Depression In Chinese Adolescents Research Articles

Perceived parental rearing styles and depression in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-compassion.

Adolescence is a period characterized by rapid biological and psychological change, and adolescents have a heightened risk of depression. Parental rearing is an important influencing factor for depression in adolescence. However, the mechanism of influence needs further exploration. A total of 1839 adolescents were recruited from a junior and a senior high school in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China. They were requested to completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21). Adolescents recalled their mothers as being more caring and controlling than their fathers. Parental care (maternal care, paternal care) and parental encouragement of autonomy (maternal encouragement of autonomy, paternal encouragement of autonomy) were both negative predictors of depression, while parental control (maternal control, paternal control) was positive predictor of depression. Self-compassion mediated all relationships between parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression but played different mediating roles (complete or incomplete mediating role) in different relationships. Self-compassion plays a mediator role in all relationships between perceived parental rearing styles (parental care, parental encouragement of autonomy, and parental control) and depression. Adolescents who grown up with less parental care, less parental encouragement of autonomy, and high parental control deserve special attention. Educators and clinicians could help those adolescents reduce the occurrence of depression by increasing their level of self-compassion.

The impact of family socioeconomic status on depression in Chinese adolescents: A comparison of life course models

BackgroundLow socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-recognized risk factor for depression. However, the relationship between the timing of exposure to disadvantaged SES in childhood and depression in adolescence remains to be explored. We examined the differential influence of SES in early childhood, late childhood and adolescence on adolescent depression by modeling life course models. MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (N = 2245). SES was measured using average household income (objective SES) and maternal subjective SES and grouped into three time points: 5–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13–16 years of age. The main outcome was depression at 13–16 years of age. Structured linear regression analysis was used to predict depression by low SES over the three time periods. A partial F test was used to compare the nested life course models to the saturated model. ResultsAmong objective SES permutations, approximately 24.63 % of the adolescents had low SES in all periods, and 73.63 % had low SES in at least one period. Among subjective SES permutations, approximately 5.48 % of the adolescents had low SES in all periods, and 54.65 % had low SES in at least one period. Regardless of objective SES or subjective SES, the accumulation of risk (relaxed) model was the best-fit model. In this model, chronic low SES exposure in late childhood was the best predictor. ConclusionWe suggest that interventions targeting the late childhood period may have a practical effect on reducing depression in adolescents.

Implicit and Explicit Depression in Chinese Adolescents and Adults

Depression is a common mental problem worldwide. To identify the factor that contributes to depression in Chinese people, we measured the implicit association of depression in 25 people, using the BDI-13 self-rating depression questionnaire to measure their explicit depression. No correlation was found between implicit and explicit depression. Furthermore, participants gender will not influence the implicit depression score. Moreover, age was negatively correlated with an implicit depression score.

The effects of negative body image, self-acceptance, and resilience on depression in Chinese adolescents: testing a moderated mediation model

The effects of negative body image, self-acceptance, and resilience on depression in Chinese adolescents: testing a moderated mediation model

Longitudinal associations between conscientiousness, dispositional mindfulness, and anxiety and depression in Chinese adolescents

Longitudinal associations between conscientiousness, dispositional mindfulness, and anxiety and depression in Chinese adolescents

The relationship between different components of executive function and depression in Chinese adolescents: Sequential mediation involving rumination

The relationship between different components of executive function and depression in Chinese adolescents: Sequential mediation involving rumination

Rumination and Depression in Chinese Adolescents With Mood Disorders: The Mediating Role of Resilience.

Rumination and Depression in Chinese Adolescents With Mood Disorders: The Mediating Role of Resilience.

Association of dietary patterns with depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

Depression is highly prevalent in adolescents and may have adverse social and health consequences. To investigate the effect of diet on the occurrence of depression in adolescents, this study examined the correlation between dietary patterns and depression in adolescents. A total of 853 participants were recruited in September to October 2022 in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. The Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess the subjects' depressive symptoms in the past 2 weeks. Relevant dietary information was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire. The associations between dietary patterns and the risk of depression were assessed using a logistic regression model. Four dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis, including the modern pattern, the snack-aquatic pattern, the traditional pattern, and the vegetarian pattern. The risk of mild depression among adolescents was higher in the Q2 and Q3 groups of the modern model than in the Q1 group of this type, and the risk of mild depression was higher in the Q4 group of the snack-aquatic model than in the Q1 group of this type; while the risk of moderate depressive symptoms was lower in the Q3 group of the vegetarian model compared with the Q1 group. Modern and snack-aquatic patterns are associated with an increased risk of depression in Chinese adolescents, and vegetarian patterns are associated with a reduced risk of depression. The current findings emphasize the importance of adolescents consuming moderate amounts of rice flour, adequate vegetables and fruits, and reducing snack intake.

