Depression In Diabetic Patients Research Articles

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Disorders among People with Diabetes Monitored at the Diabcarmet Center in Thiès (Senegal)

Introduction: The association of diabetes and anxiety-depressive disorders in the same person is problematic. The aim of our work was to evaluate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in diabetic patients and to highlight the link between anxiety and depressive disorders and diabetes. Methodology: In our transversal and descriptive study, with analytical purposes, we studied 50 cases. The study took place over a period of 4 months (from April to July 2022), focusing on diabetic patients. Results: Our study included 50 patients with a mean age of 55 ±13 years with a range from 30 to 80 years. The sex ratio was 1.17. The prevalence of depressive disorders was 28% and of anxiety disorders 36%. On bivariate analysis, age, sex, and occupation were associated with depression, and only age was associated with anxiety. On multivariate analysis, female gender (OR=33.8; CI=3.89-293.32), age over 50 years (OR=6.71; CI=[1.31; 34.38]), occupational inactivity (OR=15.5; CI=[3.47;69.16]) exposed diabetic patients to an additional risk of depression and only age over 50 years (OR=3.97; CI=[1.07; 14.72]) exposed diabetic patients to an additional risk of anxiety. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of screening for anxiety and depression in diabetic patients to prevent complications and their progression.

Validation of Chinese version of the 5-item WHO well-being index in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

BackgroundFor better disease management and improved prognosis, early identification of co-morbid depression in diabetic patients is warranted. the WHO-5 well-being index (WHO-5) has been used to screen for depression in diabetic patients, and its Chinese version (WHO-5-C) has been validated. However, its psychometric properties remain to be further validated in the type 2 diabetes patient population. The aim of our study was to examine the reliability and validity of the WHO-5-C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients from July 2014 to March 2015. All patients should complete the WHO-5-C, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the 20-item Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID-20), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Internal consistency of WHO-5 was revealed by Cronbach’s alpha, and constructive validity by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Relationship with PHQ-9, HAM-D, and PAID-20 was examined for concurrent validity, and ROC analysis was performed for criterion validity.ResultsThe WHO-5-C presented satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88). CFA confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of WHO-5-C. The WHO-5-C had significant negative correlation with HAM-D (r = -0.610), PHQ-9 (r = -0.694) and PAID-20 (r = -0.466), confirming good concurrent validity. Using M.I.N.I as the gold standard, the cut-off value of WHO-5-C was 42, with a sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.75.ConclusionThe WHO-5-C holds satisfactory reliability and validity that is suitable for depression screening in type 2 diabetes patients as a short and convenient instrument.

The relationship between psychological resilience and depression among the diabetes patients under the background of "dynamic zero COVID-19": the mediating role of stigma and the moderating role of medication burden.

Depression in diabetes patients is caused by their own disease or the surrounding social environment. How to cope with changes in mentality and adjust psychological stress responses, especially under China's dynamic zero COVID-19 policy, is worth further discussion. The researchers constructed a moderated mediation model to test the effect of psychological resilience during dynamic zero COVID-19 on depression in diabetes patients and the mediating role of stigma and the moderating effect of medication burden. From June to September, 2022, data were collected in Jinghu District, Wuhu City, Anhui Province, by multi-stage stratified sampling. Firstly, we selected a tertiary hospital randomly in Jinghu District. Secondly, departments are randomly chosen from the hospital. Finally, we set up survey points in each department and randomly select diabetes patients. In addition, we used the Connor-Davidson Elasticity Scale (CD-RISC) to measure psychological resilience of patients, and used the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness (SSCI) to measure stigma, medication burden was measured by the Diabetes Treatment Burden Scale (DTBQ), and depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used SPSS (version 23.0) and PROCESS (version 4.1) for data analysis. (1) Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with stigma, medication burden, and depression. Stigma was positively associated with medication burden and depression. Medication burden and depression are positively correlated, (2) The mediation analysis showed that psychological resilience had a direct predictive effect on depression, and stigma partially mediated the relationship, and (3) Medication burden moderates the direct pathway by which psychological resilience predicts depression; Medication burden moderates the first half of "psychological resilience → stigma → depression." Under the mediating effect of stigma, psychological resilience can improve depression. Medication burden has a moderating effect on the relationship between psychological resilience and depression, and it also has a moderating effect on the relationship between psychological resilience and stigma. These results facilitate the understanding of the relationship mechanisms between psychological resilience and depression.

