Pigment Deposition Research Articles

Floral pigmentation pattern in Oriental hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) cultivar ‘Dizzy’ is caused by transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes

Flower color patterns are the result of spatially and temporally restricted pigment deposition, and clarifying the mechanisms responsible for restricted pigment deposition is a topic of broad interest for both theoretical and practical reasons. The Oriental hybrid lily cultivar ‘Dizzy’ develops red stripes along the tepal midribs; in order to clarify the genetic basis of these stripes, we isolated most of the genes related to anthocyanin accumulation from ‘Dizzy’ tepals and compared their expression levels between the red stripe region and the white marginal region of the tepals. RNA-seq revealed a complete set of genes necessary for anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport, including anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase. Most of these genes were expressed at higher rates in the red stripe region than in the white region, suggesting that transcriptional regulation of these genes is primarily responsible for the spatially restricted anthocyanin deposition in ‘Dizzy’ tepals. Subgroup 6 R2R3-MYB is a major factor regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis: RNA-seq clarified three subgroup 6 R2R3-MYB genes expressed in ‘Dizzy’ tepals, of which MYB12 was predominantly expressed. Expression of MYB12 was six-fold higher in the red-pigmented region than in the white region. Thus, MYB12 is more likely to be involved in the regulation of the restricted anthocyanin deposition in ‘Dizzy’, even though MYB12 is expressed in the entire tepal region of many Oriental hybrid lily cultivars. Diversity of the expression profiles of MYB12 among lily cultivars and species is also discussed.

Pigmented Deposits in the Skin.

Pigmented deposits can occur in the skin due to many and varied causes. Some of them are systemic conditions accompanied by involvement of internal organs. Others have serious prognostic implications, and early diagnosis can help in the correct and adequate management of the diseases. In addition, some of them are quite innocuous and the correct diagnosis avoids unnecessary treatments. In this article, we review the morphologic features of some of the most common and some of the less usual pigmented deposits in skin other than tattoos.

Pancreatic Effects of a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Small-molecule Inhibitor in Rats Are Strain-dependent.

Inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) are under development as potential therapies for various autoimmune diseases. In repeat-dose toxicity studies, small-molecule BTK inhibitors (BTKi) have been reported to cause a constellation of histologic effects at the pancreatic endocrine-exocrine interface in male rats; however, similar findings were not reported in other species. Since the BTKi-induced pancreatic effect is morphologically similar to well-documented spontaneous changes (predominantly characterized by insular/peri-insular hemorrhage, pigment deposition, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis) that are known to vary by rat strain, we investigated potential strain-dependent differences in the pancreatic effects of a small-molecule BTKi, LY3337641. Following 13 weeks of LY3337641 treatment, Crl:CD(SD) rats were most sensitive, Crl:WI(Han) rats were of intermediate sensitivity, and Hsd:SD rats were least sensitive. These strain differences appear to be related to differences in rate of weight gain across strains and sexes; however, a definitive mechanism was not determined. This study demonstrated that BTKi-induced pancreatic effects were highly dependent on rat strain and correlated with differences in the incidence and severity of the spontaneous background change. When considered with the lack of pancreas effects in nonrat species, these changes in rats are unlikely predictive of similar changes in humans administered a BTK inhibitor.

Revisiting the developmental and cellular role of the pigmentation gene yellow in Drosophila using a tagged allele

Pigmentation is a diverse and ecologically relevant trait in insects. Pigment formation has been studied extensively at the genetic and biochemical levels. The temporality of pigment formation during animal development, however, is more elusive. Here, we examine this temporality, focusing on yellow, a gene involved in the formation of black melanin. We generated a protein-tagged yellow allele in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which allowed us to precisely describe Yellow expression pattern at the tissue and cellular levels throughout development. We found Yellow expressed in the pupal epidermis in patterns prefiguring black pigmentation. We also found Yellow expressed in a few central neurons from the second larval instar to adult stages, including a subset of neurons adjacent to the clock neurons marked by the gene Pdf. We then specifically examined the dynamics of Yellow expression domain and subcellular localization in relationship to pigment formation. In particular, we showed how a late step of re-internalization is regulated by the large low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein Megalin. Finally we suggest a new function for Yellow in the establishment of sharp pigmentation pattern boundaries, whereby this protein may assume a structural role, anchoring pigment deposits or pigmentation enzymes in the cuticle.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SOME FEMALE RATS ORGANS INFECTED WITH TOXOPLASMA GONDII PARASITE ISOLATED FROM EMBRYO OF ABORTED SHEEP

