Equipment Depreciation Research Articles

Synchronization Optimization of Pipeline Layout and Pipe Diameter Selection in a Drip Irrigation Network System Based on the Jaya Algorithm

To address the complexity and high computational burden in the design of drip irrigation networks, the Jaya algorithm is utilized to study factors affecting project costs, including equipment and pipeline depreciation and the operation and management costs of the irrigation area. A mathematical model of synchronization optimal design of pipe layout and pipe diameter selection in a drip irrigation network system with constraints on pipe diameter, flow velocity, and pipe pressure is established. Using an irrigation district in Xinjiang, China, as an example, the Jaya algorithm optimization design program was run independently 50 times, and the relative deviation of each optimization result from the optimal solution was calculated. The results show that the annual cost per unit area o is reduced to 635.99 RMB/hm2, a 25.34% reduction compared to the original engineering program, and the investment-saving effect is obvious. The relative deviation is controlled within 3%, which shows that the algorithm has stable convergence performance and can meet the requirements of actual engineering design. The Jaya algorithm eliminates the need for parameter tuning, and it excels in cost savings, algorithm stability, and computational accuracy, making it an effective method for the single-objective optimization design of drip irrigation networks.

Leverage machine learning to identify key measures in hospital operations management: a retrospective study to explore feasibility and performance of four common algorithms

BackgroundMeasures in operations management are pivotal for monitoring and assessing various aspects of hospital performance. Existing literature highlights the importance of regularly updating key management measures to reflect changing trends and organizational goals. Advancements in machine learning (ML) have presented promising opportunities for enhancing the process of updating operations management measures. However, their specific application and performance remain relatively unexplored. We aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of using common ML techniques to identify and update key measures in hospital operations management.MethodsHistorical data on 43 measures on financial balance and quality of care under 4 categories were retrieved from the BI system of a regional health system in Central China. The dataset included 17 surgical and 15 non-surgical departments over 48 months. Four common ML techniques, linear models (LM), random forest (RF), partial least squares (PLS), and neural networks (NN), were used to identify the most important measures. Ordinary least square was employed to investigate the impact of the top 10 measures. A ground truth validation compared the ML-identified key measures against the humanly decided strategic measures from annual meeting minutes.ResultsFor financial balancing, inpatient treatment revenue was an important measure in 3/4 years, followed by equipment depreciation costs. The measures identified using the same technique differed between years, though RF and PLS yielded relatively consistent results. For quality of care, none of the ML-identified measures repeated over the years. Those consistently important over four years differed almost entirely among four techniques. On ground truth validation, the 2016–2019 ML-identified measures were among the humanly identified measures, with the exception of equipment depreciation from the 2019 dataset. All the ML-identified measures for quality of care failed to coincide with the humanly decided measures.ConclusionsUsing ML to identify key hospital operational measures is viable but performance of ML techniques vary considerably. RF performs best among the four techniques in identifying key measures in financial balance. None of the ML techniques seem effective for identifying quality of care measures. ML is suggested as a decision support tool to remind and inspire decision-makers in certain aspects of hospital operations management.

Optimising Pavement Performance in Douala City Using a Mixture of Clay and Sand Fractions

