report forms at four measurement waves between ages 11 and 19. The proportion of adolescents reporting anhedonia decreased between ages 11 and 19, while the proportion of female adolescents reporting depressed mood increased. The stability of anhedonia and the cross-sectional association between anhedonia and depressed mood was larger at age 19 than at age 11. We found a mutual association between anhedonia and depressed mood without a clear temporal sequence. The presence of anhedonia at the end of adolescence might put adolescents at increased risk for MDD given the increasingly stronger stability and association with depressed mood. This suggests that it becomes more difficult to prevent MDD during late adolescence compared with early and middle adolescence.

Emotional intelligence and depressed mood in adolescence: A multilevel approach

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between individual emotional intelligence, group emotional intelligence and depressed mood in adolescence from a multilevel approach. The study sample comprised 2,182 adolescents (1,127 female and 1,055 male) aged between 12 and 18 years (M=14.51, SD=1.55). They attended 14 secondary schools in the Basque Country (northern Spain) and were grouped into 118 different classes. A two-level model (students nested in classes) with three predictor variables of level 1 (attention, clarity and repair of emotions) and one predictor variable of level 2 (class emotional intelligence) was used to examine their influence on depressed mood. The results indicated that clarity and the ability to regulate emotions at the individual level and emotional intelligence at the class level are important for explaining depressed mood. In this way, the study provides an integrative approach to research on the psychosocial well-being of adolescents that takes into account emotional variables located at different levels.

Neural correlates of treatment response in depressed bipolar adolescents during emotion processing

Depressive mood in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BDd) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but we have limited information about neural correlates of depression and treatment response in BDd. Ten adolescents with BDd (8 females, mean age = 15.6 ± 0.9) completed two (fearful and happy) face gender labeling fMRI experiments at baseline and after 6-weeks of open treatment. Whole-brain analysis was used at baseline to compare their neural activity with those of 10 age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). For comparisons of the neural activity at baseline and after treatment of youth with BDd, region of interest analysis for dorsal/ventral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and amygdala activity, and significant regions identified by wholebrain analysis between BDd and HC were analyzed. There was significant improvement in depression scores (mean percentage change on the Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised 57% ± 28). Neural activity after treatment was decreased in left occipital cortex in the intense fearful experiment, but increased in left insula, left cerebellum, and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the intense happy experiment. Greater improvement in depression was associated with baseline higher activity in ventral ACC to mild happy faces. Study sample size was relatively small for subgroup analysis and consisted of mainly female adolescents that were predominantly on psychotropic medications during scanning. Our results of reduced negative emotion processing versus increased positive emotion processing after treatment of depression (improvement of cognitive bias to negative and away from positive) are consistent with the improvement of depression according to Beck's cognitive theory.

The Utility of a Developmentally Based Quadrant Classification Model of Co-occurring Substance Use and Depressed Mood in Adolescents

Objective: This article investigates the utility of the quadrant classification of co-occurring substance use and depressed mood in adolescents. The addition of developmentally risky but diagnostically subthreshold symptoms was hypothesized to improve the utility of co-occurring disorder classification. Methods: Data from the 2008 National Survey of Drug Use and Health were utilized. Adolescents were classified by severity of depression and substance abuse symptoms into single and co-occurring disorder groups. Results: Lowering the depression and substance use thresholds for categorizing adolescents as having co-occurring disorders maintained the utility of the quadrant model co-occurring disorders classification system and marginally improved the prediction of service utilization. Conclusions: The quadrant model of classification is appropriate for adolescents. The inclusion of developmental risk factors in addition to diagnostic indicators is useful in predicting a broad population of adolescents who use services.

Association Between Depressed Mood and Perceived Weight in Middle and High School Age Students: Texas 2004–2005

Research exploring the relationship between weight perception and depressed mood among adolescents is limited in the United States. The purpose of this study is to examine the association of perceived versus actual body weight and depressed mood in a representative sample of 8th and 11th grade public school students in Texas. Using data from the 2004-2005 School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) study, logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of weight perception with depressed mood. Healthy weight students who perceived themselves to be a healthy weight were the reference group for all analyses. A high prevalence of misperception of body weight was observed. Overweight and obese 8th grade girls and boys who perceived themselves to be overweight had increased odds of depressed mood [Girls: OR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.07-2.69), Boys: OR 2.05 (95% CI: 1.16-3.62)]. Healthy weight 8th grade girls who perceived themselves to be overweight had 2.5 times greater odds of depressed mood (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.54-4.50). Healthy weight boys who perceived themselves to be underweight had more than twice the odds (OR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.23-3.89) of depressed mood. No weight category was significantly associated with depressed mood in boys or girls in 11th grade. The present study suggests that weight misperceptions are associated with depressed mood in young adolescents. Education about healthy body size is necessary to correct the common weight misperceptions observed. The high prevalence rates of depressed mood suggest a greater need for research into understanding factors that may contribute to depressed mood in adolescents.