The current study included the identification of lesions and the histological changes caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which was isolated from embryos of aborted ewes.
 15 female albino rats (3 months old) was injected intraperitonia with suspension containing 100 tissue cysts.
 After four months of injection, the histological section showed a chronic infection characterized by autolysis in all sections, where the liver sections showed expansion of the central hepatic veins, congestion in sinusoidal with irregularity in hepatic cords, and the presence of the parasites in the liver cells and Kupffer. The brain tissue showed vacuoles in the neurons with an increase in the number of Purkenji cells. Kidney sections were characterized by degenerative and necrotic changes in the endothelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules with Sloughing of necrotic and degenerated cells of the tubes, which accumulated inside the lumen. The parasites appeared in the endothelial cells of the glomerular tufts. Ovary and the uterus showed increased vascular wall thickness, furthermore, the spleen showed autolytic changes, pigment deposition with the presence of parasites within the cells.

Automatic segmentation of pigment deposits in retinal fundus images of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis Pigmentosa is an eye disease that presents with a slow loss of vision and then evolves until blindness results. The automatic detection of the early signs of retinitis pigmentosa acts as a great support to ophthalmologists in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease in order to slow down the degenerative process. A large body of literature is devoted to the analysis of Retinitis Pigmentosa. However, all the existing approaches work on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) data, while hardly any attempts have been made working on fundus images. Fundus image analysis is a suitable tool in daily practice for an early detection of retinal diseases and the monitoring of their progression. Moreover, the fundus camera represents a low-cost and easy-access diagnostic system, which can be employed in resource-limited regions and countries. The fundus images of a patient suffering from retinitis pigmentosa are characterized by an attenuation of the vessels, a waxy disc pallor and the presence of pigment deposits. Considering that several methods have been proposed for the analysis of retinal vessels and the optic disk, this work focuses on the automatic segmentation of the pigment deposits in the fundus images. The image distortions are attenuated by applying a local pre-processing. Next, a watershed transformation is carried out to produce homogeneous regions. Working on regions rather than on pixels makes the method very robust to the high variability of pigment deposits in terms of color and shape, so allowing the detection even of small pigment deposits. The regions undergo a feature extraction procedure, so that a region classification process is performed by means of an outlier detection analysis and a rule set. The experiments have been performed on a dataset of images of patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. Although the images present a high variability in terms of color and illumination, the method provides a good performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the F-measure, whose values are 74.43, 98.44, 97.90, 59.04, respectively.

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris in two siblings simultaneously

PurposeTo report the first simultaneous onset of bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) in two siblings. ObservationsTwo sisters presented with bilateral ocular pain, redness and light sensitivity. Examination revealed bilateral circulating pigment in the anterior chamber with pigment dusting on backs of the corneas, patchy iris depigmentation and heavy pigment deposition in the angle. Both patients had recently suffered from upper respiratory tract infections. Bilateral visual acuities were preserved and no transillumination defects were observed. The patients were diagnosed with BADI. Both cases were successfully controlled with topical corticosteroids and anti-glaucoma drops as well as topical glanciclovir gel. Conclusions and ImportanceTo date, there had been no published reports of BADI in the Middle East and Africa. This is the first observation of this entity in these regions. Moreover it is the first occurrence of BADI in two immediate siblings simultaneously. We also report the rare asymmetrical presentation with BADI in one of our patients. These observations point to the possibility of genetic factors underlying BADI as well as an infectious cause behind the etiology.

SD-OCT imaging as a valuable tool to support molecular genetic diagnostics of Usher syndrome type 1

A girl with profound congenital deafness and balance problems was found at 3.5years of age to be a carrier of two novel compound heterozygous mutations in MYO7A that were predicted to be disease-causing. She also carried one known pathogenic mutation and one rare variant in USH2A. Fundus examination performed at 4.75years revealed one small peripheral pigment deposit in the right eye, indicating probable retinal degeneration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed a loss of photoreceptors throughout the macular area, except for the foveolar region, clearly confirming a diagnosis of Usher syndrome type 1. This case demonstrates that SD-OCT may be easily used in young children to confirm retinal disease, quantify the extent of retinal damage, and monitor disease progression.

