Depression In Postpartum Period Research Articles

Yoga and Facial Accupressure to Prevent Baby Blues and Depression in Postpartum Period

Yoga and Facial Accupressure to Prevent Baby Blues and Depression in Postpartum Period

Severe Hypocalcemia in a Young Female During Postpartum Period: A Challenging Diagnosis of Primary Hypoparathyroidism

Tarih Hypocalcemia is a clinical symptom of hypoparathyroidism, which is usually accompanied by distinctive signs and symptoms that vary depending on how severe and chronic the disease becomes. The aim of this study is to report on a case of severe hypocalcemia secondary to hypoparathyroidism in a postpartum woman. We present a case of a young woman with complaints of cramping legs and feet, tingling or burning in fingertips, toes, and lips, fatigue and weakness, twitching and spasms in muscles, particularly around the mouth, but also in hands and arms, painful menstrual periods, and depression, after the first delivery. She is successfully treated with calcium, calcitriol, magnesium, and levothyroxine. The idiopathic primary hypoparathyroidism, which is a rare condition, could be included in evaluating the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and depression in postpartum period.

Genetic polymorphisms of vitamin B12 and folate transporter proteins and depression in postpartum period: A case-control study

• First study to explore association of vitamin B12 and folate transporter protein polymorphisms (TCN-2 C776G and RFC-1 G80A) with depression in postpartum period. • No association was observed between TCN-2 C776G and RFC-1 G80A & postpartum. • TCN2 C776G CG genotype was associated with lower 5-methylTHF and SAM levels. • RFC-1 G80A GA genotype was associated with lower vitamin B12 levels. • Observations suggest the role of transporter genotype on vitamin B12 and folate homoeostasis. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency have been linked to the susceptibility of developing depression in the postpartum period. Transcobalamin-2 (TCN-2) and reduced folate carrier (RFC-1) are essential for the cellular uptake of vitamin B12 and folate respectively. Therefore, functional genetic polymorphism of both may lead to the intracellular deficiency of vitamin B12 & folate. We observed the association of TCN-2 C776G and RFC-1 G80A polymorphism with postpartum depression, and its effect on the circulating markers of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Women were screened at 6 weeks postpartum for the probability of depression by EPDS score, and a score of >10 was taken as a cut-off ( n = 434; 217 in each group). Plasma was used for the estimation of homocysteine, methylmalonic acid (MMA), 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, and holotranscobalamin by commercially available ELISA kits, and whole blood was used for extraction of DNA, which was further genotyped by real-time PCR using Taqman probes. No difference was observed between the distribution of genotypes and alleles of TCN-2 C776G and RFC-1 G80A between women with and without probable depression. On comparing the effect of various genotypes on circulating levels of metabolites, we observed TCN2 C776G CG genotype to be associated with lower 5-methyl THF levels whereas RFC-1 G80A GA genotype was associated with lower vitamin B12 levels. These results suggest the metabolic effect of transporter genotype in folate-supplemented postpartum women.

Association of Anxiety and Depression in Postpartum Period: a Hospital Based Evaluative Study

Association of Anxiety and Depression in Postpartum Period: a Hospital Based Evaluative Study

A community-based cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of post-partum depression: Why are the mothers depressed?

Introduction:Post-partum depression can have adverse long term effects. For the mother, the episode can be the precursor of chronic recurrent depression. For her children her on going depression can contribute to emotional, cognitive and interpersonal problems in their later life. In the present study, we aimed to identify the incidence of depression in post-partum period and explore the underlying etiological factors responsible for the same.Materials and Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted on 250 post- natal mothers covered under UHTC, Tripuri, Patiala. The data collection was done through one to one interview technique with mental evaluation done by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale instrument. Based upon the results, the cases were classified either as normal or presence of psychiatric morbidity. Psychiatry referral was provided to those requiring it. Association of post-partum depression with various socio-demographic and medical correlates was then sought through statistical analysis.Results:Post-partum depression was observed in 82 out of 250 females (32.8%). On univariable analysis family income, illiteracy, history of depression, caesarean section, death in family, were significantly associated with post-partum depression. On multi-variable analysis, poverty, female gender of baby, domestic violence and were observed as true predictors of depression in post-partum period (p<0.05).Conclusion:Depression was prevalent among almost one-third of postnatal females. Poverty, Cesarean section, domestic violence and poor spousal support have been identified as major contributors towards psychiatric morbidities. Taking care of these largely modifiable risk factors can prevent development of postpartum depression.

