Depression In Adolescent Girls Research Articles

The Prospective Predictive Power of Parent-Reported Personality Traits and Facets in First-Onset Depression in Adolescent Girls.

Certain personality traits and facets are well-known risk factors that predict first-onset depression during adolescence. However, prior research predominantly relied on self-reported data, which has limitations as a source of personality information. Reports from close informants have the potential to increase the predictive power of personality on first-onsets of depression in adolescents. With easy access to adolescents' behaviors across settings and time, parents may provide important additional information about their children's personality.The same personality trait(s) and facet(s) rated by selves (mean age 14.4years old) and biological parents at baseline were used to prospectively predict depression onsets among 442 adolescent girls during a 72-month follow-up. First, bivariate logistic regression was used to examine whether parent-reported personality measures predicted adolescent girls' depression onsets; then multivariate logistic regression was used to test whether parent reports provided additional predictive power above and beyond self-reports of same trait or facet.Parent-reported personality traits and facets predicted adolescents' depression onsets, similar to findings using self-reported data. After controlling for the corresponding self-report measures, parent-reported higher openness (at the trait level) and higher depressivity (at the facet-level) incrementally predicted first-onset of depression in the sample.Findings demonstrated additional variance contributed by parent-reported personality measures and validated a multi-informant approach in using personality to prospectively predict onsets of depression in adolescent girls.

FRI588 Effect Of Covid-19 On Depression In Girls With Obesity And Pcos Or Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Disclosure: D. Ebedes: None. C.J. Noar: None. J. Benson: None. S. Simon: None. L.D. Gulley: None. L.B. Shomaker: None. L. Pyle: None. M.G. Cree: Consulting Fee; Self; Pollie Inc. Grant Recipient; Self; NIH. Research Investigator; Self; Amino Corp. Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age and is associated with elevated body mass index (BMI), and depression in adolescent girls. Prior to the COVID epidemic, we demonstrated elevated rates of depressive symptoms in adolescent girls with obesity suffering from PCOS or T2D. Studies examining how the mental health of this at-risk group of adolescents has changed since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic is limited. Methods: Data were collected from 70 new girls with obesity and PCOS or T2D, who presented for care in an obesity complications clinic between 6 to 18 months into the COVID epidemic (7/1/2020-6/30/2021). Patients were included if they had Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D, 20 items) scores obtained within 6 months of PCOS or T2D diagnosis. A chart review was performed to collect data on demographics, physical exam findings, psychiatric care, and metabolic measures. CES-D scores ≥16, indicate elevated depression symptoms, and CES-D scores ≥24, indicate severe depression symptoms. This post COVID data was compared to already collected pre-COVID data. Data from pre vs post were compared within PCOS or T2D with a t-test or Mann Whitney U, and proportions with Chi-squared tests. Results: The pre-COVID-19 cohort included 91 girls (47 with PCOS, 44 with T2D) age 15±2 years and BMI z-scores (2.2±0.4). The post-COVID-19 cohort included 70 girls (33 with PCOS and 37 with T2D) aged 14.2±2.3 years and BMI z-scores 2.1±0.7. Pre-Covid moderate or severe depressive symptoms were observed in 30% and 23% of girls with PCOS vs 24% and 39% post-covid (p=0.306). In those with T2D, pre-COVID 18% and 14% had moderate or severe depressive symptoms, respectively, whereas post-COVID these rose to 27% and 43% (P=0.002). There was no change pre/post COVID in the mean CESD score in those with PCOS (18.8±11.6 vs 22.1±13.6; p=0.253), whereas there was a significant increase in overall CESD scores in T2D (12.9±10.6 vs 21.8±11.8; p<0.001). Dysglycemia was worse post-COVID in T2D only, HbA1c (Pre 7.25%[6.6,9.5] vs Post 8.6[7.7,11.4] p=0.006) but neither group demonstrated changes in systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein or alanine aminotransferase. Rates of home schooling were greatly elevated during COVID (PCOS pre 15% vs post 76% and T2D pre 5% vs post 55%). Both post-Covid groups reported high rates of loss of sports activities, social activity and friendships. Conclusions: Girls with PCOS and obesity had double the prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to youth with T2D prior to COVID. 6-18 months into the COVID epidemic, CESD scores remained unchanged in girls with PCOS, but were significantly worse in girls with T2D. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Interpersonal Factors, Peer Relationship Stressors, and Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression.