Depressed mood and the effect of two universal first grade preventive interventions on survival to the first tobacco cigarette smoked among urban youth

Introduction As part of an evaluation of two first-grade, universal preventive interventions whose proximal targets were early learning and behavior, we investigated the influence of depressed mood, the interventions, and their interaction on survival to the first tobacco cigarette smoked through age 19. One intervention focused on improving teacher behavior management and instructional skills (Classroom-Centered, CC) as a means of improving student behavior and learning and the other on the family–school partnership (FSP). Variation in the relationship between depressed mood and first cigarette smoked by gender and grade was also examined. Methods Self-reports of smoking behavior and depressed mood were collected on an annual basis from grade 6 through age 19. The present analyses were restricted to the 563 youth who had never smoked by grade 6, or 83% of the original sample of first grade participants. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to examine the effects of depressed mood and the interventions on survival to the first tobacco cigarette smoked. Results Depressed mood was associated with reduced survival time to the first cigarette smoked (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.9), whereas the CC intervention prolonged survival time (aHR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.7–0.9). No significant variation in the effect of depressed mood on survival was found by gender or grade, nor was the effect of the CC intervention moderated by depressed mood. Conclusions Strategies to prevent tobacco cigarette smoking should include both a focus on depressed mood in adolescence as well as on early success in elementary school.

The relationships among self‐esteem, stress, coping, eating behavior, and depressive mood in adolescents

The prevalence of adolescent overweight is significant, almost 25% in some minorities, and often is associated with depressive symptoms. Psychological and psychosocial factors as well as poor coping skills have been correlated with unhealthy eating and obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among self-esteem, stress, social support, and coping; and to test a model of their effects on eating behavior and depressive mood in a sample of 102 high school students (87% minority). Results indicate that (a) stress and low self-esteem were related to avoidant coping and depressive mood, and that (b) low self-esteem and avoidant coping were related to unhealthy eating behavior. Results suggest that teaching adolescents skills to reduce stress, build self-esteem, and use more positive approaches to coping may prevent unhealthy eating and subsequent obesity, and lower risk of depressive symptoms.

Risk and protective factors associated with trajectories of depressed mood from adolescence to early adulthood.

This study used semi-parametric group-based modeling to explore unconditional and conditional trajectories of self-reported depressed mood from ages 12 to 25 years. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,559), 4 distinct trajectories were identified: no depressed mood, stable low depressed mood, early high declining depressed mood, and late escalating depressed mood. Baseline risk factors associated with greater likelihood of membership in depressed mood trajectory groups compared with the no depressed mood group included being female, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino American, or Pacific Islander or Asian American; having lower socioeconomic status; using alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs on a weekly basis; and engaging in delinquent behavior. Baseline protective factors associated with greater likelihood of membership in the no depressed mood group compared with the depressed mood trajectory groups included 2-parent family structure; feeling connected to parents, peers, or school; and self-esteem. With the exception of delinquent behavior, risk and protective factors also distinguished the likelihood of membership among several of the 3 depressed mood groups. The results add to basic etiologic research regarding developmental pathways of depressed mood in adolescence and young adulthood.

Effects of progression to cigarette smoking on depressed mood in adolescents: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

To investigate the relationship between smoking status and continuously distributed depressed mood among a cohort of adolescents. Quasi-experimental design, selecting the subset of adolescents who reported never having smoked a cigarette at baseline, some of whom progressed subsequently to smoking at follow-up approximately 1 year later. Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, an ongoing study designed to assess the health status of adolescents, and explore the causes of adolescent health-related behaviours. Nationally representative sample of adolescents from the USA (n = 12 149), including a subsample who reported never having smoked a cigarette at baseline (n = 5475), aged on average 15 years at baseline and of predominantly European ancestry. Logistic and linear regression models controlling for potential confounders to explore the relationship between smoking status and depressed mood measured using the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Various relationships between smoking status and depressed mood were observed, with a general trend for these effects to be greater among females. Smoking status at baseline did not significantly predict CES-D score at follow-up, although this effect approached significance in females (P = 0.077). Among never smokers at baseline, level of depressed mood at baseline predicted subsequent progression to smoking initiation (P = 0.022) but not progression to regular smoking (P = 0.229). Among never smokers at baseline, progression to smoking initiation during the follow-up period was associated with higher CES-D scores at follow-up, even after adjusting for baseline depressed mood (P < 0.001), with this effect greater for females than for males. Among those who initiated smoking, progression to regular smoking was associated with higher CES-D score at follow-up among females (P = 0.001), but not males (P = 0.966). These data appear to support a complex model of the relationship between depressed mood and smoking status which includes elements of both confounding and causal models. The relationship between cigarette smoking and depression may be a factor in the development of subsequent dependence.