Developing a nomogram for predicting depression in diabetic patients after COVID-19 using machine learning.

This study identified major risk factors for depression in community diabetic patients using machine learning techniques and developed predictive models for predicting the high-risk group for depression in diabetic patients based on multiple risk factors. This study analyzed 26,829 adults living in the community who were diagnosed with diabetes by a doctor. The prevalence of a depressive disorder was the dependent variable in this study. This study developed a model for predicting diabetic depression using multiple logistic regression, which corrected all confounding factors in order to identify the relationship (influence) of predictive factors for diabetic depression by entering the top nine variables with high importance, which were identified in CatBoost. The prevalence of depression was 22.4% (n = 6,001). This study calculated the importance of factors related to depression in diabetic patients living in South Korean community using CatBoost to find that the top nine variables with high importance were gender, smoking status, changes in drinking before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in smoking before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, subjective health, concern about economic loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in sleeping hours due to the COVID-19 pandemic, economic activity, and the number of people you can ask for help in a disaster situation such as COVID-19 infection. It is necessary to identify the high-risk group for diabetes and depression at an early stage, while considering multiple risk factors, and to seek a personalized psychological support system at the primary medical level, which can improve their mental health.

Depression among Bangladeshi diabetic patients: a cross-sectional, systematic review, and meta-analysis study

AimThis study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among diabetic patients in a cross-sectional sample and perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the extant studies to date.MethodsA face-to-face semi-structured interview of established diabetic patients was conducted in four districts of Bangladesh between May 24 to June 24, 2022, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–2) was used to detect depression. PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, with Bangladeshi articles published until 3rd February 2023.ResultsThe prevalence of depression among 390 diabetic patients was 25.9%. Having secondary education and using both insulin and medication increased the likelihood of depression, whereas being a business professional and being physically active reduced the likelihood of depression. The systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the pooled estimated prevalence of depression was 42% (95% CI 32–52%). Females had a 1.12-times higher risk of depression than males (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.25, p < 0.001).ConclusionsTwo-fifths of diabetic patients were depressed, with females at higher risk. Since depression among diabetic patients increases adverse outcomes, improved awareness and screening methods should be implemented to detect and treat depression in diabetic patients.

Depression in Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Survey among Patients Attending Diabetes Clinics

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people. Depression is reported to be a common comorbidity in diabetic patients. Depression in diabetic patients is associated with worse glycemic control, and increased risk of diabetes complications, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy Study design: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Medicine, Amna Inayat Medical College, Lahore for the duration of six months from April 2022 to September 2022. Material and Methods: The study included 150 diabetic patients who visited department of endocrinology and metabolism Services Hospital Lahore. There were 70 males and 80 females included in the study. 66 patients were in the range of 20-40 years and 84 were older than 40 years. 95 of them were illiterate while 55 were educated. Results: Total numbers of patients enrolled in this study were 150; among them 69 were type 1 diabetics while 81 had type 2 diabetes. Among type 1 diabetes 29 (42%) out of 69 patients were diagnosed with signs of depression whereas among type 2 diabetes the 40 (49%) patients were diagnosed with signs of clinical depression. It was found that there were 81 patients (54%) who were not diagnosed with any signs of clinical depression. Whereas 38 patients were suffering from mild form of depression. Conclusion: It was found that 46% of the diabetic patients suffered from depression. There were 54% diabetic patients that had no clinical signs of depression. There is a need to assess the signs of depression among diabetes patients. It can be an obstacle for the proper treatment of patient as such patients show non-adherence to their diabetes treatment because of poor mental health state. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, depression and the blood glucose level

PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS IN AL-MADINAH AL-MUNAWARAH, KSA 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease among patients in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah caused by a deficiency in insulin production in the pancreas. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Some sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, job, and education contribute to these psychological disorders. So, this problem seeks research to determine the anxiety among the diabetic patients of Al-Madinah.This study investigates the prevalence and predictors of anxiety among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. In addition, this research aims to explore the effect of anxiety on glycaemic control in diabetic patients.This is based on a cross-sectional study in which only the patients of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah primary health care centers are investigated to collect the data.Data entry and statistical analysis are performed with SPSS version 25, while the significance difference equal to or smaller than 0.05 is used to determine statistical significance in the conducted research. Results are given in three different tables, including socioeconomic data, clinical data, and predictors of anxiety and depression in diabetes patients. In conclusion, diabetes affects your lifestyle and causes many issues, such as anxiety. This anxiety can lead to many other diseases, such as harmful eating habits, lack of regular exercise, smoking, and weight gain. If more problems control the patients sugar level, it indicates that the patient suffers from anxiety.