Validation of the Persian Version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Iranian Women

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian versionof the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression(EPDS) among Iranian mothers in postpartum period. Materials and Methods: This secondary analysis examines 200 Iranian mothers registered to receive prenatal care in health centers in Kerman, Iran. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling method. The reliability (Cronbach’s α coefficient), construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were assessed. Model fit index (e.g., the root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]), the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) were calculated. Results: The overall Cronbach’s α was estimated at 0.70 with subscales ranging from 0.70 to 0.88. EFA identified three factors with extractable eigenvalue >1.00, which accounted for 62% of the total variance. The eigenvalues of the first three factors were 4.11, 1.09, and 1.012. The first factor, labeled anhedonia, contained items 1 and 2. The second factor, labeled anxiety, consisted of items 3, 4, and 5, which explain 19.61 of variance. The last factor, labeled depression, contained items 7, 8, 9, and 10. Item 8 loaded equally on anhedonia and depression factors. The screen plot also suggested three factors. In addition, CFA verified the model extracted from the EFA. The three-factor model displayed an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.06, p=0.001). Conclusion The results of EFA, CFA, and internal consistency revealed that the Persian version of 10-item EPDS instrument was valid and reliable, and can be used to screen and identify Iranian mothers with anxiety and depression in postpartum period.

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) among Iranian Mothers: A Psychometric Study

Background: There are few psychometric studies addressing sensitivity and specificity of the Persian version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Therefore, there is a need for future studies to identify the best cut-off point for EPDS score. The present study is aimed at assessing the validity of the EPDS among Iranian mothers. Materials and Methods: The study is a secondary analysis on a descriptive correlational design to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of the Persian version of EPDS. The study was conducted in Mashhad, Iran, among 200 postpartum women attending routine post-natal care at six health service centers selected through stratified sampling method, and mothers completed the EPDS tool. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 16.0. The sensitivity and specificity of the EPDS were assessed against the DSM-IV criteria for depression with Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using MedCalc statistical software (version 13.0). Results: 30% of mothers were depressed based on the Edinburgh scale. The best cut-off point to discriminate mothers with depression (a combination major and minor depression) from normal women in postpartum period was >10 with sensitivity 87.95% and specificity 93.86%. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC= 0.959). For women with major depression, the best cut-off point was 16 with sensitivity 94.12% and specificity 94.54% (ROC= 0.98). Conclusion: In conclusion, the finding of this psychometric study showed the Persian version of EPDS can be used as a valid tool at a cut-off score of >10 to screen mothers with a combination major and minor depression and at cut-off score of >16 for screening those with major depression in postpartum period in health care center.

Perfectionism dimensions in major postpartum depression

Although perfectionism from a multidimensional perspective has generally been associated with depressive illness, there are not many studies on its role in major depression in the postnatal period. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between perfectionism dimensions using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and major postpartum depression. One-hundred-twenty-two women with major postpartum depression (SCID-I; DSM-IV) and 115 healthy postpartum women were evaluated using the FMPS, an instrument for the assessment of six perfectionism dimensions: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubt about actions and organisation. Other variables were also considered: neuroticism, psychiatric history, social support, life events and genotype combinations according to serotonin transporter expression (5-HTTLPR and Stin2 VNTR polymorphisms). The prevalence of high-perfectionism was higher in major postpartum depression group than in control group (34% vs. 11%; p<0.001). Multivariate models confirmed high-perfectionism as an independent factor associated with major postpartum depression. Specifically, the high-concern over mistakes dimension increased over four-fold the odds of major depression in postpartum period. (OR=4.14; 95% CI=1.24-13.81) Neuroticism, personal psychiatric history and 5-HTT low-expressing genotypes at one of the loci were also identified as independent factors. High-perfectionism, and particularly high-concern over mistakes is a personality dimension associated with major postpartum depression. The inclusion of perfectionism assessment, together with others factors, may be considered in order to improve the detection of women at risk of postpartum depression, in whom early intervention may be of benefit.

SP5-34 Detection of antenatal depression and male gender preference in pregnant women in a teaching hospital-a developing nation scenario

BackgroundMaternal depression during pregnancy has been studied less than depression in postpartum period. Prevalence rate has been found to be between 5% and 26% for antenatal depression based on very...

Prevalence of pre- and postpartum depression in Jamaican women.

BackgroundMaternal depression during pregnancy has been studied less than depression in postpartum period. The aims of this study were to find out the prevalence of prepartum and postpartum depression and the risk factors associated in a cohort of Afro-Jamaican pregnant women in Jamaica.MethodsThe Zung self-rating depression scale instrument was administered to 73 healthy pregnant women at 28 weeks gestation and at 6 weeks postpartum for quantitative measurement of depression. Blood samples were collected at 8, 28, 35 weeks gestation and at day 1 and 6 weeks postpartum to study the thyroid status.ResultsStudy demonstrated depression prevalence rates of 56% and 34% during prepartum and postpartum period, respectively. 94% women suffering depression in both periods were single. There were significant variations in both FT3 and TT4 concentrations which increased from week 8 to week 28 prepartum (p < 0.05) and then declined at the 35th week (p < 0.05 compared with week 28) and 1 day post delivery study (p < 0.05 compared with week 35). The mean values for TSH increased significantly from week 8 through week 35. The mean values at 1 day postpartum and 6 week postpartum were not significantly different from the 35 week values. For FT3, TT4 and TSH there were no significant between group differences in concentrations. The major determinants of postpartum depression were moderate and severe prepartum depression and change in TT4 hormone concentrations.ConclusionHigh prevalence of depression was found during pre- and postpartum periods. Single mothers, prepartum depression and changes in TT4 were factors found to be significantly associated with postpartum depression.