Deposition Coefficient Research Articles

Humic acid enhances the co-transport of colloids and phosphorus in saturated porous media

Phosphorus (P) has been widely recognized as a substance that is difficult to transport due to its tendency to become easily fixed in the soil. However, many reports demonstrate that groundwater P pollution is rising in humus-rich areas. Research is urgently needed to confirm (or reject) the hypothesis that increased P pollution is related to humus, as there is currently limited quantitative research on this topic. In this study, we conducted a series of batch equilibrium adsorption-desorption experiments and column experiments to quantify the effects of montmorillonite colloids (MCs) and humic acids (HCs, the main components of humus) on the P transport behavior. The results indicate that P's adsorption and desorption behavior on MCs can be well simulated using the Langmuir and Temkin models (R2 > 0.91). Compared to the non-HC treatments, HCs significantly increased MCs' P adsorption and desorption capacity 5.18 and 7.21 times, respectively. Moreover, HCs facilitated the transport ability of the MC-P mixture through the saturated quartz sand column. In a 0.1 M NaCl solution, the MC-P mixture is nearly completely adsorbed on the surface of quartz sand, with a penetration rate of only 0.5%. In contrast, the HC-MC-P mixture can evidently penetrate further at a rate of 26.1%. The transport parameters fitted using HYDRUS-1D further indicated that the presence of humic acids significantly decreased the deposition coefficients of colloids, thereby enhancing the co-transport of colloids and P through the quartz sand porous medium. The potential mechanism of P pollution in humus-rich areas is likely enhanced by the formation of an HC-colloid-P mixture, which greatly increases the adsorption amount of P on colloids and enhances the electrostatic and spatial repulsion between colloids as well as between colloids and quartz sand. It reduces the aggregation and adsorption of colloids, ultimately transferring P into groundwater through colloid-facilitated co-transport. The findings of this study clarified the relationship between the transport of P, colloids, and HCs, which provides a theoretical basis for explaining the P pollution mechanism in humus-rich areas.

Optimization of Operational Parameters of Plant Protection UAV.

The operational parameters of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) significantly impact spraying effectiveness, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This paper conducted a full factorial experiment with varying flight speeds, heights, and nozzle flow rates to collect parameter space data. Using the Kriging surrogate model, we characterized this parameter space and subsequently optimized the average deposition rate and coefficient of variation by employing a variable crossover (mutation) probability multi-objective genetic algorithm. In the obtained Pareto front, the average sedimentation rate is no less than 46%, with a maximum of 56.08%, and the CV coefficient is no more than 13.91%, with a minimum of only 8.42%. These optimized parameters enhance both the average deposition rate and spraying uniformity compared to experimental data. By employing these optimized parameters in practical applications, a balance between the maximum average deposition rate and minimum coefficient of variation can be achieved during UAV spraying, thereby reducing pesticide usage, promoting sustainable agriculture, and mitigating instances of missed spraying and re-spraying.

Size-resolved particulate matter inside selected fire stations and preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of washing machines in reducing its concentrations

The study aimed to determine and compare the mass concentration and size distribution of particulate matter (PM) at two Polish fire stations, one equipped with a washing machine intended for the decontamination of uniforms (FSN) and the other not equipped with this type of device (FSC), to assess the effectiveness of washing machines in reducing PM concentrations inside fire stations and estimate PM doses inhaled by firefighters while performing activities in truck bays and changing rooms during one work shift. The average PM concentrations at the FSN were 18.2–28.9 µg/m3 and 27.5–37.3 µg/m3, while at FSC they were 27.4–37.9 µg/m3 and 24.6–32.8 µg/m3 in the truck bays and changing rooms, respectively. At each measurement point, most of the PM mass (65–75%) was accumulated as fine particles. The dominance of fine particles in the total mass of PM results in high values of PM deposition coefficients (0.59–0.61) in three sections of the respiratory tract at each monitoring site. This study initially indicates the effectiveness of washing machines in reducing the concentration of fine particles and demonstrates the necessity, as well as directions for further research in this area.

Design and experimental evaluation of a variable pesticide application control system for the air-assisted rubber tree powder sprayer.