Prevalence of Depression among Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Overt Complications and Its Association with Glycemic Control in a Tertiary Care Center in India – A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on the rise worldwide posing a serious threat to public health. In India, it has increased from 3.3% to 19% in urban and 2.4% to 15% in rural areas from 1972 to 2019. Depression is a major contributor to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and common comorbidity in diabetic patients. Studies show a bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes. However, there is a dearth of evidence on the relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study aims to estimate the occurrence of depression in type 2 diabetic patients and to find the association between depression and glycemic control in a tertiary care center in Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of 18–65 years of age. Hemoglobin A1C levels were collected, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered for screening depression. If PHQ ≥10, the Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was done to confirm the diagnosis of depression. The severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire was used to assess their self-management behaviors. Results: One hundred and fourteen patients (male = 36, female = 78) were screened for depression, and the diagnosis was confirmed with MINI. Twenty-six patients scored ≥10 scores, of which 8 (7%) met the criteria for moderate depression and 18 (15.8%) for mild depression. Eighty-eight (77.2%) had no depression. The characteristics significantly associated with depression were female gender, poor glycemic control, and systemic hypertension. Conclusion: There are clear evidence in the literature for an increased prevalence of depression in diabetic patients resulting in poorer prognosis. This study demonstrated the association of poor glycemic control with depression. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment approach addressing both disorders would help improve the global health burden by reducing mortality and DALYs.

Depression and Anxiety among Diabetic Patients and Associated Factors

Introduction: Anxiety and depression considered as the risk factors for diabetes, as well as they are two of its complications. This study was conducted to explain the prevalence of depression and anxiety among T2DM and its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Al-Wafaa (Diabetes Center in Mosul). Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ - 9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD - 7) were used to evaluate all patients for anxiety and depression. Results: In this study 380 patients participated their mean age was 55.47 ± 8.35 ranging between 35 – 82 years and the mean BMI was 29.69 ± 5.04. More than half of these patients (54.7%) were men and (98.7%) of them were married. The mean HbA1c level was 8.68 ± 1.47 and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.18 years. The reported prevalence of depression and anxiety were 79.5% and 79.2% respectively. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are common problems among diabetic patients, more than two third of the study population had varying degrees of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression in diabetic patients were significantly related to HbA1c, gender, educational level, employment, and monthly income.

The Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes and depression are major issues globally, with CBT identified as the most effective treatment for depression. Self-help CBT in Pakistan has shown positive results for depression treatment. A study has found that CBT leads to a higher remission rate for depression in Type 2 diabetes patients, highlighting the need for proper treatment of diabetes-related depression to improve health outcomes.Methods: In a randomized controlled trial a total of 32 patients with diabetes and depression were allocated to CBT therapy (n=16) and controls without CBT therapy (n=16). The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, and diabetic’s clinic of Department of General Medicine, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, in a period of 2 months. Known cases of Type 2 Diabetes fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of Depression and anxiety using DSM –V research criteria, and who lived within the catchment area were approached. Formal approval from hospital ethical committee and written informed consent from participants were obtained. Those persons, who agreed to enter the study, were assessed 2 weeks after the first screening, to fill in the baseline measures when they attended their first appointment. These persons were asked to attend further appointments and were assessed every two weeks till end of the study final assessment were made. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.9 + 7.5 years in group A (CBT) and 45.4 + 10.1 years in group B (without CBT). Male and female cases were equally selected in both groups respectively. The mean HADS was found similar at baseline in both study groups while post intervention phases in group A, greater improvement was observed (8.8 + 2.6) compared to (10.3 + 2.9) in group B. The WHO quality of life scale was almost similar in both groups at baseline, however, greater improvement in quality of life was observed in group A (90.7 + 9.0) compared to group B (82.1 + 13.9) and the difference in mean WHOQOL was found statistically significant (p-value = 0.04). Conclusions: The CBT intervention has a clear role in the management of depression in diabetic patients. In this study it has shown significant improvement in the health and depression scales and also in the overall quality of life according to WHO scale.