Compared to boys, girls value close relationships more. Thus, heightened affiliative proclivities may serve as a particularly salient psychosocial risk factor for depression in adolescent girls. The purpose of this review is to examine whether the preponderance of depression in girls is because of gender differences in interpersonal vulnerabilities and peer relationship stressors and/or in the associations between these factors and depression. Girls (vs. boys) exhibit higher levels of co-rumination and affective empathy, but not excessive reassurance-seeking. The prevalence of different forms of peer relationship stressors (e.g., peer victimization) varies by gender depending on the specific type. Evidence is mixed regarding gender differences in the association between peer victimization and depression. Gender differences in the association between peer victimization and depression not only depend on peer victimization subtype but also on the country. Most studies were conducted in non-clinical samples, highlighting the need for future research to assess major depressive disorder (not just depressive symptoms). Future research should also assess interpersonal factors (e.g., co-rumination) and peer relationship stressors together.

Adolescent girls’ academic support-seeking, depression, and anxiety: the mediating role of digital support-seeking

ABSTRACT Objective This study explored how seeking support from friends and parents and informal digital sources are related to anxiety and depression in adolescent girls. Method Early and middle adolescent girls (N = 186) were presented with four vignettes of academic stressors; for each scenario, they rated their likelihood of seeking support from parents, friends, or digital sources. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using the youth version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Alternate models were tested using Structural Equation Modelling. Results Digital support seeking mediated the relationships between seeking support from parents and friends and anxiety and depression. Seeking support from parents was negatively related to digital support seeking, which in turn was positively related to depression and anxiety. In contrast, seeking support from friends was positively related to digital support seeking. Conclusion These findings suggest that informal digital support seeking may be considered a problematic way of coping with academic stress for adolescent girls, while seeking support from parents can be considered a protective factor due to its negative relationship with digital support-seeking.

Investigating the effect of family-centered care program implementation on fatigue and depression of teenage girls with iron deficiency anemia

Introduction:Today, one of the most common health problems in the world is iron deficiency anemia. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of family-centered care program implementation on fatigue and depression of teenage girls suffering from iron deficiency anemia. Family-centered care is a method that is controlled through mutually beneficial partnerships between caregivers, patients, and families. Family-centered care is systematically organized so that the dynamics and complexities of different aspects of individuals and families are taken into consideration.
 Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study of a practical type that was conducted in 1399 with the selection of 70 adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia studying in high school in Mahmudabad through non-random sampling. Research tools include Questionnaire. After collecting the information obtained from the pre-intervention stage, the family-centered care program for the sample adolescents in the performance test group. It was performed three month after the intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using Paired-Samples T Test.
 Results: The comparison of the total score of fatigue and depression of adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia before and after the intervention in the test group showed a significant difference in the direction of decreasing scores (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference in the control group (P> 0.05). Comparison of total fatigue scores of adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia before and after the intervention in the experimental group showed a significant difference in reducing scores (P < 0.001), but in the control group, there was no significant difference (P = 0.182); Also, comparison of total depression scores of adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia before and after the intervention in the experimental group showed a significant difference in reducing scores (P < 0.001), but in the control group, there was no significant difference (P=0.667).
 Conclusions: The results showed that the rate of fatigue and depression in adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia who receive a family-centered care program has decreased compared to the control group.

Moderate-to-severe household food insecurity is associated with depression among adolescent girls in northern Ghana: a cross-sectional analysis

ObjectiveHousehold food insecurity is positively associated with depression; however, the association among adolescents is not well known. We examined the association between household food insecurity and depression among adolescent girls...