Pavements are complex structures composed of multiple layers, designed to withstand various types of stress, including mechanical, organic, and climatic. The pavement is constantly subjected to cyclic, dynamic-mechanical actions caused by road traffic and different axle loads. Classified as engineering structures, the standard theoretical durability of this type of construction is generally estimated to be around one hundred years. However, this objective may not be achieved if the designer does not take into account certain specific factors that are endogenous and exogenous to the structure. Therefore, the durability of a road can be achieved through an optimized design that meets the needs defined by the public authorities and the context of its socio-economic framework. This passage discusses the factors that affect the performance of pavements, including soil type, machinery used, users, and climatic conditions. Exceeding axle loads, which form the basis of pavement design calculations, is also a disruptive factor from a civic perspective. A pavement consists of multiple layers, each made up of materials that must meet strict quality criteria and respect the anthropological, economic, social, and natural environment. It is important to consider all of these factors when constructing a pavement to ensure its longevity and avoid any negative impacts on the surrounding area. Additionally, it is crucial to maintain the pavement to prevent any loss of economic or infrastructural development opportunities. Several road infrastructures in urban and inter-urban areas experience issues that result from a combination of causes, each with varying degrees of impact. Douala is one such city where civil engineering projects are subject to an environment that is not conducive to the longevity of infrastructure, especially road infrastructure. The city is situated on a surface layer covered by a predominantly sandy-clay soil. This study aims to propose a proportional mixture of clay and sand soil fractions to create an anvil effect during compaction. The objective is to create a hybrid backfill material that can achieve a high compaction rate. Good compaction is crucial for achieving optimal pavement layer performance. The thickness of the material to be laid is greatly affected by this characteristic, which in turn affects the volume of equipment depreciation and user comfort. This has a significant impact on a wide range of socio-economic benefits. Based on soil mechanics and geotechnical tests, a new material is proposed to combat the early onset of disorders such as potholes, ruts, erosion, or pavement collapse in bad weather or heavy traffic.

ON THE ISSUE OF DETERMINING THE PRODUCTION COST OF THE CAPITAL RENEWAL OF PASSENGER CARS

In recent years, the inventory of passenger cars has decreased significantly due to the exclusion from service of the ones that have already exhausted their service life. The wear and tear of the passenger rolling stock of Ukrzaliznytsia JSC is approaching 90%. Repair and maintenance costs for outdated railcars account for over half of the industry’s expenses. In conditions of an acute shortage of newly built cars, practically the only way to maintain the operability of the car fleet is to overhaul passenger cars that have exhausted their service life. At the same time, based on the results of operations in different regions, the railway cars have different technical conditions. Also, different car repair enterprises use differing methods for calculating the cost of repairs. It leads to a significant scatter of calculation results. The article is devoted to the issue of creating a generalised methodological approach to determining the production cost of passenger cars overhaul. We have classified production costs and determined which expenses relate to the direct costs of car repair production, the auxiliary production costs, and general production costs. Next, we formulated the components of each of these groups. The article considers the main aspects influencing the formation of costs, particularly labour costs and social contributions, material costs, fuel, electricity, repairs, and equipment depreciation. It also takes into account the cost of return expenses. The proposed scientific approach allows accounting for the actual service life and level of wear of the passenger car, its type, and design features. We carried out an analysis of the factors affecting the production cost of repairing passenger cars. It makes it possible to determine rational technical and organisational solutions to reduce the cost of overhauling passenger cars that have exhausted their service life. The stated provisions have a practical orientation and can be used at the car repair enterprises of the Passenger Company branch of JSC Ukrzaliznytsia. Keywords: passenger car, repair, resource, wear and tear, production cost, expenses.

Analisis Penentuan Biaya Produksi Dengan Menggunakan Metode Full Costing Untuk Menentukan Harga Jual Pada PT Sumber Rezeki Internasional

A company that focuses on generating profits will definitely make every effort to maintain the survival of its company. One of the ways to increase profits is by raising the selling price of its products. In carrying out the production process to create a product with market value, manufacturing companies incur various costs. These costs are classified as production elements, such as raw material costs, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs. The purpose of this study is to apply the full costing method to determine the selling price based on production costs. The analytical method used in this study is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The study's results indicate that the company does calculate its production costs when setting the selling price. However, when calculating factory overhead costs, the company does not include expenses such as machine and equipment depreciation costs, component material costs, and insurance costs.