Diabetic Patients With Rosacea Increase the Risks of Diabetic Macular Edema, Dry Eye Disease, Glaucoma, and Cataract.

Inflammation plays a role in diabetic eye diseases, but the association between rosacea and eye diseases in patients with diabetes remains unknown. This retrospective cohort study used claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan to investigate the association between rosacea and eye diseases in patients with diabetes. Taiwanese patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2013, and using any hypoglycemic agents were included and divided into rosacea and nonrosacea groups. After applying 1:20 sex and age matching and exclusion criteria, 1:4 propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to balance the covariate distribution between the groups. The risk of time-to-event outcome between rosacea and nonrosacea groups in the PSM cohort was compared using the Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model. A total of 4096 patients with rosacea and 16,384 patients without rosacea were included in the analysis. During a mean follow-up period of 5 years, diabetic patients with rosacea had significantly higher risks of diabetic macular edema [subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR): 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.63], glaucoma with medical treatment (SHR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.21), dry eye disease (SHR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.38-1.75), and cataract surgery (SHR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.25) compared with diabetic patients without rosacea. A cumulative incidence analysis performed up to 14 years after the index date revealed that the risks of developing ocular diseases consistently increased over time. No significant differences in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, uveitis, or retinal detachment were identified according to rosacea diagnosis. However, we observed significant associations between rosacea and psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and major depressive disorder among patients with diabetes. Rosacea is associated with diabetic macular edema, glaucoma, dry eye disease, and cataract development in diabetic patients, as well as increased risks of psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and depression in diabetic patients.

Metformin for the Improvement of Comorbid Depression Symptoms in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review.

Diabetes mellitus and depression are chronic debilitating disorders and can occur comorbidly. They are thought to be linked not only through environmental and behavioral factors but through molecular mechanisms as well. Antidepressant medication and psychological therapy, standard treatments for depressive symptoms in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, are linked to high rates of treatment failure and non-adherence; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms linking diabetes and depression could lead to discovering new targets and developing novel therapeutics. Metformin is considered a first-line anti-diabetic medication for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and several studies have discussed its antidepressant effect. Metformin is thought to promote neurogenesis, enhance spatial memory function and protect the brain against oxidative imbalance. This systematic review aims to compile information on metformin's effect on depression symptoms and assess current knowledge on the relationship between depression and diabetes. After reviewing several studies, we concluded that metformin might help treat comorbid depression in diabetic patients, but before it can be recommended as a depression medication, more extensive and better-designed trials are needed.

Diabetes Mellitus and Depression: A Literature Review

Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term condition characterized by excessive glucose or blood sugar levels. Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 patients are at a greater risk of developing depression. Diabetes mellitus causes vascular damage, particularly brain vascularity, which is linked to depression symptoms. Other than that, depression in diabetic patients is linked to poor blood sugar control, the family's lack of motivation to be concerned about diabetic complications The situation will create a vicious spiral that will exacerbate diabetes and sadness.

Depression in Diabetic Patients: What Is the Link With Eating Disorders? Results of a Study in a Representative Sample of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.

Background and PurposeComorbidity between diabetes and depression, and diabetes and eating disorders (ED) conveys significant diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic implications. The present study was conducted on a sample of adult outpatients affected by Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) to assess lifetime prevalence of ED; current prevalence of depression and Disturbed Eating Behaviors (DEB) and their impact on glycemic control. We hypothesized that patients with depression would have higher rates of lifetime ED and current DEB. We hypothesized a significant and independent association between DEB and the prevalence of depression.Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out using a cross-sectional design in a sample of 172 diabetic patients with T1DM aged from 17 to 55 years. Lifetime prevalence of ED according to DSM-5 criteria was assessed by means of the Module H modified of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder (SCID-I). The following questionnaires were used: Beck Depression Inventory–IA version (BDI-IA) and Diabetes Eating Problems Survey—Revised (DEPS-R), to assess respectively the current presence of depression and DEB. Socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were also collected.ResultsHigh rates of depression (35.5%) and DEB (19.2%) were observed in our sample of 172 adult outpatients with T1DM. Lifetime history of ED was present in 20.9% of the sample and was more frequently diagnosed in patients with current depression (34.4% vs. 13.9%, p = 0.002). Higher levels of DEB at DEPS-R significantly increased the odds of depression (adjOR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.15; p = 0.003). The presence of DEB was associated with poor glycemic control. On the other hand, no association was found between depression and metabolic compensation.ConclusionAdult patients with T1DM and depression should be screened for ED and DEB. Treating DEB could positively impact both mood and glycemic control in this population. Further studies should be carried out on a larger patient population using a longitudinal design and an accurate method of evaluation to explore the complex relationship between diabetes, depression, ED, and DEB. Future research should investigate treatment strategies for DEB in T1DM patients and their impact on both psychopathological and metabolic outcomes.