The Effect of Daily Stress on Depression in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model

We explored the effects and mechanisms of daily perceived stress on depression among Chinese adolescents. Participants were 1,153 junior high school students who completed The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale-Children, the Socioeconomic Status Scale, the Emotional Control Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results showed that daily stress was positively related to depression, and emotional balance partially mediated this relationship. The relationship between emotional balance and depression was moderated by emotional control and socioeconomic status, such that the impact of emotional balance on depression was stronger for adolescents with low emotional control and high socioeconomic status. We have revealed the behavioral mechanism underlying the association between daily stress and depression, enriching the literature on youth positive development. For those working with adolescents, to prevent depression the focus should be on maintaining daily emotional balance by improving emotional control, while paying attention to the emotional problems of adolescents with low socioeconomic status.

Symptoms of internet gaming disorder and depression in Chinese adolescents: A network analysis

The current study aimed to investigate comorbidity among symptoms of depression and internet gaming disorder (IGD) utilizing symptom network analysis in a sample of Chinese adolescents. A total of 1,362 Chinese adolescents (Mean age = 15.19 ± 1.67; range 13–21; 39.79% female, 56.02% male, 4.19% not disclosed) were recruited from 11 local secondary schools between June and July 2020. Symptoms of depression and IGD were assessed by the 7-item DASS-21 depression subscale and the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. We conducted network analysis to estimate network models and the most central symptoms of depression and IGD and computed a combined network model of both depression and IGD symptoms to find bridge symptoms and illustrate the comorbidity between depression and IGD. We found that feeling ‘Worthless’, ‘Meaningless’, and ‘Down-hearted’ were identified as the most central symptoms of depression, whereas ‘Preoccupation’ and ‘Tolerance’ were the two most central symptoms of IGD. The bridge symptoms in the combined network model were ‘Gaming for escape or mood relief’ from the IGD cluster and ‘No initiative’ and ‘Down-hearted” from the depression cluster. The current study was the first to investigate the relationship between depression and IGD symptoms among adolescents utilizing a symptom network perspective. Also, it highlighted key bridge symptoms in understanding how IGD and depression contribute to each other.

A chain multiple mediation model reveals the association between abuse and depression in Chinese adolescents.

Depression is a common mental disorder in Chinese adolescents. Identifying its risk factors will facilitate early prevention. As abuse is reported to be a great risk factor of depression, it is necessary to identify factors mediating the relation between abuse and depression. This study aims to investigate the association between abuse and depression by investigating the mediating role of academic stress, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety to offer insights for depression prevention. We investigated adolescents in urban and rural areas in Wansheng District of Chongqing city in China. This study included a total of 14,108 students from secondary and primary schools, among whom 7,086 were men (50.2%) and 7,022 were women (49.8%). The participants aged from 11 to 17 with an average age of 13.58 (M = 13.58, SD = 1.86). A questionnaire survey was conducted among the participants between October and December in 2020. The following questionnaires were adopted: DSM-5 Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents, DSM-5 Severity Measure for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool, DSM-5 Severity Measure for Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia), and Study Stress Scale. The lifetime prevalence of abuse was high in Chinese adolescents. The direct effect value from abuse to depression was 0.05, the total mediating effect value was 0.14, and the overall effect value was 0.19. According to the mediating effect analysis, the direct and indirect effects from abuse to depression were significant, and the mediating effect accounted for 73.68% of the total effect, suggesting that 73.68% of the effects of abuse to depression are mediated by academic stress, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Academic stress, social anxiety and generalized anxiety play a chain multiple mediating role in the association between abuse and depression, which sheds light on the prevention of depression in the future.

The correlation between OSA-related quality of life and two mental statuses in adolescent Chinese patients with cleft palate: A comprehensive study.