Obsolete housing equipment, weak renovation, and rapid depreciation of Japanese condominiums

Employing a novel dataset on Tokyo condominium resales with details regarding their equipment and renovation status, this study provides a background for the rapid depreciation of Japanese condominiums, particularly due to obsolete housing equipment and weak renovation. Condominiums over the age of 20 years tend to lack contemporary equipment and exhibit severe economic obsolescence. This is measured as a greater rate of price decline caused by the lack of contemporary equipment for old condominiums than new condominiums. While intensive renovation can slow down depreciation by adding contemporary equipment to old condominiums, only around half of such condominiums undergo intensive renovation. These trends are consistent across the Tokyo metropolitan area. The results imply the potential to shift to a society where properties can attain longer economic lives through appropriate renovations and contemporary housing equipment is provided through frequent new constructions, as often seen in Asian countries.

DIVERSIFIKASI PENDAPATAN DALAM USAHA PETERNAKAN AYAM PETELUR DI UD MEGA PUTIH LIMBOTO

The research aimed to (1) determine the production process in layer chicken farming at UD Mega Putih and (2) determine the diversification of profits and feasibility of layer chicken farming at UD Mega Putih. This research used descriptive research in the form of a case study. The informants involved in this research were employees at UD Mega Putih, where primary data and secondary data were used in research activities. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation while the data analysis was carried out using income analysis, business feasibility, and break-even point. The analysis included cage depreciation cost, equipment depreciation cost, tax cost, seed cost, feed cost, medicine cost, electricity cost, labor cost, and marketing cost in one cycle, namely 2 years (730 days) by calculating based on the results field observation, namely interviewing respondent (Owner of UD Mega Putih). The research findings indicated that the UD Mega Putih layer chicken farming business earned an income of IDR 7,888,166,667/ cycle (730 days) for layer chicken with several 9,500 chickens, IDR 70,000,000/ cycle (60 days) for pullets with several 1000 chickens, and IDR 990,000/ cycle (60 days) for 90 sacks of manure. Thus, the income earned from the layer hen farming business at UD Mega Putih was feasible and profitable.

Peranan Pendapatan Usahatani Wortel Desa Kanreapia Kecamatan Tombolo Pao Kabupaten Gowa Sulawesi Selatan

The objective of this study is to determine the magnitude of money generated from carrot farming in the research area, as well as the impact of carrot farming income on the local economy. Based on the completed analysis, carrot cultivation in Kanreapia Village, Tombolo Pao District, Gowa Regency yields an average income of IDR 80,000,000 per hectare. The respondents incurred an average of IDR 6,810,000/ha in fixed expenditures. The respondents experienced an average variable cost of IDR 7,950,000 per hectare for cultivating carrots. The primary expenses are variable costs, encompassing the expenditures on seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, and labor (including land preparation, planting, and harvesting). Among these variable costs, the biggest expense is attributed to inorganic fertilizer, amounting to IDR 2,900,000. Conversely, the most economical expenses are known as fixed costs, including the mean devaluation amount of the equipment utilized by the participants. Tractors incur the highest equipment depreciation expenses, totaling IDR 2,000,000, while sprayers and scythes have the lowest costs, totaling IDR 80,000. The respondents experienced an average production cost of IDR 14,760,000 per acre. The farmers have an average income of IDR 65,240,000 per hectare by cultivating carrots. Based on the findings of this study, the mean income per hectare earned by carrot farmers in Kanreapia Village, Tombolo Pao District, Gowa Regency is reported.

Establishing the influence of the excavator standard sizes on the kaolin pit mining system parameters

The article is devoted to the issue of the overburden excavators effective standard sizes substantiation in the conditions of the development of kaolin pits. The influence of the excavator standard dimensions on the total weight of the extraction and loading equipment in the pit at a given annual productivity of the pit was investigated. It has been proven that when the shovel capacity of a hydraulic excavator increases by 7 times from one to 7 m3, the total number of excavators in the conditions of the Rozivskyi kaolin pit decreases by 6.7 times from 20 to 3, and their total metal capacity decreases by 2.3 times from 760 to 348 t. The established dependences of the daily productivity of the equipment and the excavation work cost on the excavator shovel volume allow claiming that scheme where using 5 Volvo EC 750D excavators and 10 Volvo A45 dump trucks is the most effective. The worst performance for all types of costs is the technological scheme using 20 Volvo 350D excavators and 17 Volvo A45 dump trucks. When using 5 Volvo EC 750D excavators and 10 Volvo A45 dump trucks in the proposed scheme, the cost of excavation works up to 34.5 UAH/m3 and is minimal due to the lowest costs for depreciation and repair of equipment, as well as for fuel and lubricants.