The effect of parenting style on anxiety and depression in adolescent girls aged 12–16 years

BackgroundMany personality traits of adolescents are influenced by the personality traits and parenting styles of parents; Parents grow their children in different ways based on their cultural patterns and ideals; due to the importance of anxiety and depression in adolescents and considering the vital role of parents in growing children, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of parenting skills training on anxiety and depression in adolescent girls aged 12–16 years in Mahshahr city, Khuzestan province, Iran. Materials and methodsThis experimental study was performed on adolescent girls aged 12–16 years in Mahshahr city, Khuzestan province, Iran, in 2020. We chose both groups of our study using a multistage cluster sampling method. Mean anxiety and depression before, two, and six months after the intervention was measured by the test and control groups using parenting style, anxiety, and depression questionnaires. The educational intervention program for the training group was like a WhatsApp group, and sending messages were in the form of audio files, text messages, photos with captions, video messages, and PowerPoint presentations. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and using independent t-test, paired t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and ANOVA. ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of the age were 14.03 ± 1.41 in the experimental group and 14.06 ± 1.38 in the control group. Before the educational intervention, the mean scores of anxiety and depression were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups. In contrast two months and six months after the educational intervention, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of anxiety and depression between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe findings of the present study showed that an educational intervention on a group of mothers regarding their parenting styles has helped their adolescent daughters to handle their anxiety and depression and also led to a decrease in their anxiety and depression scores.

Dietary total anti-oxidant capacity is inversely related to the prevalence of depression in adolescent girls

BackgroundOxidative stress is considered to be a contributory factor for depression, and is affected by the dietary intake of pro-and anti-oxidants. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) is an index which is applied to estimate the cumulative power of antioxidants in the whole diet. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between DTAC and prevalence of depression in adolescent girls.MethodsA total of 741 Iranian adolescent girls aged 12–18 years were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake and depression severity score were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and Beck's depression inventory, respectively. To estimate the DTAC, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity method was used for selected foods. To explore the associations between DTAC and depression, logistic regression was applied using crude and adjusted models.ResultsIndividuals in the greatest adherence to high DTAC had more intakes of whole grains, legumes, fruits, dried fruits, low fat dairy products, cruciferous vegetables, fiber, magnesium, vitamin C, folate, potassium, zinc, β-carotene, lutein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B-6 and lower consumption of refined grains. Subjects in the highest quartile of DTAC had a 39% lower odds of depression compared to those in the first quartile (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.97, P for trend = 0.012); these associations remained significant after adjustments in first, second and third (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.28–0.92, P for trend < 0.001) adjusted models.ConclusionsAn inverse association was observed between the DTAC and the prevalence of depression in our population sample of adolescent girls. Further research needs to be conducted in different areas, including longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes.

Age at menarche relates to depression in adolescent girls: Comparing a clinical sample to the general pediatric population

ContextThe timing of puberty, physical features of pubertal development, and hormones are closely intertwined but may also individually contribute to the risk for depression and depression severity. Additionally, their effects on mood may depend on depression severity, but previously this has only been studied in mostly subclinical depression. MethodsIn 184 girls from a single psychiatric hospital with significant depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II score > 13), the relationship between depression severity and age at menarche (AAM), pubertal status, and gonadal/adrenal hormones (estradiol, progesterone, DHEA-S, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) was investigated. Moreover, AAM in depressed girls was compared to that from a representative sample of German adolescents without a psychiatric disorder (N = 1674). Androgen levels were compared to those of age- and sex-matched controls (N = 59). ResultsAAM but not pubertal stage or biochemical parameters related to depression. Girls with AAM at the lower normative range of pubertal development were 61 % more likely to develop depression and scored 4.9 points higher on the depression scale than girls experiencing menarche at the population average. Androstenedione levels were increased in the psychiatric sample, but neither androgen nor gonadal hormone levels were associated with depression severity. LimitationsThe study is cross-sectional. ConclusionsThese observations confirm previous studies in mostly subclinical depression and highlight the importance of AAM for adolescent depression. Thus, AAM could be considered a prognostic factor for a clinical risk score assessing the probability of adolescent depression. Moreover, these findings suggest fostering efforts that address risk factors that contribute to an earlier AAM.