Depression And Quality of Life Among Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case Control Study

Background: Diabetes is accompanied by a distinct decreased in subject’s quality of life (QOL) and it shows to elevated disability-adjusted life years than most diseases. Depression shows the degrade QOL and is associated with wretched treatment outcomes and lesser the glycaemic control in diabetes. Objective of this study is to study the association between Quality of Life (QoL) and depression among type2 diabetes mellitus in Andhra Pradesh. Methodology: The present study is a case control study. There were 300 participants including 150 type2 diabetes mellitus patients, &amp; 150 healthy individuals (age and gender matched) were also selected as a control to meet the purpose of the study. Subjects age range was set between 35-65 years. Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) and WHO quality of life scale (QOL BREF) were used for data collection, SPSS-26(v). Results: The study findings showed that significant but negative relation between depression scores and quality of life. 65% have Poor Quality of life &amp; 57% have high depression in Diabetes Patients. 54% have good Quality of life &amp; 78% have Mild Depression in Healthy Individuals. Conclusion: It is concluded that association between depression and sub-scales of quality of life indicating that high depression scores may lead to lower physical and psychological health impacting social relationship and environmental health.

Depression among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Associated Factors and its Prevalence

Introduction: The depression and diabetes both are important community health concerns. Depression is a common comorbid disease in diabetic patients. The goal of this analysis was to assess the depression prevalence in diabetic patients and to recognise the numerous influences related with it. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the Psychiatry and Medicine department of Behavioral Sciences, LGH Lahore, Pakistan and Psychiatry Alfalah diagnostic centre, Azhar Medical Plaza Timergara for the duration of six months from July 2021 to December 2021. Methods: The patients with diabetes mellitus who visited the OPD Internal Medicine Department and Psychiatry department were referred for a psychiatric assessment. 140 total patients were studied for 6-month period. Face-to-face interviews were directed to collect the clinical profile and sociodemographic data of the subjects. To classify and describe depression; Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was applied. The percentage, frequency, multivariate regression and test were applied. Results: The total depression prevalence was 30.2% and institute to be higher significantly in women (p = 0.008), subjects on insulin treatment (p = 0.028), diabetes mellitus &gt;15 years (p = 0.049) and patients with uncontrolled blood glucose levels (p = 0.018) even after treatment. A regression analysis found that the type of treatment, blood glucose level, gender, and type of treatment were independent forecasters of depression in patients with DM. The subjects treated with insulin were 4 times additional probable to develop depression (CI: 2.129 - 8.865, OR = 4.344, p &lt;0.001). Conclusion: About a quarter of diabetic patients had depression. Influences such as long duration of diabetes mellitus, female gender, uncontrolled diabetes and therapy with insulin increase the danger of rising depression in patients with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, routinely assessment of depression in diabetic patients is essential. Keywords: Prevalence, Diabetes and Depression.

The prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary clinic in Gaborone, Botswana.

BackgroundDepression is one of the commonest co-existing medical conditions among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). A bidirectional relationship between depression and DM exists, complicating glycaemic control leading to an increase in diabetic complications. There is a dearth of information regarding the prevalence of depression and associated factors among patients with DM in Botswana.AimThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and associated factors among patients with DM. The study also assessed the association between depression and glycaemic control.SettingA tertiary diabetic referral clinic in Gaborone, Botswana.MethodA sample of 260 randomly selected patients with DM was recruited in this cross-sectional study. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were collected using a case report form. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scale. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine factors significantly associated with depression.ResultsThe mean age (standard deviation [s.d.]) of study participants was 58.4 (11.8) years, and the majority, 160/260 (61.5%), were females. The prevalence of depression was 30.4% and significantly associated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.529, p-value = 0.004), three or more diabetes-related hospitalisations (AOR = 3.886, p-value = 0.049) and inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg (AOR = 0.11, p-value = 0.001).ConclusionDepression is a common problem among patients with DM in our setting. Routine screening of depression in diabetic patients to enable early detection and treatment is recommended.