The impact of the green economy on the sustainable development of Kazakhstan

The authors in this study noted that, the world economy is faced with the realities of depletion of natural resources, water, and environmental pollution. The global course around the world today is the “green economy”, which provides not only a careful attitude to nature, but also the introduction of innovative technologies. In addition to the high level of physical and moral depreciation of equipment, which worsens the issue of irrational consumption of raw materials and energy, there is also a lack of innovation due to low demand and restricted funding. The current implementation of the Invest EU investment program aims to attract a minimum of 650 billion rubles between 2021 and 2027 in long-term public and private investments to support the sustainable revitalization of the European economy. A significant portion, 30%, of these funds are earmarked for climate-related projects. This presents a unique chance for funding innovative ventures that carry higher financial risks, with the added security of a $26.2 billion euro EU budget guarantee. The Public Sector Loan Facility offers a unique financing option, serving as a credit line to enhance public funding in specific areas. This facility, offered by the European Investment Bank, combines grants from the European Union with loans to support projects in targeted regions. It also extends assistance to projects that may not generate profits. The Center for Green Finance was founded in Kazakhstan in 2018 at the Astana International Financial Center with the aim of advancing and advocating for environmentallyfriendly financial practices.

Technical and economic assessment of the repair of weapons and military equipment’s repair.

The analysis of divisions and military units’ use in the course of hostilities during the Russian-Ukrainian war allows us to state that one of the main factors that affects the success in completing tasks is the availability of operational samples of weapons and military equipment. At the same time, one of the main sources of serviceable samples of weapons and military equipment being received by units (military units) in the course of hostilities is their return from stationary and mobile repair and restoration military units (units) after carrying out measures to restore them. Accordingly, during the restoration of damaged samples of weapons and military equipment, spare parts, assemblies, aggregates, component equipment, etc. are consumed, that must be purchased from manufacturers, which led to financial and economic costs. Therefore, the work proposes a methodical approach to evaluating the economic efficiency of repairing samples of weapons and military equipment. This approach takes into account two directions: financial and economic costs for the repair of weapons and military equipment in stationary conditions and in mobile repair and restoration military units (subunits). During the repair of weapons and military equipment in stationary conditions, the main financial costs will be directed to: the basic salary of repair specialists, basic materials, spare parts, workshop overheads, general overheads, costs for the development of new types of products and special costs. And during the repair of weapons and military equipment in repair and restoration military units (units), the main costs will be directed to the purchase of new parts, assemblies, units, the cost of depreciation of equipment, the cost of maintaining the personnel of repair specialists, the average cost of the operational kit.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT STATE OF FIXED ASSETS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

The topic of assessing the state of fixed assets of Russian organizations is considered. With a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, increased investment of funds in machinery and equipment will ensure an increase in the efficiency and competitiveness of Russian organizations. As a result of studying the condition of fixed assets in general and by branches of the economy, and determining the degree of depreciation of production equipment, the problem arises, which consists in identifying types of economic activities with a high risk of reducing the efficiency of the enterprise due to a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets. According to statistical data, the analysis of the industry specifics of the structure of fixed assets, the assessment of risk factors affecting the renewal of fixed assets by type of economic activity, the problem of reducing the rate of renewal of fixed assets of Russian enterprises is determined. Based on the results of the analysis of industry specifics, industries were identified in which the financial condition of the enterprise directly depends on fixed assets. The necessity of developing economically sound methods for choosing optimal ways to upgrade equipment of industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation is substantiated.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada CV Rantau Bayur Permai

