Adolescent Depressive Disorder Research Articles

Adaptation and validation of the children’s cognitive triad inventory for Indonesian students

Depression causes student learning problems. Depressive symptoms are influenced by automatic thoughts that contain a negative cognitive triad. A valid and reliable instrument to measure the cognitive triad in adolescents is essential to identify one of the risk factors for depressive disorders in adolescents. At the same time, Indonesia has no instrument to measure this. This study aims to adapt the children’s cognitive triad inventory (CTI-C) into an Indonesian version and to examine its psychometric properties. Data were collected from 1,184 students aged 13-19 (mean=15.32, SD=1.62) using the 36-item CTI-C. The CTI-C instrument adaptation process refers to the international test commission (ITC). The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed comparative fit index (CFI)=0.95, Tucker-Lewis’s index (TLI)=0.94, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.071, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.056, and goodness of fit index (GFI)=0.82, with a load factor range of 0.43-0.80 for the view of self, 0.43-0.68 for the view of the world, and 0.37-0.70 for the view of the future. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.81 to 0.84 for the subscales and 0.93 for the total score. Thus, the Indonesian version of the CTI-C can measure the cognitive triad in Indonesian students aged 13-19.

Efficacy of a transdiagnostic internet-based program for adolescents with emotional disorders: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThe Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (UP-A) is a well-established transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (T-CBT) intervention. The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of the program Learn to Manage your Emotions [Aprende a Manejar tus Emociones] (AMtE), a self-applied transdiagnostic internet-delivered program based on the Spanish version of the UP-A. This is the first transdiagnostic internet-based program designed for the treatment of emotional disorders in adolescents. MethodA sample of Spanish adolescents with a primary diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder (n = 58; age range = 12–18 years; 78.3% girls; 90% Caucasian) were randomly allocated to receive AMtE (n = 28) or the UP-A via videocall (n = 30). Pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up data were collected using self-reports and clinician-rated measures of anxiety, depression, positive and negative affect, anxiety sensitivity and emotional avoidance. ResultsBased on generalized estimating equations (GEE) models, both intervention programs were effective in significantly reducing self-reported anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms and clinician-rated severity of anxiety and depression, as well as self-reported transdiagnostic outcome variables. ConclusionsData provide empirical support for the efficacy of AMtE as a transdiagnostic online CBT treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents. No marked nor consistent differences were observed between the UP-A and AMtE, highlighting the potential usefulness of the online self-administered AMtE program.

Managing major depressive disorder in adolescents in primary care.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a significant risk to adolescent health and well-being, recently amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Access to adolescent mental health care services remains challenging in many areas, resulting in many adolescents diagnosed with MDD remaining untreated. Primary care providers are becoming increasingly crucial in promptly diagnosing and treating this concern. Various clinical guidelines can support clinicians in developing strategies for screening, diagnosing, and managing a vulnerable population with MDD. Standardized screenings, algorithms, and treatment guidelines can help improve the quality of life and functional impairment of those with MDD.

Potential of niacin skin flush response in adolescent depression identification and severity assessment: a case-control study

BackgroundThe diagnosis of adolescent Depressive Disorder (DD) lacks specific biomarkers, posing significant challenges. This study investigates the potential of Niacin Skin Flush Response (NSFR) as a biomarker for identifying and assessing the severity of adolescent Depressive Disorder, as well as distinguishing it from Behavioral and Emotional Disorders typically emerging in childhood and adolescence(BED).MethodsIn a case-control study involving 196 adolescents, including 128 Depressive Disorder, 32 Behavioral and Emotional Disorders, and 36 healthy controls (HCs), NSFR was assessed. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and anxious symptoms with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). Pearson correlation analysis determined the relationships between NSFR and the severity of depression in DD patients. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was used to identify DD from BED integrating NSFR data with clinical symptom measures.ResultsThe adolescent Depressive Disorder group exhibited a higher rate of severe blunted NSFR (21.4%) compared to BED (12.5%) and HC ( 8.3%). Adolescent Depressive Disorder with psychotic symptoms showed a significant increase in blunted NSFR (p = 0.016). NSFR had negative correlations with depressive (r = -0.240, p = 0.006) and anxious (r = -0.2, p = 0.023) symptoms in adolescent Depressive Disorder. Integrating NSFR with three clinical scales improved the differentiation between adolescent Depressive Disorder and BED (AUC increased from 0.694 to 0.712).ConclusionThe NSFR demonstrates potential as an objective biomarker for adolescent Depressive Disorder, aiding in screening, assessing severity, and enhancing insights into its pathophysiology and diagnostic precision.