To analyze obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related quality of life (QoL), the statuses of depression and anxiety, and to reveal the correlation between OSA-related QoL and two mental statuses in Chinese adolescent patients with cleft palate (CP). The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Questionaire-18 (OSA-18), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were applied to assess OSA-related QoL and the statuses of anxiety and depression in Chinese adolescent patients with CP, respectively. Non-CP adolescents were also included in the control group. OSA-related QoL and the two mental statuses were compared between the study and control groups. The correlation between the OSA-related QoL and two mental statuses was estimated in Chinese adolescent patients with CP. A total of 8.7% patients showed a moderate or high impact of OSA on QoL, while all the adolescents from the control group showed little impact. The mean total OSA-18 score of the study group (36.261 ± 13.500) was significantly higher than the control (28.435 ± 8.934). The mean PHQ-9 scores of the study group and the control group were statistically different (3.957 vs. 2.113). The GAD-7 score in the study group was slightly higher than the control group (3.043 vs. 2.194), while the proportion of moderate-severe anxiety in the study group was relatively larger than that in the control group (6.5% vs. 1.6%). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the OSA-related QoL and the statuses of anxiety and depression respectively, and the differences in GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores between the moderate or high impact group and the little impact group were statistically significant. Chinese adolescents with CP reported a rate of moderate or high impact of OSA on QoL of 8.7%, which was significantly higher than adolescents without CP. The OSA-related QoL was worse and depression was severer in Chinese CP adolescents than in the control, while anxiety and depression in Chinese CP adolescents were associated with OSA-related QoL.

Utilizing network analysis to understand the structure of depression in Chinese adolescents: Replication with three depression scales.

Depression involves a heterogenous collection of symptoms. Network perspective views depressive symptoms as an interrelated network. The current study aimed to replicate network analyses on adolescent depression in three samples assessed with three instruments to examine the consistency of network structures and also examine the variance of networks between genders. Three samples of adolescents (total N = 4375, mean age = 15, 49.1% boys) were assessed with PHQ-9, SMFQ and CDI, respectively. Network analyses were carried out on depression symptoms. Network stability, node centrality and network comparisons between genders were examined. Three networks were reliably stable. Sadness and self-hatred were unanimously identified to be central symptoms of adolescent depression in three networks. In addition, fatigue, no good, everything wrong and loneliness also appeared to be central in specific networks. Among three depression networks, PHQ-9 network demonstrated gender difference in network structure. The current study is exploratory in nature. The differences in three networks can be due to various samples or different node inclusions. Further, the study is cross-sectional precluding causal interpretation and the samples are nonclinical. Besides “hallmark” symptom sadness, self-hatred was also identified unanimously in three networks, which demonstrated the significant role self-worth played in adolescent depression. The results also suggested that differences in node inclusion may have influence on the network structure.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03201-z.

COVID-19-related stressors and depression in Chinese adolescents: The effects of life history strategies and gender

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way people live, affecting both their physical and mental health. Adolescents are vulnerable to the stress of the pandemic, and may experience indicators of psychological distress, such as depression. This study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19-related stressors on depression and the mediating role of life history strategies. MethodsA two-wave longitudinal study was conducted with 1123 adolescents (51.20% girls, Mage = 14.30) recruited from three junior high schools in the Northeastern province of China. Adolescents' life history strategies, depressive symptoms, and demographic variables were assessed at Time 1 (November 2019) and Time 2 (August 2020), and adolescents' experience of COVID-19-related stressors was assessed at Time 2. None of participants was infected by COVID-19 virus. ResultsCOVID-19-related stressors were positively associated with depressive symptoms at Time 2 (β = 0.08, p < 0.01), after controlling for gender, age, SES and depressive symptoms at Time 1. And life history strategies partially mediated the relation of pandemic stress to depression (indirect effect = 0.02, p < 0.05, 95% CI [0.004, 0.034]). There were no gender differences in the relations between stress on depression. LimitationsThe sample was from a district where the pandemic was not very severe, which may limit generalizability of the results. ConclusionsThis study revealed that COVID-19-related stressors may have a long-term impact on adolescents, increasing depression through speeding up their life history strategies. Interventions should focus on life history strategies, particularly cognitive style, among adolescents during and after the pandemic.

Differential Item Functioning of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Among Chinese Adolescents.

This study examined differential item functioning (DIF) in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) between Chinese and White adolescents (aged 13 to 17years) living in Canada. A series of ordinal logistic regressions were used to test for uniform and non-uniform DIF on items in the CES-D. The DIF analyses identified non-uniform DIF for Item 7 ("I felt that everything I did was an effort"). Controlling for gender and strength of ethnic identity in the DIF analyses did not alter the DIF results. The results of this study suggest that CES-D Item 7 does not appear to discriminate at higher levels of depression in Chinese adolescents. The results of this study hold notable implications for the use of the CES-D given that Chinese adolescents demonstrated a systematic difference in expression/experience of depression.