Association between dietary behaviors and depression in adolescent girls

BackgroundThe growing prevalence of depression has become a major public health problem. There is limited evidence regarding the relationship between dietary behaviors and depression. The present study was designed to evaluate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score.MethodsA total of 933 Iranian adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Depression severity score was assessed using a validated Persian version of Beck’s depression inventory. Dietary behaviors were pre-defined and assessed in ten domains using a standard questionnaire. To investigate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score, the linear regression analysis in crude and adjusted models was used.Results67.7% of participants had no or minimal depression symptoms and 32.3% of participants were categorized with mild-to-severe depression symptoms. There were significant inverse relationships between main meal consumption (Beta: -0.141; 95% CI: − 3.644 to − 1.000; P = 0.001), snack consumption (Beta: -0.100; 95% CI: − 2.400 to − 0.317; P = 0.002), regular meal consumption (Beta: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.13–0.42; P = 0.001) and food chewing (Beta: -0.152; 95% CI: − 2.279 to − 0.753; P = 0.03) with depression score. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. In addition, frequency of intra-meal fluid intake (Beta: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.288 to 1.535; P = 0.004) and spicy foods consumption (Beta: 0.076; 95% CI: 0.098 to 1.508; P = 0.02) were directly associated with depression score in the crude model. These significant relations were disappeared in full adjusted model. No significant association was found between breakfast consumption, intake of fried foods, chewing ability, and tooth loss with depression score (P > 0.05).ConclusionsSignificant associations were observed between specific eating behaviors with depression score. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Social cognition and depression in adolescent girls

Background and objectivesDepression has been associated with alterations in social functioning. Decoding and understanding others’ mental states and adaptive reasoning are important for social functioning. This study examined theory of mind (ToM) and socio-moral reasoning (SMR) in adolescent girls with and without depression. Within the depression group, we examined associations between relevant clinical features (depression severity, anxiety symptoms and borderline personality traits) and ToM and SMR. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, whereby 43 adolescent girls (mean age = 16.19, SD = 1.24) meeting full or subthreshold criteria for depression and 40 adolescent girls (mean age = 15.44, SD = 1.24) with no psychiatric diagnosis were recruited. ToM was assessed using the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition; SMR was evaluated via the Socio-Moral Reasoning Aptitude Level task. ResultsAnalyses of covariance indicated that adolescents with depression did not differ from controls in ToM abilities but showed lower socio-maturity scores on the SMR task. This difference disappeared after controlling for the number of words used to justify responses. Amongst adolescents with depression, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that higher levels of borderline personality traits were associated with lower levels of mentalization (ToM task), and more severe depressive symptoms were associated with lower socio-moral maturity stages (SMR task) LimitationsDirectional associations were not studied, and the sample included only girls. ConclusionsFindings may help to explain clinical heterogeneity in social cognitive functioning observed in individuals with depression.

The Effectiveness of Skill Training based on Compassion-Focused Therapy on Psychological Capital and Depression in Adolescent Girls with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with a high risk of disability and death. In addition to physical complications, some psychological problems especially depression and loss of psychological capital are also common in people with diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) training on psychological capital and depression in female adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up. The statistical population of the study was all adolescents aged 16-14 years with type 1 diabetes in Sanandaj City. The statistical sample consisted of 30 adolescents with type 1 diabetes who were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The PCQ-24 scale was used to collect data to measure psychological capital and the BDI-II scale was used to measure depression. The experimental group received 90 minutes of skill training based on CFT in eight sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed by repeated measure in SPSS software v. 25. Results: The results showed that skill training based on CFT was effective on psychological capital and depression in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes in the post-test phase (Pvalue<0.05), and had a lasting effect (Pvalue<0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that Skill Training Based on CFT is effective on psychological capital and depression, so it is recommended that clinical psychologists use this training to increase the psychological health of patients with type 1 diabetes. Keywords: Skill Training, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Psychological Capital, Depression, Diabetes type 1

SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SELF-ESTEEM ON TENDENCY OF DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENT WOMEN

The phenomenon of teenagers today seems to want to look physically attractive, such as having white skin, smooth faces, and slim bodies. This phenomenon can create pressure for adolescents so that it is possible to tend to depression. Depression can be affected by factors of social support and self-esteem. The method used is quantitative, a sample of 110 girls. The measuring instrument used in this study was adapted from Beck's Depression Inventory, the Multidimensional Scale Of Perceived Social Support, and The Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory. The results of the study simultaneously showed that there was an effect of social support and self-esteem on the tendency of depression in adolescent girls of 0.000 (p?0.01) with an R Square value of 38.6%. This showed that the hypothesis is accepted is that there is an influence of social support and self-esteem on the tendency of depression in adolescent girls by 38.6% and 61.4% influenced by other factors. In addition, the effect of social support on the tendency of depression in adolescent girls has a significant effect of 0.021 (p?0.05) with an R Square value of 4.9%. Self-esteem on the tendency of depression in adolescents shows a significant effect of 0.000 (p?0.01) with an R Square of 37.6%.