Clinical results from low-level laser therapy in patients with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy

The objective of this study is to examine long-term effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CRDs). A He-Ne Laser with continuous emission at 633 nm (01 mW/cm2) was used on five patients with autosomal dominant pedigree of Romani origin with non-syndromic CRDs. The laser radiation was applied transpupillary to the macula six times for three minutes every other day. The experiment was conducted for a period of three years. The clinical evaluation included best corrected visual acuity determination, funduscopy, Humphrey perimetry, Farnsworth Hue-28 color testing, fluorescein angiography, and full-field electroretinogram (ERG).All affected individuals presented reduced visual acuity (0.01 – 0.4) and photophobia. The funduscopic examination and fluorescein angiography revealed advanced changes including bone spicule-like pigment deposits in the midperiphery and the macular area, along with retinal atrophy, narrowing of the vessels, and waxy optic discs. The visual fields demonstrated central scotoma. The electrophysiologic examination of the patients detected an abnormal cone-rod ERG (20 – 30 μV) with photopic amplitudes more markedly reduced than the scotopic. Flicker responses were missing and Farnsworth Hue-28 test found protanopia. There was a statistically significant increase in the visual acuity (p<0.001, end of study versus baseline) for CRDs patients for the period of three years after the treatment with LLLT. Following the LLLT, the central absolute scotoma in CRDs was reduced, as was the prevalence of metamorphopsia in CRDs.This study shows that LLLT may prove be a novel long-lasting therapeutic option for both forms of CRDs. It is a highly effective treatment resulting in a long-term improvement of the visual acuity.

Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Impairment of Cardiomyocyte Function and the Protective Role of Urolithin B-Glucuronide.

One of the most recently proposed candidates as a potential trigger for cardiovascular diseases is trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Possible direct effects of TMAO on myocardial tissue, independent of vascular damage, have been only partially explored so far. In the present study, we assessed the detrimental direct effects of TMAO on cardiomyocyte contractility and intracellular calcium dynamics, and the ability of urolithin B-glucuronide (Uro B-gluc) in counteracting TMAO-induced cell damage. Cell mechanics and calcium transients were measured, and ultrastructural analysis was performed in ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart of normal adult rats. Cells were either untreated, exposed to TMAO, or to TMAO and Uro B-gluc. TMAO exposure worsened cardiomyocyte mechanics and intracellular calcium handling, as documented by the decrease in the fraction of shortening (FS) and the maximal rate of shortening and re-lengthening, associated with reduced efficiency in the intracellular calcium removal. Ultrastructurally, TMAO-treated cardiomyocytes also exhibited glycogen accumulation, a higher number of mitochondria and lipofuscin-like pigment deposition, suggesting an altered cellular energetic metabolism and a higher rate of protein oxidative damage, respectively. Uro B-gluc led to a complete recovery of cellular contractility and calcium dynamics, and morphologically to a reduced glycogen accumulation. We demonstrated for the first time a direct negative role of TMAO on cardiomyocyte functional properties and the ability of Uro B-gluc in counteracting these detrimental effects.

Clinical, Pathologic, and Genetic Features of Neonatal Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: A Multicenter Study in Japan

To clarify the clinical, pathologic, and genetic features of neonatal Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Ten patients with neonatal Dubin-Johnson syndrome were recruited from 6 pediatric centers in Japan between September 2013 and October 2016. Clinical and laboratory course, macroscopic and microscopic liver findings, and molecular genetic findings concerning ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) were retrospectively and prospectively examined. All neonates exhibited cholestasis, evident as prolonged jaundice with or without acholic stools and elevations of serum direct bilirubin as well as γ-glutamyltransferase or total bile acids. Only 38% (3 of 8) of patients who underwent liver biopsy showed a grossly black liver or melanin-like pigment deposits in hepatocytes; their biopsies were performed in early infancy. Immunohistochemically, all liver specimens showed no expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 but increased expression of the bile salt export pump protein. Homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of ABCC2 were identified in all patients, representing 11 distinct pathogenic variants including 2 not previously reported. Immunohistochemical staining of the liver for multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and molecular genetic analysis of ABCC2 are crucial for accurate diagnosis of neonatal Dubin-Johnson syndrome.