The author of this final report aims to analyze the calculation of the cost of production based on orders for January 2023 at CV Rantau Bayur Permai. The company is located at Jln. Palembang – Jambi, Sukamoro, Kel. Tanah Mas Kec. Talang Kelapa KM.14 sukajadi, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra 30961. And is a company engaged in convection. From the data obtained by the author through interviews and observations. Based on data from the company, the authors found several problems, namely the company had not classified the cost of raw materials and auxiliary materials, the company had not taken into account the cost of depreciation of equipment and electricity into the calculation of the cost of production, so that the calculation of the cost of production was not correct as a whole. Based on the existing problems, the author suggests grouping raw material costs and supporting material costs and calculating depreciation costs and electricity costs into factory overhead so that the cost of production can be calculated correctly.

Prediction Analysis of Laboratory Equipment Depreciation Using Supervised Learning Methods

Asset management in Indonesia still poses problems in terms of securing state-owned property. These concerns make it difficult for analysts to predict laboratory equipment depreciation. Therefore, this research aims to create a new model to address this issue. Additionally, to support laboratory managers in gaining insights, a technology-based framework in the form of a laboratory equipment depreciation prediction model has been developed. A new model has been created in this research, which integrates supervised learning models with linear regression algorithms, and subsequently employs a waterfall system development approach. The testing results of the model for predicting laboratory equipment depreciation showed a high level of accuracy, reaching 93%. Furthermore, the comparison between the prediction model and the laboratory equipment data tested directly by technicians demonstrated an accuracy rate of 100%. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate that our framework provides a valuable solution to the difficulties in predicting laboratory equipment depreciation, offering an innovative and practical approach to laboratory equipment maintenance.

Time-Driven Activity-Based Cost Comparison of Osteoid Osteoma Ablation Techniques

ObjectiveCompare the cost of performing an osteoid osteoma ablation using cone beam CT (CBCT) with overlay fluoroscopic guidance to ablation using conventional CT (CCT) guidance and microwave ablation (MWA) to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). MethodsAn 11-year retrospective study was performed of all patients undergoing osteoid osteoma ablation. Ablation equipment included a Cool tip RFA probe (Covidien, Minneapolis, Minnesota) or a Neuwave PR MWA probe (Ethicon, Rariton, New Jersey). The room times as well as immediate recovery time were recorded for each case. Cost analysis was then performed using time-driven activity-based costing for rate-dependent variables including salaries, equipment depreciation, room time, and certain supplies. Time-independent costs included the disposable interventional radiology supplies and ablation systems. Costs were reported for each service providing care and using conventional cost accounting methods with variable and fixed expenditures. ResultsA total of 91 patients underwent 96 ablation procedures in either CBCT (n = 66) or CCT (n = 30) using either MWA (n = 51) or RFA (n = 45). The anesthesia induction (22.7 ± 8.7 min versus 15.9 ± 7.2 min, P < .001), procedure (64.7 ± 27.5 min versus 47.3 ± 15.3 min; P = .001), and room times (137.7 ± 33.7 min versus 103.9 ± 22.6. min; P < .001) were significantly longer for CBCT procedures. The procedure time did not differ significantly between MWA and RFA (62.1 ± 27.4 min versus 56.1 ± 23.3 min; P = .27). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated lower age (P = .046), CBCT use (P = .001), RFA use (P = .02), and nonsupine patient position (P = .01) significantly increased the total procedural cost. After controlling for these variables, the total cost of CBCT ($5,981.32 ± $523.93 versus $5,378.93 ± $453.12; P = .001) remained higher than CCT and the total cost of RFA ($5,981.32 ± $523.93 versus $5,674.43 ± $549.14; P = .05) approached a higher cost than MWA. ConclusionThe use of CBCT with overlay fluoroscopic guidance for osteoid osteoma ablation resulted in longer in-room times and greater cost when compared with CCT. These cost considerations should be weighed against potential radiation dose advantage of CBCT when choosing an image guidance modality. Younger age, RFA use, and nonsupine patient position additionally contributed to higher costs.