In order to address the issues of uneven pesticide deposition and low pesticide utilization in rubber gardens caused by the traditional diffuse plant protection spraying method, this study focuses on the air-assisted powder sprayer and proposes a variable pesticide application control system. A variable pesticide application decision-making model integrating the leaf area index (LAI) was designed based on powdery mildew control standards and individual rubber tree information. According to the target powder spraying accuracy requirements, a control model of the air velocity adjustment device was established and a fuzzy proportional-integral-differential (PID) air velocity control system was developed. The simulation results indicate that the wind speed control system exhibits a maximum overshoot of 2.18% and an average response time of 1.48 s. The field experiment conducted in a rubber plantation revealed that when the air-assisted powder sprayer operates in the variable powder spraying mode, the average response time of the control system is 2.5 s. The control accuracy of each executive mechanism exceeded 95.9%. The deposition coefficient of variation (CV) at different canopy heights was relatively consistent, with values of 35.38%, 36.26% and 36.90%. In comparison to the quantitative mode, the variable mode showed a significant 20.03% increase in the effective utilization rate of sulfur powder. These research findings provide valuable technical support for the advancement of mechanized variable powder spraying equipment in rubber tree cultivation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Signal Decomposition for Monitoring Systems of Processes

This article is devoted to the problem of signal decomposition into periodic and aperiodic components. According to the proposed approach, there is no need to evaluate the aperiodic component as a difference between the total signal of its periodic components. This research aims to create a general analytical approach that combines the Fourier and Maclaurin series methodologies into a single comprehensive series. As a result, analytical expressions for determining deposition coefficients were established for an aperiodic signal with a monoharmonic overlay. Recurrence relations were established to determine the coefficients of this series. These relations allow direct integrations of the obtained values of integrals to be avoided. The evaluated numerical values of the coefficients are also presented graphically and tabulated. It was proven that the values of these coefficients are universal numbers since they do not depend on the period/frequency of oscillations. The reliability of the proposed approach was confirmed by the fact that the evaluated coefficients are equal to the Fourier series coefficients in the case of a periodic signal. Also, for an aperiodic signal, these coefficients were reduced to the coefficients of the Maclaurin series. The usability of the proposed generalized analytical approach for signal decomposition is for control and monitoring systems of processes.

Transport of nanoscale zero-valent iron in the presence of rhamnolipid

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles have gained widespread use for in-situ treatment of various chlorinated hydrocarbons. Their non-toxic nature, affordability, and minimal maintenance requirements have made them a favored material for nanoremediation. The treatment typically involves the injection of nZVI particles into contaminated sites using direct-push well injection systems. However, their small size leads to high surface energy, causing aggregation that alters their physiochemical properties, reactivity, and transport behavior. To counteract aggregation, nZVI suspension can be stabilized with different surfactants, reducing the surface energy during subsurface soil transport. This study investigates the impact of rhamnolipid, a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the late growth phase, on the aggregation and mobility of nZVI particles. The retardation factor of nZVI in the model media of zeolite, ZK406H, decreased from 1.66 in the absence of rhamnolipid to 1.03, 0.98, 0.93, and 0.87, corresponding to the presence of rhamnolipid at concentrations of 20, 50, 80, and 100 mg/L. The deposition coefficient also decreased from 2.39 in the absence of rhamnolipid to 0.459, 0.279, 0.217, and 0.0966, corresponding to the presence of rhamnolipid at concentrations of 20, 50, 80, and 100 mg/L. The transport parameters of nZVI in ZK406H were linked to the interactions of nZVI particles with ZK406H by the DLVO theory.

Unmanned aerial systems for biological plant protection based on UAV type CE-20

The article presents an analysis of the use of UAVs of the CE-20 type as part of unmanned aerial systems for biological plant protection. The relevance of the study is determined by the intensive development of modern unmanned technologies used to combat insect pests and plant diseases. The proposed analysis of modern practice of using UAVs of the CE-20 type for biological plant protection will reveal the relationship of technical characteristics with agrotechnological methods. This will provide effective technical support for unmanned aerial systems applications in precision agriculture. It is important to consider that the characteristics of the UAVs used significantly influence the process of spraying fertilizers and pesticides. The article analyzes the previously obtained results of test flights of the CE- 20 of the Chinese company Wuxi Hanhe Aviation Technology. Testing was carried out taking into account a given field cultivation strip, on which the effective spray width of fertilizers and pesticides was determined and studied. The obtained droplet deposition coefficients of variation showed good deposition uniformity and penetration rate. It is shown that optimization of UAV parameters must be combined with agronomic requirements based on the choice of crop types, growth period, pest and disease characteristics, and environmental conditions.