Histological and transcriptomic responses of two immune organs, the spleen and head kidney, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to long-term hypersaline stress

Hyperosmotic stress can adversely affect fish immunity, but little is known about the histological and transcriptomic responses of immune organs in fish in a hyperosmotic environment. This study evaluated the effects of long-term hypersaline conditions (16‰) on the growth, histology and transcriptomics of the two main immune organs, the spleen and head kidney, in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus relative to those reared in freshwater for eight weeks. No differences in weight gain and specific growth rate were found between fish reared under these two salinities. Hyperosmotic stress induced a congestive or enlarged spleen. Platelet- and coagulation-related gene expression was significantly decreased in tilapia at 16‰. The red cell distribution width and value of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly greater in fish at 16‰ salinity than in control fish in freshwater. A large volume of melano-macrophages in the spleen and pigment deposition in both the spleen and head kidney were observed in the histological sections in fish at 16‰ salinity. Transmission electron microscopic results showed abnormal macrophages with deposition granules in the spleen and head kidney and more neutrophils in the head kidney of fish at 16‰ than in control fish. In total, 772 and 502 genes were annotated for significantly different expression in the spleen and head kidney, respectively, and corresponded to five and one significantly changed immune system pathways, respectively. The complement pathway in the spleen was significantly down-regulated at 16‰. This study indicates that long-term exposure of Nile tilapia to a hyperosmotic environment can induce splenomegaly, reduce coagulation function, enhance phagocytic activity and down-regulate the complement pathway in the spleen. The spleen is a more sensitive organ for immune responses to chronic ambient salinity stress than the head kidney in Nile tilapia.

Segmental giant café au lait macule in neurofibromatosis 1

Background: Periocular darkening, popularly known as “dark circles,” is a common condition globally. Pigment deposition, shadowing due to laxity, superficial location of vasculature and prominent nasojugal groove are recognized causative factors. Very few studies exist on its clinicopathological correlation, especially in the Asian population. Materials and Methods: Eighty-two consecutive patients attending skin outpatient department (OPD) with periocular hyperpigmentation (POH) who agreed to follow the study protocol were included in this descriptive study, conducted in Maharashtra, India. They were evaluated clinically and also investigated with histopathology, special staining and immunohistochemistry of the periocular skin to study the various factors involved in the pathogenesis. Results: 19.51% of the patients had a positive family history of POH, 90% gave history of exhaustion of periocular muscles, 41.46% had anemia, 8.54% gave history of aggravation during pregnancy and 7.32% had menstrual irregularities. Laxity of skin was present in 82.92% patients, visible veins in 50%, and sunken eyes with prominent infraorbital rim and shadowing in 26.82%. Periocular darkening due to pigment was present in only 17% patients, with mixed dermoepidermal pigmentation being present in majority (70.73%). Clinicopathological concordance was significant in case of dermal pigmentation (Fisher’s exact test P-value Conclusion: Periocular darkening was predominantly not due to pigment, but rather due to cutaneous laxity and vascular visibility through thin skin. Most of them with pigment had it in the dermis. Clinical dermal pigmentation correlated well with histology, unlike epidermal pigmentation. Iron and amyloid were not significant as etiological factors in our patients.

Long-term outcomes following primary intraocular lens implantation in infants younger than 6 months

Purpose:To study the long-term safety profile and visual outcomes of primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in infants <6 months of age.Methods:This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary eye care center in South India. Infants under 6 months meeting the selection criteria who underwent cataract surgery (lens aspiration, primary posterior capsulorhexis, and anterior vitrectomy) with primary IOL implantation between January 2008 and December 2011 and minimum 3-year follow-up were included. Patient demographics, serial refractions, visual acuity, complications, and associated amblyopia/strabismus were reviewed. Visual acuity, myopic shift, and complications were the outcome measures.Results:Sixty-nine eyes of 38 infants (31 bilateral; mean age: 4.6 months) were reviewed. Mean follow-up was 51 months (range: 36–84). Median logMAR best-corrected visual acuity at the final visit was 0.74 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.50–0.98) in eyes with bilateral cataracts and 0.87 (IQR: 0.60–1.14) in eyes with unilateral cataracts with an average myopic shift of 6.7 diopters over 4.2 years. Most common postoperative complication was visual axis opacification (VAO) (13 eyes, 18%), necessitating membranectomy followed by pigmentary IOL deposits (11 eyes, 15%), and IOL decentration and glaucoma in four eyes each (5.6%). Mixed linear effect model found no significant association of age, gender, laterality, and postoperative complications with final visual acuity (P ≥ 0.05). Eyes with unilateral cataracts had a greater myopic shift than bilateral cases (P = 0.03).Conclusion:Primary IOL implantation in infants <6 months is reasonably safe in appropriately selected infants. VAO was the most common postoperative complication, and a large myopic shift was observed.