Academic Social Comparison and Depression in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction

Whether and how social comparison exacerbates or guards against depression in adolescents is an important issue. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of academic social comparison with adolescent depression and the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. The results derived from a sample of 1348 Chinese adolescents revealed that upward contrast was positively and indirectly associated with depression in that it negatively predicted satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness. Moreover, downward identification was positively and indirectly associated with depression in that it negatively predicted satisfaction of the need for competence. Finally, upward identification and downward contrast were negatively associated with depression indirectly in that they positively predicted satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness. These findings indicate the distinct associations of four types of social comparison with adolescent depression and the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction in linking them. Implications and limitations were also discussed.

Depression in Chinese adolescents from 1989 to 2018: An increasing trend and its relationship with social environments

With the dramatic changes in Chinese society, several psychological indicators of Chinese adolescents, such as anxiety, have also changed across birth cohorts. To examine possible birth cohort changes in Chinese adolescents, a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 102 studies (127 data points, N = 104,187) was conducted. The results showed that Chinese adolescents’ scores on the Self-rating Depression Scale increased by at least .76 standard deviations from 1989 to 2018. In addition, male students demonstrated increasing depression over time, whereas female students did not. Chinese adolescents’ depression was significantly correlated with some negative social indicators (e.g., unemployment rate and crime rate) in the corresponding years, 3 years prior, and 1 year prior to the depression data collection. It is evident that social changes play an important role in predicting changes in depression.

Internet Addiction and Depression in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model.

Research has revealed that Internet addiction is a risk factor for adolescents’ development of depressive symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study examines the mediating role of positive youth development and the moderating role of mindfulness to determine the association between Internet addiction and depression. A sample of 522 Chinese adolescents completed measures related to Internet addiction, positive youth development, mindfulness, depression, and their background information, for which the results reveal that positive youth development mediates the relation between Internet addiction and depression. Moreover, the associations between both Internet addiction and depression as well as positive youth development and depression are moderated by mindfulness. These two effects were stronger for adolescents with low mindfulness than for those with high mindfulness. The present study contributes to a more thorough understanding of how and when Internet addiction increases the risk of depression in adolescents, suggesting that Internet addiction may affect adolescent depression through positive youth development and that mindfulness can alleviate the negative effect of Internet addiction or a low level of psychological resources on depression. The implications for research and practice are finally discussed.

Mediating role of resilience in relationship between negative life events and depression among Chinese adolescents

PurposeTo explore whether resilience acted as a protective factor between negative life events and depression among Chinese adolescents. MethodUsing convenient sampling, students (N = 278) in two junior and senior high schools in Wuhan, China were investigated, and structural equation model was used to examine the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between negative life events and depression. ResultsResilience was negatively correlated with negative life events and depression, and negative life events were positively correlated with depression. Resilience partially mediated the effects of negative life events on depression in Chinese adolescents. ConclusionsIt is important for educators to improve adolescents' resilience to mitigate the effects of negative life events on depression.

The association between childhood physical disability or long-term health problems and depression among adolescents in China: Mediating effect of childhood maltreatment.

Increasing evidence has suggested that childhood maltreatment might mediate the association between physical disability or chronic illness and depression among adolescents. We sought to identify whether childhood maltreatment mediated the relationship between physical disability or long-term health problems and depression in Chinese adolescents. A total of 5726 middle and high school students aged 12-18 years old were chosen to participant in this study. Participants completed the self-reported questionnaire on childhood physical or long-term health problems, childhood maltreatment and depression. The results showed that there were significant differences of childhood maltreatment, depression between adolescents with childhood physical disability or long-term health problems and those without. Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect mediated the association between childhood physical disability or long-term health problems and depression accounting for 8.7%, 20.6%, 14.5%, 16.3% and 14.7% of the total effect of physical disability or long-term health problems on depression in each single mediator model respectively, whereas the indirect effect of emotional abuse and sexual abuse in the association between physical disability or long-term health problems and depression explained 15.6% and 8.0% of the total effect in a multiple mediation model respectively. Childhood physical disability or long-term health problems was associated with the increased risk for depression, and the associations between childhood physical disability and long-term health problems and depression were partially mediated by childhood maltreatment experiences. Childhood maltreatment exposure should be considered to prevent depression among adolescents with childhood physical disability or long-term health problems.