Ice Supersaturation Variability in Cirrus Clouds: Role of Vertical Wind Speeds and Deposition Coefficients

AbstractAircraft measurements reveal ice supersaturation statistics in cirrus (ISSs) with broad maxima around ice saturation and pronounced variance. In this study, processes shaping ISSs in midlatitude and tropical upper tropospheric conditions are systematically investigated. Water vapor deposition and sublimation of size‐resolved ice crystal populations are simulated in an air parcel framework. Mesoscale temperature fluctuations (MTFs) due to gravity waves force the temporal evolution of supersaturation. Various levels of background wave forcing and cirrus thickness are distinguished in stochastic ensemble simulations. Kinetic limitations to ice mass growth are brought about by supersaturation‐dependent deposition coefficients that represent efficient and inefficient growth modes as a function of ice crystal size. The simulations identify a wide range of deposition coefficients in cirrus, but most values stay above 0.01 such that kinetic limitations to water uptake remain moderate. Supersaturation quenching times are long, typically 0.5–2 hr. The wave forcing thus causes a remarkably large variability in ISSs and cirrus microphysical properties except in the thickest cirrus, producing ensemble‐mean ISSs in line with in‐situ measurements. ISS variance is controlled by MTFs and increases with decreasing cirrus integral radii. In comparison, the impact of ice crystal growth rates on ISSs is small. These results contribute to efforts directed at identifying and solving issues associated with ice‐supersaturated areas and non‐equilibrium cirrus physics in global models.

Transport phenomena in the near-field region of Stefen flow

Stefan flow is a transport phenomenon concerning the movement of one component of a multi-component mixture that is induced by the production or removal of the component at an interface. Fick’s law is often used to describe the transport phenomena in many physical and chemical processes. However, when the system scales down to the order of molecular mean free path, the influence of interface that is not considered in Fick’s law, cannot be neglected. To predict the transport phenomena in the near-field region, the Herz-Knudsen (HK) relation is often adopted, in which the near-field region controlled by the HK relation was assumed as a zero-thickness layer. Our theoretical analysis has shown that this assumption is less physically realistic. In this study, we derive the thickness of the near-field region through the analysis of the theoretical binary diffusion coefficient and corresponding mass flux. Based on the analysis, we propose a modified Fick’s law to describe the far-field and near-field regions separately. The validity of this modified Fick’s law and its difference from Fick’s law coupled with the HK relation are demonstrated by comparing the partial pressure distributions of binary mixtures, predicted by the two versions of Fick’s law and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, due to the deposition of one component on a cold surface. The comparison results show that the modified Fick’s law outperforms the Fick’s law coupled with the HK relation in accuracy at high deposition coefficients for H2O/N2 mixture and in stability within the range of this study. Moreover, the situations when the modified Fick’s law is required are discussed. This study provides a more molecular-level insight into the transport phenomena in the near-field region of Stefen flow.

Study on aerosol thermophoretic force and thermophoresis deposition model in reactor building

During nuclear reactor severe accident, the input of external passive containment cooling system will result in significant aerosol thermophoresis deposition in reactor building, which plays important factor affecting the safety assessment of nuclear reactor. Ratio of aerosol particles radius and gas molecule mean free path (Kn number) in reactor building is not greater than 2, corresponding to the near-continuous medium zone and transition zone. Firstly the typical thermophoretic force equations for these zones are evaluated. Combined with key influencing factors analysis, the correction factor connected to Kn number is introduced to address the deviation in the prediction for the transition zone of the current equations. The modified thermophoretic force equation obviously improves the underestimation of the original equation and is then used to obtain the thermophoresis deposition coefficient. According to experimental validation, the obtained coefficient is more accurate than the model that is widely employed in analysis codes in predicting the thermophoresis deposition of aerosol particles. Finally, fluid continuity, momentum, energy and particle continuity equations are established with deduced thermophoresis deposition coefficient and solved numerically. The thermophoresis deposition model considering natural convection (CT model) is established by theoretical derivation and fitting with the numerical solutions. By introducing the effects of natural convection on temperature distribution and aerosol concentration distribution the CT model could accurately describe the aerosol thermophoresis deposition behavior under natural convection conditions for Kn number is not greater than 2, which can be applied to aerosol thermophoresis deposition prediction in reactor building.