Predictors of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depressive disorder: the role of alexithymia, childhood trauma, and body investment.

This study analyzes the relationship of alexithymia, childhood trauma, and body investment to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder and whether they have predictive and diagnostic value for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder. A total of 225 patients with a diagnosis of adolescent depressive disorder were included in the study and were divided into two groups according to the DSM-5 criteria: 98 cases without NSSI and 127 cases with NSSI. Compare the demographic data, 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and Body Investment Scale (BIS) scores between two groups. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors contributing to NSSI behaviors in adolescents with depression, and establish four predictive models. Based on the models' predictive probability, the ROC curves were plotted to calculate the value of the predictive diagnostic effect. The group without NSSI had lower scores than the group with NSSI on HAMD-24 total score, TAS-20 total score, difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally focused thinking, as well as lower scores on CTQ-SF total score, physical neglect, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. In contrast, the BIS total score, body image feelings and attitudes, body care, and body protection factor scores were higher for the group without NSSI. The BIS body care factor score and the CTQ-SF emotional abuse factor score were significantly linked with adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorder who exhibited NSSI behaviors. These results provide a good diagnostic model for adolescents with depressive disorder. Low levels of body care and childhood emotional abuse may independently contribute to the implementation of NSSI in adolescents with depressive disorder. Body investment and childhood trauma are valuable in diagnosing and predicting NSSI behaviors and should be considered as potentially important factors in clinical treatment.

Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Adolescents. Contemporary Psycho-spiritual and Therapeutic Values

This work is a continuation of a study on `Depressive and anxiety disorders in adolescents. A psycho-spiritual approach and statistical contextualization` and highlights from a theoretical perspective the interdependent relationship between the spiritual and mental health, which should be seriously contemplated when creating a therapy plan for adolescents with depressive and anxiety disorders. It also deals with the connection between health and the temptations of the current world, which theology and spirituality distinguish in the multitude of emotional and psychological disorders. Additionally, this study showcases the psychotherapies in a synthetic manner: cognitive-behavioral, existential, logotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy and highlights the inherent value of their interconnection with religious acts such as fasting, prayer, confession, which support the medical-psychological therapeutics, providing adolescents with discipline in the process of healing these contemporary pathologies.

Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury: comparisons of the psychological correlates and suicidal presentations across diagnostic subgroups.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) combined with suicide ideation increases the risk of suicidal behaviors. Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are comorbidities of NSSI compounding this relationship. The present study compared diagnostic subgroups of NSSI based on current depression and PTSD on psychological correlates (i.e., vulnerabilities and impairment) and suicidal presentations (i.e., suicidal cognitions and behaviors) in a psychiatric sample of adolescents. Eighty-seven adolescents meeting DSM-5 criteria for NSSI and 104 age-range-matched nonclinical controls (NC) participated. Participants completed self-report measures on psychological vulnerabilities and impairment (e.g., emotion regulation difficulties, negative cognitions). Adolescents with NSSI also completed clinical interviews on psychiatric diagnoses and a recent self-injurious behavior (SIB). Scores on the psychological correlates of NSSI were compared between adolescents with NSSI and NC, and across three diagnostic subgroups of NSSI (A: NSSI+/depression-/PTSD-, n = 14; B: NSSI+/depression+/PTSD-, n = 57; C: NSSI+/depression+/PTSD+, n = 14). Differences between NSSI diagnostic subgroups were tested on the motives for SIB and accompanying suicidal presentations (e.g., desire, intent, motive, lethality). Common comorbidities of NSSI included depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD. The NSSI subgroup classification was significantly associated with panic disorder, which was controlled for in the subsequent group comparisons. Overall, adolescents who engage in NSSI with vs. without depression reported more psychological vulnerabilities and impairment and a greater degree of suicidal thoughts/desire in SIB (i.e., groups B, C >A), which remained significant after controlling for panic disorder. An increased odds of the suicidal motive for SIB was found in adolescents with all three conditions (i.e., group C: NSSI+/depression+/PTSD+) compared to those with NSSI but neither depression nor PTSD (i.e., group A: NSSI+/depression-/PTSD-); however, this was not significant after controlling for panic disorder. Psychological underpinnings of adolescent NSSI in clinical contexts may be largely associated with concurrent depression. Suicidal motives in adolescents who engage in NSSI in the presence of depression and PTSD may be confounded by the co-occurrence of panic disorder. This study warrants the importance of attending to the comorbid depression with NSSI in adolescents as it is related to an increase in suicidal desire accompanying SIB.