Хирургическая тактика и особенности интраокулярной коррекции у детей с врожденными катарактами первого года жизни.

Purpose. The optimization of microsurgical tactics in case of the primary IOL implantation in children of the first year of life with congenital cataracts. Material and methods. There were examined 230 children (264 eyes) with congenital cataracts (CC), in general anesthesia conditions, who underwent in age from 2 to 5 months (109 eyes, 41.3%) and 6-11 months (155 eyes, 58.7%) cataract extraction with implantation of intraocular lens «Acrysof» SN60AT and Hoya iSert model 251. The optical power of the IOL was 27.0-41.0D, the value of hypo-correction was from 6.0 to 12.0D. Microphthalmia of degree 1-2 with a decrease in the anterior-posterior axis of the eye by 1-2mm was revealed in 18.7% of cases (49 eyes), the size of 23 eyes (8.9%) exceeded the age norm (the «myopia» group), posterior lenticonus with diameter from 2.5 mm to 5.0 mm was detected in 31 eyes (11.8%) and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous syndrome (PHPV) was in 17 eyes (6.4%). Early and long-term late postoperative complications were studied. Results. The analysis of clinical material allowed to formulate the optimal technique to perform various phases of the surgery (opening of the anterior capsule, removal of lens masses, the approach to posterior capsule, in the presence of posterior lenticonus and the PHPV syndrome), taking into account the clinical polymorphism of congenital changes of the lens and the eye, allowing to create a stable capsular bag, that is necessary for long-term stable IOL fixation in the growing eye of the child. Inflammatory reactions in the form of fibrinous-plastic iritis with the formation of a single pigment and stromal irido-capsular adhesions and deposits on the anterior surface of the IOL were noted in the structure of early postoperative complications in 29 eyes (10.9%). Secondary cataracts (209 eyes, 79.2%) in the form of Adamuk- Elschnig’s balls (178 eyes, 67.4%), fibrosis of the posterior lens capsule (147 eyes, 55.7%) alone or their combinations (56 eyes, 21.2%) dominated in the longterm follow-up period. Exudative-proliferative reactions with formation of irido-capsular adhesions, development of pre-lens «fibrinous» membrane, precipitates on the IOL were observed in 7 children (13 eyes, a 4.9%). Conclusion. The developed microsurgical tactics of CC extraction in children of the first year of life allows to create optimal conditions for intra-capsular IOL implantation, its long-term stable fixation in a fastgrowing eye of the child, to avoid a development of intraoperative and postoperative complications in the majority of children, to obtain good anatomical and optical results.

Bilateral acute depigmentation of iris: 3-year follow-up of a case

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) usually affecting young women, is a newly defined clinical diagnosis with bilateral symmetrical pigment loss of iris stroma without iris transillumination defect. Herein, we want to share the results of a 3-year-long follow-up of a 23-year old female patient with BADI. She was admitted to our clinic with a complaint of discoloration of both her brown irises. An ocular evaluation of the patient revealed symmetrical pigment deposition in trabecular meshwork. No iris transillumination defect, pupillary sphincter paralysis, keratic precipitates, and inflammatory reaction in anterior chamber were seen. The depigmented iris stroma became repigmented symmetrically after 3-year follow-up period. Although it is rare, BADI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the diseases with bilateral iris depigmentation.

Autoimmune Retinopathy: An Immunologic Cellular-Driven Disorder.

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) was often mistaken for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), due to an overlap of clinical findings, but increasingly has been recognized as a unique entity in the last decade. AIR has distinctive features: sudden onset of photopsias and scotomata in patients with no family history of RP, followed by visual field and central vision loss. Initially, retina exams are normal with no sign of pigment deposits or retinal degeneration. A family history of autoimmune diseases (all types) occurs in 60% of patients. One hallmark of AIR has been the presence of anti-retinal autoimmune antibodies (ARAs) in patients' sera, but patients can continue to have ARAs even when the disease has been quiescent for years. The accumulation of ARAs represents a breakdown of retinal immune tolerance with many different immunoreactive bands found at different reference weights in AIR patients. We began investigating cellular immunity using flow cytometry and found abnormal distributions (>2 StDev) of increased memory lymphocytes and NK cells and decreased regulatory B cell subsets in many AIR patients compared to normal controls. Culture of patient lymphocytes with small amounts (25μg) of recoverin protein for 6days led to significant elevations of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and in some cases tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production. We found the IFNγ/IL-10 ratio in response to recoverin was elevated in patients with more active disease (defined by visual field contraction between visits), but in some patients, there also appeared to be independent factors influencing severity, suggesting other autoimmune mechanisms were at play. These cellular immune parameters may provide improved markers for active AIR.