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Salient symptoms and course of depression in elderly diabetes mellitus patients in South Indian populationBackground -Depression and diabetes have a bidirectional relationship . Due to high prevalence and immense hidden burden for both conditions , the association should be considered as an important public health concern .Characteristics of depression in diabetes patients remains poorly studied . A clear understanding of the qualitative nature of depression in a highly vulnerable population like the elderly will provide promising avenues for reducing the disease burden for both entities .Aim -To explore the salient features and course of depression in elderly diabetes patients in south indiaMaterials and Methods -Elderly diabetic patients with scores of >5 (N= 52) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were evaluated . Hamilton depression and anxiety ( HAM-A , HAM -D ) scales along with Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were administered . Qualitative aspects were obtained via detailed clinical interview by a psychiatrist .Results -80% individuals (N=42) had ‘mild to moderate’ symptoms with multiple recurrences or a long ( >1yr) course for 86.5 % (N= 45) individuals . Fatigue , insomnia , somatic anxiety and inner tension dominated the clinical picture. Persistent symptoms were positively correlated with higher HbA1c , higher BMI and multimorbid state .Discussion -Elderly diabetes patients had a chronic and recurrent course with milder nature of symptoms with multiple factors influencing the clinical picture . Regular patients at the medicine OPD were found to have depressive features on incidental screening , emphasising the importance of physicians in tackling the burden .

Association Between Lipophilic Beta-Blockers and Depression in Diabetic Patients on Chronic Dialysis.

Depression is associated with lower quality of life and increased risk of mortality. The prevalence of depression in chronic dialysis patients, as well as in patients with diabetes, is more than 20%. It is debated whether use of beta-blockers increases the risk of depression. Therefore, we examined in chronic dialysis patients with and without diabetes, the association between beta-blockers and depressive symptoms. Data were collected from the DIVERS-I study, a multicentre prospective cohort among chronic dialysis patients in the Netherlands. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). We defined depressive symptoms as a BDI-II score ⩾16. The cross-sectional association at baseline between depressive symptoms and beta-blocker use in chronic dialysis patients, was studied by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. We included 684 chronic dialysis patients, of whom 43% had diabetes mellitus, and 57% used a beta-blocker of which 97% were lipophilic. After multivariable adjustment, the OR (95% CI) for depressive symptoms in patients with compared to without diabetes was 1.41 (1.00-1.98), and in beta-blocker users compared to non-users 1.12 (0.80-1.56), respectively. Dialysis patients with diabetes and beta-blocker use compared to those without diabetes and not using beta-blockers had an OR of 1.73 (1.12-2.69) for depressive symptoms. The association was stronger in dialysis patients with diabetes and lipophilic beta-blocker use with an OR of 1.77 (1.14-2.74). We found a possible association between lipophilic beta-blocker use and depressive symptoms in chronic dialysis patients with diabetes.

The Platelet–Lymphocyte Ratio Associated with Depression in Diabetes Patients in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BackgroundThis study investigated patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the role of the platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in comorbid clinically relevant depression (CRD) in these individuals, so as to determine the association between PLR and depression.Material and MethodsAll data used in this research is originally from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). CRD in DM patients was screened via a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). PLR was calculated by platelet and lymphocyte counts. The associations between PLR and CRD in DM patients were determined using multivariable logistic regression models, weighted generalized additive models, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The second outcome was the relationship between suicide tendency and PLR.ResultsWe selected 3537 DM patients from 2009 to 2016 in database. PLR was statistically significantly associated with risk of CRD in diabetic patients (p trend<0.05 in non-adjusted and adjusted model) and had a predictive value (AUC = 0.559). We also found a U-shaped association between PLR and CRD in patients with DM. The break point was 69.2. To the right of 69.2, the OR (95% CI) was 1.00 (1.00, 1.01). To the left of it, the OR (95% CI) was 0.97 (0.95, 1.00). We have found that PLR is not related to suicidal tendencies.ConclusionPLR is an independent risk factor for CRD in DM patients, and the relationship between them is nonlinear. When PLR was around 69.2, patients with diabetes had the lowest risk of depression. Further research is needed to clarify the nonlinear relationship between PLR and depression in DM patients.