Economic evaluations of treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents: Protocol for a scoping review.

Depressive disorders in adolescents are common and impairing. Evidence-based treatments are available; however, at a cost. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we anticipate increased demand for treatment services for adolescents with depression. We also anticipate that economic resources will be strained. Identifying cost-effective strategies to optimally treat depression in adolescents is imperative. This protocol for a scoping review aims to describe the literature with respect to economic evaluations of treatments for depression in adolescents. We will conduct a scoping review using established methods and reporting guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, PsyclNFO, Econlit, and the International HTA Database will be searched from inception to June 13, 2023, with an update closer to time of manuscript submission, while the NHS Economic Evaluation Database archives will be searched from inception to December 2014. Publications that contain economic evaluations, in the context of a clinical trial or a model-based study, testing a treatment of depression in adolescents will be selected for inclusion. Extracted data items will include: economic evaluation perspectives, health outcome variables and costs used in economic evaluations, types of analyses performed, as well as quality of reporting and methodology. A narrative synthesis with summary tables will be used to describe our findings. Our findings will help identify gaps in the literature with respect to economic analyses for the treatment of depression such that these gaps can be filled with future research. Policy-makers, funders and administrators may also use our findings to inform their decisions around provision of various treatments for depression in adolescents. osf.io/5fteb (note that information on this link will be updated upon acceptance for publication based on reviewer comments).

The Effect of Relaxation Music Therapy in Overcoming Depressive Disorders in Adolescents in Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia

Depression is a mental disorder that is often experienced by teenagers. Relaxation music therapy is one method that can be used to treat depressive disorders. This study aims to determine the effect of relaxation music therapy in treating depressive disorders in adolescents in Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample was teenagers aged 15-19 years who experienced depressive disorders in Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. The sample was divided into two groups, namely the experimental group which was given relaxation music therapy and the control group which was not given relaxation music therapy. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of depression scores after being given relaxation music therapy. Depression scores in the experimental group decreased more significantly compared to the control group. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that relaxation music therapy can be an effective method in treating depressive disorders in adolescents.

Differentiation between depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescents by voice features

ObjectiveMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are serious chronic disabling mental and emotional disorders, with symptoms that often manifest atypically in children and adolescents, making diagnosis difficult without objective physiological indicators. Therefore, we aimed to objectively identify MDD and BD in children and adolescents by exploring their voiceprint features.MethodsThis study included a total of 150 participants, with 50 MDD patients, 50 BD patients, and 50 healthy controls aged between 6 and 16 years. After collecting voiceprint data, chi-square test was used to screen and extract voiceprint features specific to emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Then, selected characteristic voiceprint features were used to establish training and testing datasets with the ratio of 7:3. The performances of various machine learning and deep learning algorithms were compared using the training dataset, and the optimal algorithm was selected to classify the testing dataset and calculate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and ROC curve.ResultsThe three groups showed differences in clustering centers for various voice features such as root mean square energy, power spectral slope, low-frequency percentile energy level, high-frequency spectral slope, spectral harmonic gain, and audio signal energy level. The model of linear SVM showed the best performance in the training dataset, achieving a total accuracy of 95.6% in classifying the three groups in the testing dataset, with sensitivity of 93.3% for MDD, 100% for BD, specificity of 93.3%, AUC of 1 for BD, and AUC of 0.967 for MDD.ConclusionBy exploring the characteristics of voice features in children and adolescents, machine learning can effectively differentiate between MDD and BD in a population, and voice features hold promise as an objective physiological indicator for the auxiliary diagnosis of mood disorder in clinical practice.