Expression of eNOS and CAV gene in trabecular meshwork cells and effects on glaucoma pathogenesis

Objective: Glaucoma is the second popular blinding disease worldwide, and is mainly caused by abnormal function or structure of trabecular meshwork and consequent aqueous humor effluent dysfunction, ocular hypertension, leading to vision deficit. eNOS and CAV1 might be correlated with glaucoma onset. This study thus investigated their expression in trabecular meshwork cells and effects on glaucoma pathogenesis. Patients and Methods: Trabecular meshwork tissues were collected during surgery from POAG patients, and eNOS/CAV1 gene expressions were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western-Blot. eNOS and CAV1 genes were over-expressed in cultured HTMC cells, whose survival rate was analyzed by MTT assay, whilst cell free radicals clearance rate was analyzed by chemiluminescence method. Results: HE staining revealed significant pigment deposition in trabecular meshwork of POAG patients compared to normal group, accompanied with stenosis of mesh. Expression levels of eNOS and CAV1 were significantly higher in POAG group (p<0.05 compared to healthy control group). In vitro overexpression of eNOS and CAV1 significantly suppressed cell survival rate and free radical clearance rate (p<0.05). Conclusion: Trabecular meshwork cells in glaucoma patients showed elevated eNOS and CAV1 expression. Up-regulation of eNOS expression may suppress cell survival rate at cellular level, impaired ability to clear free radicals, eventually leading to cell or tissue damage.

Extraction and characterization of yeast extract bioethanol byproduct from empty palm oil bunch for raw material of cosmetic products

Ethanolic fermentation can produce byproducts such as yeast containing intracellular amino acid that is used as a raw material of cosmetics. Residual yeast fermentation as sludge was dissolved and extracted by autolysis at 50°C for 24 hours, so we get the product in the form of intracellular content of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification of dye and odor yeast extract was conducted by using an activated carbon column adsorption with ratio 1.5:10 yeast extract solution (g / mL) for six times recycle or until it reaches the absorbance value of 0.020. The content of yeast extract in the form of amino acids was analyzed by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography method. Analysis of the feasibility test yeast extract as cosmetic raw materials made through the pigment deposition method by inhibit tyrosinase activity. 0.05 g yeast extract before adsorption (pale yellow) produce 62% inhibition of tyrosinase 3130 U / mL. Dry yeast extract after adsorption (odorless) had 96% inhibition of tyrosinase 313 U / mL, whereas placental extract by 89% inhibition of tyrosinase 313 U / mL. These results indicate odorless yeast extract can replace placental extract as an alternative to cosmetic raw materials.

A case of hepato-renal syndrome associated with paratuberculosis in goat

Hepato-renal syndrome is a type of functional kidney failure due to acute or chronic liver diseases. A five year old female, crossbred goat was presented for post-mortem examination. On necropsy, icteric discoloration of carcass with enlarged liver, thickened jejunal and ileal mucosa and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were observed. Severe lipidosis of liver, hypertrophied hepatocytes, mononuclear cell infiltration of parenchyma and portal triads, fusion of villi, and extensive infiltration by mononuclear cells (epithelioid-macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes) and occasional giant cells were observed around a central caseated and calcified mass surrounded by fibrous tissue proliferation in the lamina propria of intestine. Calcification of the mesenteric lymph node was confirmed by Von Kossa staining as dark brown to black deposits. Severe glomerular and tubular degeneration, necrosis and presence of bile casts were observed in kidney, which was confirmed by Hall's staining. Diffuse golden yellow hemosiderin pigment deposits were observed in the splenic parenchyma, which wasconfirmedbyPerl's Prussianbluestainingasbluishblackpigments. Ziehl-Neelsenstainingrevealedacid-fastbacilli inthelamina propria of intestine. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-M. aviumsubspp. paratuberculosis immune serum showed positive brown signals intracellularly in the macrophages and epithelioid cells in the lamina propria of intestine. Demonstration of acid-fast organism and IHC confirmed paratuberculosisinfection and the cascade of injury consequent to the disease might have resulted in hepato-renal syndrome and death of the affected animal.