Emotional facial expression recognition and depression in adolescent girls: Associations with clinical features

Studies have reported that emotional facial expression recognition (EFER) may be altered in individuals with depression. This study examined EFER in adolescent girls with and without depression and further examined associations between relevant clinical features of depression and EFER. Fifty adolescent girls aged 12 to 19 years old meeting criteria for depression or subthreshold levels of symptomatology and 55 adolescent girls with no psychiatric diagnosis completed EFER tasks. Reaction time and accuracy for recognising expressions at high and low intensities, and sensitivity in recognising happiness, sadness, anger and fear were assessed. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. Adolescents with depression were marginally faster than those in the comparison group to recognize sadness, although this trend disappeared once covarying for age and antidepressant use. Amongst adolescents with depression, clinical features were associated with poorer EFER performance. In contrast, anxiety symptoms were linked to better accuracy and heightened sensitivity towards happiness. A better understanding of EFER in adolescent girls with and without depression, and how clinical features might be associated with altered patterns of EFER could help to explain clinical heterogeneity observed in such studies of adolescents with depression. Knowledge of socio-cognitive alterations associated with depression will help to better develop and tailor interventions.

Multiple domains of risk factors for first onset of depression in adolescent girls

Background: First onsets of depression are especially common in adolescent females and often develop into chronic/recurrent illness. Surprisingly few studies have comprehensively evaluated multiple domains of etiologically-informative risk factors for first onset in adolescents from the community. We investigated whether clinical, cognitive, personality, interpersonal, and biological risk factors prospectively predict a first onset of depressive disorder (DD), and of DD with a chronic/recurrent course, in a community sample of adolescent girls.Methods: 479 girls (13.5–15.5 years) with no history of DD completed baseline assessments of risk factors and five diagnostic assessments over 3 years. Baseline measures were analyzed separately and jointly to prospectively predict first-onset DD and first-onset chronic/recurrent DD.Results: Most risk factors predicted first-onset DD (n = 93), including depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, rumination, personality traits, blunted neural response (late positive potential [LPP]) to unpleasant pictures, peer victimization, parental criticism, and parental mood disorder. Depressive symptoms, rumination, parental mood disorder, and parental criticism were independently associated with first onsets. Nearly all measures, including a blunted neural response to rewards (reward positivity [RewP]), also predicted first-onset chronic/recurrent DD (n = 52), with depressive symptoms, low extraversion, poor peer relationships, and blunted RewP emerging as independent risk factors.Limitations: This study focused on adolescent females and therefore does not provide information on males.Conclusions: Multiple domains of risk factors in early adolescence are prospectively associated with first-onset DD and chronic/recurrent DD. A smaller subset of risk factors uniquely contributing to first onsets may represent core vulnerabilities for adolescent-onset depression and promising prevention targets.

Body weight contingent self-worth predicts depression in adolescent girls: The roles of self-esteem instability and interpersonal sexual objectification

This 3-year longitudinal study examined the extent to which body weight contingent self-worth (CSW) predicted depressive symptoms in 439 adolescent girls and the roles of unstable self-esteem and interpersonal sexual objectification in this association. Half-longitudinal mediation showed that the indirect effect of body weight CSW on depression via instability of self-esteem was significant. Prior levels of body weight CSW predicted increases in unstable self-esteem, which predicted increments in depressive symptoms over time. However, earlier levels of depression did not significantly predict increases in self-esteem instability. Moderation analyses indicated that the indirect effect was conditional upon individuals’ experience of interpersonal sexual objectification. The positive link between body weight CSW and unstable self-esteem was stronger in girls who experienced more interpersonal sexual objectification. The direct effect of body weight CSW on depression was also moderated by interpersonal sexual objectification. Taken together, basing self-worth on body weight appears to be a risk factor for depression through its association with unstable self-esteem in adolescent girls and sexually objectifying experiences serve to exacerbate the connection between body weight CSW and adverse outcomes.