Childhood trauma and major depression in Chinese college students: mediating role of Internet addiction and victimization of domestic violence

Aim: Major depression disorder in adolescents has received much attention around the world. While the factors correlated with major depression in adolescents have been extensively described, the mechanisms underlying the complexity of the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and major depression have been less studied. This study investigated both the direct influence of childhood trauma on major depression and whether the mediation of domestic violence victimization and Internet addiction played a role in connecting childhood trauma to major depression. Method: The school-based mental health survey was conducted in April 2023 in northeast Chinas Heilongjiang Province. We collected sociodemographic information and targeted mental health outcomes with standardized questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results: The study included 596 college students. The prevalence of major depression and Internet addiction was 31.2% and 21.6%, respectively. 16.4% of participants reported experiences of childhood trauma and 12.8% reported being victims of domestic violence. Childhood trauma, domestic violence victimization and Internet addiction have direct effects on major depression. The total effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation was 0.201 (p < 0.001). Domestic violence victimization and Internet addiction play mediating roles between childhood trauma and depression. Internet addiction plays a mediating role between domestic violence and major depression. Childhood trauma has direct and indirect effects on major depression of college students. Domestic violence victimization and Internet addiction play mediating roles in major depression of college students. Understanding these relationships will help develop and implement more targeted interventions and strategies to improve the mental health of Chinese college students.

Global, regional, and national burdens of depressive disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019: A trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundDepressive disorders (DD) including dysthymia and major depressive disorder (MDD) are common among adolescents and young adults. However, global trends in DD burden remain unclear. MethodsWe analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study on incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality due to DD from 1990 to 2019 at global, regional and national levels. ResultsGlobally, dysthymia incidence increased notably in females, older age groups, and lower-middle income countries from 1990 to 2019. In contrast, MDD incidence decreased slightly over this period except in high-income North America. Females and middle-income countries had the highest dysthymia burden while North America had the highest MDD incidence and DALYs. Oman and Malaysia experienced largest increases in dysthymia and MDD burden respectively. ConclusionDespite certain global indicators suggesting a leveling off or decrease, it's clear that depressive disorders continue to be a significant and increasing issue, particularly among women, teenagers, and young adults. Differences between regions and countries indicate that specific interventions aimed at addressing economic inequalities, improving healthcare systems, and taking cultural factors into account could make a real difference in lessening the burden of depressive disorders. More research is needed to understand what's driving these trends so that we can develop better strategies for preventing and managing these conditions.

Exploring the Incidences Behind Childhood Maltreatment in Childhood and its Association with the Prevalence of Depression and PTSD in Teenagers

The exploration of childhood trauma and its profound impact on the mental health of teenagers has garnered increasing attention in contemporary research. This study delves into the incidences of childhood trauma and investigates its association with the prevalence of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents. Childhood trauma, encompassing experiences such as abuse, neglect, or witnessing domestic violence, can imprint lasting psychological effects, particularly during the vulnerable teenage years. In a very literal sense, childhood trauma refers to highly distressing and adverse experiences that occur during an individual’s formative years, typically before the age of 18. These experiences can have profound and lasting effects on a person’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. Childhood trauma can have far-reaching consequences, influencing various aspects of a person’s life, including their mental health, relationships, and overall well-being. This research study involves a comprehensive examination of the prevalence of different types of childhood trauma within the teenage population, utilizing validated assessment tools and surveys. The study aims to enlist the correlation between specific traumatic experiences and the manifestation of depression and PTSD symptoms. Through this exploration, the research seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the intricate interplay between adverse childhood experiences and mental health outcomes during adolescence.

Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents: a General Overview

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder characterized by persistent depressive moods, irritability, and helplessness feelings, which could negatively influence one’s quality of life. Current research often concludes MDD in adolescents into MDD in general, whereas in reality, abundant differences exist between MDD in adolescents and MDD in adults. This article is an overview of major depressive disorder in adolescents incorporating its symptoms, future impacts, risk factors (academic pressure, attachment style, and peer relationships), and treatments. Although MDD in adolescents shares many similar symptoms as adults, it leads to long-lasting robust negative outcomes in adulthood, both physically and mentally. High academic pressure and insecure attachment style are both associated with the development of depressive symptoms. However, peer relationships have a much-complicated influence on depression. Positive interactions between peers and being regarded as belonging to a high-status group could prevent adolescents from developing depressive feelings. Surprisingly, close friendships could both bring positive and negative influences on depression, depending on the situation. This paper emphasizes the symptoms, importance, affecting factors, and current treatments of MDD in adolescence, which further reveals that treatments for MDD in adolescents still need more consideration and studies to improve effectiveness and avoid harm.

Specific coping behaviours related to depression in adolescents with a divorced parent

Parents’ divorce is one of the life events that elicit pressure in adolescents, to such an extent that parents’ divorce is a predictor of depressive disorder in adolescents. Coping strategy plays an important role in the relationship between pressure and depression. This research aimed to examine coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and dysfunctional coping) and specific coping behaviours which affect adolescents with divorced parents’ depressive symptoms. Participants are 80 adolescents with divorced parents from several cities in Indonesia, aged between 13 to 19 years old (mean=16.6 years, SD=1.62 with 76% female and 24% male). Depressive symptoms were measured using the children’s depression inventory, and specific coping behaviour was measured with Brief-COPE or coping orientation to problems experienced. In this research, it was found that 38% of the adolescents had depression. On the multiple linear regression, only problem-focused coping and dysfunctional coping significantly affected depression and not emotion-focused coping. Furthermore, among 14 specific coping behaviours, only instrumental support and behaviour disengagement affect depressive symptoms. These findings indicate that intervention focused on increasing the utilization of problem-focused coping and reducing dysfunctional coping might be beneficial to minimize depressive symptoms in adolescents with divorced parents.

The Prevalence of Video Game Addiction and Its Relation to Anxiety, Depression, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and objective Video games have become a popular source of entertainment among children and adolescents, not only targeting the young generation but also increasingly popular among older demographics as well. This study aimed to assess the association between video game addiction and depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD) among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional studyinvolving Saudi adolescents aged 12-16 years. A self-administered online survey was distributed on social media (Twitter, WhatsApp, and Snapchat). The surveyaddressed sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, area of residence city, etc.). Arabic versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (PHQ-GAD7), the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS), and the seven-item GameAddiction Scale(GAS-7) questionnaires were distributed as well, including Arabic terms for depression, anxiety, and ADHD. Results A total of 393 surveys were completed (males: 58.3% vs. females: 41.7%). Of note, 63.1% of the respondents reported playing video games every day with an average of more than five hours of gaming time per day (25.2%). The prevalence of video game addiction was 62.1%. Independent risk factors of video game addiction included being young in age, playing video games every day, playing more than three hours per day, and playing multiplayer games. Furthermore, our findings suggestthat a higher video game addiction score is correlated with higher scores in inattention, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of video game addiction amongSaudi children and adolescents. Excessivevideo game playing negatively influences mental health and leads to issues including anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Also, younger males with an increased rate of regular playtime were more likely to exhibit video game addiction in comparison to the rest of the population. Further research is required to more comprehensively assess the prevalence rate of video game addiction and its effect on the mental health of the younger generation within the region.

Light Therapy for Adolescent Depression: A Scoping Review.