Analyzing the Impact of Depreciation-Estimating Methods on State Transportation Agencies’ Equipment Replacement Decisions Using Dynamic Programming

Replacing equipment at the most economical time not only helps to save state transportation agencies (STAs) costs for operating the fleet but also keeps the fleet’s level of service at an optimal level. Prior research studies focused on developing alternative economic-oriented equipment replacement models rather than the equivalent annual cost (EAC) model to achieve better economic decisions. In addition, various optimization techniques were applied to equipment replacement problems with different objectives, constraints, and contexts. However, few studies examined the impact of depreciation estimation on the equipment replacement decision within STAs by minimizing total equipment cost over a finite study period using the dynamic programming optimization method. This study performed a case study of two class codes of equipment [1.5 m3 (2-yd) diesel engine front-end loaders and 0.453 t (half-ton) fleetside pickup trucks] to analyze the impact of different depreciation calculations on equipment replacement decisions. Using real-world data provided by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, the study showed that the double-declining balance depreciation method substantially reduces the number of pieces of equipment recommended for replacement compared with the result of the straight-line depreciation method. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of depreciation methods on equipment replacement decisions as well as the importance of properly estimating equipment depreciation to minimize the equipment costs over a designated study period among STA communities. The demonstrated manual calculation procedures of dynamic programming for cost optimization potentially may facilitate STA’s adoption of dynamic programming for equipment economic decisions.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA IKAN ASIN SEPAT KERING (Tricoghaster, sp) DI KABUPATEN BANJAR KALIMANTAN SELATAN

The aim of the research was to find out the technical processing of dry salted sepat siam fish, to find out the costs, benefits, and feasibility obtained by entrepreneurs processing dried salted sepat siam fish, and to find out the problems faced. This research was conducted in Tambak Baru Village, Banjar District, Banjar District, South Kalimantan Province, namely in March 2023. The location for the research was determined based on the consideration that Tambak Baru Village, Banjar District, is a salted sepat fish processing center in Banjar Regency. This sampling method uses the Census method, namely sampling all salted fish processing entrepreneurs through surveys and direct interviews, the number of salted fish processing entrepreneurs in Tambak Baru Village, Banjar District, is 5 people. Technically, the dried salted fish business has been running with a production capacity of 134 kg at a price of IDR 65,000/kg. The biggest variable cost is the cost of raw materials with an average of Rp. 2,475,000/farmer Meanwhile, the fixed cost of the salted fish processing business is the equipment depreciation cost of Rp. 17,134/farmer. The average income is Rp. 8,710,000/farmer While the average profit of dried salted fish processing business is Rp. 4,417,866/farmer. The RCR value of the dried salted fish processing business was obtained at 2.029, which means every Rp. 1 invested in the dried salted fish processing business will generate Rp. 2,029 which means the business of processing dried salted fish is feasible