High risk of psychological disorders: anxiety and depression in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome

Study objective: This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological disorders among different racial/ethnic group of normal weight and overweight adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)from a state in southeastern US. Design, setting, and participants: The data of 157,459 adolescents were collected through “the Patient Cohort Explorer” system at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) from January 2013 to December 2019.Unidentified patients were searched with diagnosis code for PCOS, age, race/ethnicity, and associated diagnosis including weight gain, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and behavioral concerns. Interventions: None. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of PCOS and psychological disorders. Results: A total of 712 adolescents with PCOS were diagnosed in clinics during the period of study. Collected data indicated that prevalence of PCOS in adolescents seen in clinics was less than 1% with no significant difference by race or ethnicity. Almost 45% of patients suffered from one or more psychological disorders. (Anxiety: 18%, Depression: 16%, ADHD: 9%). Conclusions: Results from this study provide the first evidence of prevalence of PCOS and psychological disorders in adolescents with PCOS in a southern state. Our findings of a high prevalence of psychological disorders suggest that early screening for mental health symptoms must be considered during primary care clinical assessment of adolescents with PCOS. Left undiagnosed and/or untreated, chronic anxiety and depression may exacerbate mental health issues in this vulnerable population.

Evaluating a Diverse Panel of Risk Factors for First Onset and Course of Depression in Adolescent Girls

Evaluating a Diverse Panel of Risk Factors for First Onset and Course of Depression in Adolescent Girls

Depression and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Pubertal Girls

Treating depression can be a financial burden on the health care system and time consuming; finding an alternative that may prevent or decrease the occurrence of depression may be better for adolescents. This study intended to estimate the prevalence of depression among pubertal school adolescent girls and to determine the difference between physically active pubertal girls and sedentary ones regarding the presence of depressive symptoms. It is a cross sectional study, done in 10^th of Ramadan city, on 365 adolescent pubertal girls in 7-12 grades. The Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise questionnaire for the assessment of self-reported leisure-time physical activity. This study revealed that the prevalence of depression in adolescent girls was (47.4%). Depression is significantly present among insufficiently active students (53.8%) with (COR 3.9, 95% CI 2.4-6.5) with (P<0.001). The percent of active students are significantly higher among those attending private schools (44.4%) (COR 3.7, 95% CI 2.1-6.8) versus (27.4%-28.2%) (COR 1.2, 95% CI 0.8-2.0 and 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.5) respectively in language governmental and in governmental schools with (P value<0.001). There is significant negative correlation between depression and leisure-time physical activity (r=-0.49, P<0.001). It was concluded that depression is inversely related to physical activity, so it’s a must to encourage all adolescents to be engaged in regular bases physical activity to avoid psychiatric troubles as depression that may occur in this age with hormonal changes of puberty.

LEVELS OF DEPRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH EARLY MARRIAGE

Early marriage encourages various problems for young women. The problems would be affecting their psychological conditions including depression. This study aimed to describe the depression in adolescent girls with early marriage in Babakan Ciparay District, Bandung City. This study was conducted using the descriptive explorative method, with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were selected using the total sampling technique, in which 76 young women aged 16-19 years involved in this study. This study used an instrument from the Indonesian version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) questionnaire with validity values at 0.361-0.773 and the value of Cronbach's alpha is 0.898, and several additional questions related to the problems experienced by girls who married early. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis techniques for quantitative data and content analysis for interview data. This study was held in the range of April - May 2019. The results showed that 68.4% of respondents were at a minimum level of depression or did not experience depression, 11.8% had mild depression, 10.5% had moderate depression and 9.2% had severe depression. It can be concluded that the young women did not experience depression, because most respondents married with own desires, lived separately from their parents-in-law and did not experience domestic violence. However, there were still some respondents who are depressed or have the potential to experience depression due to economic problem, problems with in-laws, problems with their husbands and problems related to family relationships. Therefore, there is a need for education about stress management and counseling program to improve the mental health of girls who married early.Keywords: adolescent girl, depression, early marriage