Depressive disorders in adolescents are a major health concern associated with developmental, social, and educational impairment. Bright Light Therapy (BLT) is a feasible and effective treatment for depressive disorders in adults, but few controlled trials have been conducted with children or adolescents. This scoping review focuses on the current state of knowledge for BLT in the treatment of adolescent depression. We reviewed the literature for novel data and methodologic approaches using BLT and pediatric and young adult populations. BLT is a tolerable treatment with few side effects. However, there is a marked lack of well-powered studies to support BLT as a treatment for depressive disorders in adolescent populations. Given evidence of tolerability and positive treatment effect on depression in the adult literature, research is needed to establish the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of BLT in adolescents.

Characteristics and correlation of gray matter volume and somatic symptoms in adolescent patients with depressive disorder.

Adolescent patients with depressive disorders commonly exhibit somatic symptoms, which have a significant negative impact on their treatment and prognosis. Despite this, specific brain imaging characteristics of these symptoms have been poorly studied. The Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD-17), Children's Functional Somatization scale (CSI), and Toronto Alexithymia scale (TAS) were used to evaluate the clinical symptoms of adolescent depression. We analyzed the correlation between brain gray matter volume (GMV) and clinical symptoms in adolescent patients with depression and somatic symptoms. The depression subgroups with and without functional somatic symptoms (FSS) had higher scores on the HAMD-17, CSI, and TAS than the normal control group. The group with FSS had higher HAMD-17, CSI, and TAS scores than the depression group without FSS (p < 0.05). CSI and TAS scores were positively correlated (r = 0.378, p < 0.05). The GMV of the right supplementary motor area was higher in the depression groups with and without FSSs than in the normal control group, and the GMV was higher in the group without FSS than in the group with FSS (F = 29.394, p < 0.05). The GMV of the right supplementary motor area was negatively correlated with CSI in the depressed group with FSS (r = -0.376, p < 0.05). In the group with depression exhibiting FSS, CSI scores were positively correlated with GMV of the middle occipital gyrus (pr = 0.665, p = 0.0001), and TAS scores were positively correlated with GMV of the caudate nucleus (pr = 0.551, p = 0.001). Somatic symptoms of adolescent depressive disorder are associated with alexithymia; moreover, somatic symptoms and alexithymia in adolescent patients with depressive disorders are correlated with GMV changes in different brain regions.

Antiretroviral therapy non-adherence and its relationship with cognitive impairment, alcohol use disorder, and depression in adolescents living with HIV.

We aimed to compare antiretroviral non-adherence in the behaviourally infected (BIAs) and congenitally infected adolescents (CIAs) and explore its associations with depression, cognitive impairment, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adolescents living with HIV(ALWHIV) in Botswana. This study was a cross-sectional, comparative, multi-center research that involved collecting samples from different HIV clinics in Botswana. Of the 622 ALWHIV, 223 were identified as BIAs and 399 as CIAs. They were evaluated using various tools such as MINI-KID for psychiatric disorders, DSM-5 for AUD, CAT-rapid for cognitive assessment, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for non-adherence (the outcome). The data were analysed using both bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. The participants' mean age (SD) was 17.7(1.60). The CIAs were more likely to have cognitive impairment (t -7.25; p < 0.01), while the BIAs had more depression (χ2 = 5.86; p = 0.016) and AUD (χ2 = 4.39; p = 0.036) and were more likely to be non-adherent (t = 3.14; p = 0.002). In the CIA group, cognitive impairment (AOR = 2.86; 95% CI:1.77-4.64) (AOR = 2.79; 95%CI:1.73-4.48) and depression (AOR = 2.69; 95%CI:1.48-4.90 were associated with ART non-adherence. In the BIA group, depression (AOR = 2.55; 95%CI:1.27-5.16), AUD (AOR = 2.58; 95%CI:1.21-5.49) and struggling to accept status (AOR = 2.54; 95%CI:1.41-4.56) predicted non-adherence to treatment. The two groups of adolescents differ regarding ART non-adherence and associated psychosocial issues, indicating the need for differentiated care to address non-adherence in the ALWHIV, especially in high-burden, resource-constrained settings, such as Botswana.

Прогноз ризику формування депресивного розладу у підлітків

TThe paper presents an analysis of clinical, biological, socio-demographic risk factors for the development of depressive disorder in adolescents.