147 Effect of Elasticity Analysis on Beef Cattle Production Costs

Abstract The influence of major cost items on the total production cost of beef cattle during the growing phase was evaluated. A mathematical model assessing production inputs considering the cost of the items according to the Economic Theory was used. Costs were allocated into: A) variable costs, B) fixed costs, and C) factor income. A survey was carried-out in 2018 and 2019 with a rancher located in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) aiming to define the major technical indicators of production. The spot prices used in the current analysis refered to December 2019. The base-animal used during the growing phase represented the Nelore breed (Bos indicus), intact males and females (n = 34), separated into three lots according to the ranch of origin and sex. The initial averaging 195 ± 15 kg of live shrunk BW (body weight), and the average selling weight was 360 ± 15 kg shrunk BW. Two types of supplementations were offered during the year, the mineral was provided for 150 d, and protein supplementation was offered for 210 d. In the base scenario, the production cost was US$ 1.13/kg of animal. The fixed cost of the activity represents 23% of the total cost, in which capital depreciation, equipment maintenance, and labor represented 7.1%, 6.7%, and 5.9%, respectively. The variable cost of the activity represented 66.3% of total costs, in which cattle purchase price and feed costs represented 58.8% and 7.1%, respectively. These two factors, cattle purchase price, and feed costs, can be directly related to the success or failure of the system, thus also becoming good variables to be closely managed, justifying the importance of current elasticity analyses in such items. The price elasticity of items involving production cost variability in case a total expenditure cost of such items increased by 1% was hypothesized. The input costs that most represented the total cost were in order: 1) cattle purchase price, 2) feed, 3) capital depreciation, 4) labor, and 5) equipment maintenance. The cattle purchase price represented in the elasticity analysis as the most impactful factor, followed by equipment maintenance, feed, depreciation, and labor, at +0.54%, +0.11%, +0.07%, +0.07%, +0.05%, respectively. The cattle purchase price was the most related to the total cost. The increases of 1% in this variable caused variations of +0.54% of the total cost. It means the cost of production of 1 kg of beef cattle goes from US$ 1.13/kg to US$ 1.74/kg. In conclusion, the power of negotiation when buying and selling animals was the factor that can influence the most total costs of the cattle enterprise assessed.

Analysis of allocative efficiency on grape farming (Vitis vinifera) in Alue Sijuek, Peudada district, Bireuen regency

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of grape farming allocation and how the relationship between production costs and income of grape farmers in Alue Sijuek Village, Peudada District, Bireuen Regency from January to June 2022. Responden were carried out by census. The survey was conducted by direct observation and interviews with 36 respondents of grape farmers. The results showed that the income of grape farmers in Alue Sijuek Village, Peudada District, Bireuen Regency was IDR 2.177.765.666,67 in year-1 with an average of IDR 60.493.490,74 in year-1 and allocative efficiency of 36 respondents achieved efficient income for costs of fertilizers, pesticides, depreciation of equipment and labor. The results of the analysis show the correlation coefficient value of 0.935, this indicates that there is a significant relationship between production costs and wine farmers' income. While the coefficient of determination shows a number of 0.875, which means that the production cost consisting of fertilizer, pesticide, labor and equipment depreciation affects farm income by 87.5% and the rest is influenced by other variables.

IMPLEMENTATION OF 20 kV VOLTAGE NETWORK IN UKRAINE

Background Due to the war, the medium voltage networks are in an extremely difficult condition, they have a high degree of depreciation of electrical equipment and a low level of automation. The energy system of Ukraine has a problem of modernizing medium voltage networks and transfer them to a new class of rated voltage of 20 kV.&#x0D; Objective Overall overview of 20 kV networks and organization of their topology with renewable energy sources and " energy storages ". &#x0D; Methods A network model in the MatLab software package was used to study "energy accumulators". The study of the efficiency of the "energy storages" was carried out in the variability of the power to the total load, as well as the time of connection to the network.&#x0D; Results The need to transfer voltages of 6 (10) kV to a higher level of 20 kV has been proven. Various methods of grounding the neutral of medium voltage networks are considered and the most effective modes of neutral grounding for 20 kV networks are determined: through an arc suppression coil or through a resistor. A comparative analysis of networks with and without energy storage was carried out. In 20 kV networks, without the use of energy storage, energy consumption from the network and power losses will increase. When using storage devices, they are permanently connected to the network and have their own power losses. Batteries connected to a 20 kV network lead to an oscillating process that has a damping character (within 2 seconds).&#x0D; Conclusions The transition from the voltage level of 6 (10) kV to 20 kV will significantly increase the efficiency of distribution networks and reduce electricity losses. The installation of energy storage in 20 kV distribution networks will allow the introduction of new intelligent systems to ensure the interests of safety, economy and energy efficiency and will create the prerequisites for the implementation of the Smart Grid concept.