Modeling the transport of fecal coliform in ntanwaogba creek, influenced by variations in micronutrient deposition, velocity and dispersion coefficient

The study of Micronutrients in Ntanwaogba Creek were thoroughly carried out to monitor its rates of deposition at different numerous discharge location sites in the study environment, this was imperative because the rates of biological waste discharge at regular interval, based on this factor, it was necessary to conduct a comprehensive investigation of their rate of concentration at different station point of discharge. This implies that the rate of dispersions from the contaminant influenced constant discharge of waste in the creek, and based on these factors, it was determined that such comprehensive research was required. Micronutrients act as a substrate for microbial growth, but the speed at which they are injected into the rill affects how quickly they move through the system. In order to determine the effects of these two parameters on the migration rate of faecal coliform at different point sources of discharge, the study observed different growth rate at different station point in the study location. This observed condition indicates that the pollutants had a range of development speeds, including both slow and fast, which was enabled by these considerations. The system discovered that lower velocities have an effect on velocity rates with higher concentrations, and that accumulation with micronutrients increased their concentration. However, the concentration rates varied depending on the dominant characteristics of the transport under pressure at various points of discharge. In the simulation, these two parameters were used to determine the various pressure rates at different station points. Unquestionably, the study has depicted the effects of these two parameters' pressures on the movement of faecal coliform in a range of figures that correspond to the several point sources of discharge looked at. The speeds recorded at various station locations represented the pressure rates at various rates of concentration in the research environment. It has established the scope of the influence of rill flow velocity and the variance in micronutrient deposition at various point sources. On the basis of model simulation prediction results, also, the dispersions at various point sources were evaluated. Both parameters showed correlations for the best fits when the predicted and experimental values were compared for model validation.

Re-evaluating cloud chamber constraints on depositional ice growth in cirrus clouds – Part 1: Model description and sensitivity tests

Abstract. Ice growth from vapor deposition is an important process for the evolution of cirrus clouds, but the physics of depositional ice growth at the low temperatures (<235 K) characteristic of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is not well understood. Surface attachment kinetics, generally parameterized as a deposition coefficient αD, control ice crystal habit and also may limit growth rates in certain cases, but significant discrepancies between experimental measurements have not been satisfactorily explained. Experiments on single ice crystals have previously indicated the deposition coefficient is a function of temperature and supersaturation, consistent with growth mechanisms controlled by the crystal's surface characteristics. Here we use observations from cloud chamber experiments in the Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) aerosol and cloud chamber to evaluate surface kinetic models in realistic cirrus conditions. These experiments have rapidly changing temperature, pressure, and ice supersaturation such that depositional ice growth may evolve from diffusion limited to surface kinetics limited over the course of a single experiment. In Part 1, we describe the adaptation of a Lagrangian parcel model with the Diffusion Surface Kinetics Ice Crystal Evolution (DiSKICE) model (Zhang and Harrington, 2014) to the AIDA chamber experiments. We compare the observed ice water content and saturation ratios to that derived under varying assumptions for ice surface growth mechanisms for experiments simulating ice clouds between 180 and 235 K and pressures between 150 and 300 hPa. We found that both heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation experiments at higher temperatures (>205 K) could generally be modeled consistently with either a constant deposition coefficient or the DiSKICE model assuming growth on isometric crystals via abundant surface dislocations. Lower-temperature experiments showed more significant deviations from any depositional growth model, with different ice growth rates for heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation experiments.

Characteristics of Spray Applications with Drones in Brazil: Spraying System and Swath Width

The objective of this study was to evaluate operational parameters and swath width characteristics of drone's spray applications in Brazil, considering aspects such as height and uniformity of deposition. There were evaluated 32 configurations of applications of 7 agricultural spraying drones. The technical basis for data collection was the use of a semiautomated electronic system, which analyzes the deposition of droplets on a polyester string and informs the ideal swath width for each configuration of drone applications, considering the deposition's coefficient of variation (CV). The system, denominated IFD ® (Swath Width Inspection), is based on ASAE S386.2 2018 standard. Likewise, it was collected information about flight high and drone configurations. IFD ® was a practical method to evaluate swath width and uniformity of drone applications. The results allowed an average increase on swath width of 27% compared to the swath previously used by the remote pilots. The swatch width obtained by using coarse (C) and very coarse (VC) droplet spectrum categories was 4.3 m, for median (M) 5.1 m, and fine (F) and very fine (VF) 5.2 m. The higher coefficient of variation (CV) was obtained for coarse and very coarse spray qualities, 16,7%, followed by median 16%, and fine and very fines, 14.4%.

A Study on the Wide Range of Relative Humidity in Cirrus Clouds Using Large-Ensemble Parcel Model Simulations

This study investigates the possible mechanisms related to the wide range of relative humidity in cirrus clouds (RHi). Under the closed adiabatic assumption, the impacts of vertical motion and ice crystal deposition/sublimation on RHi are investigated through in situ observations and parcel model simulations. Vertical motion is an active external force that changes the RHi, and ice crystal deposition/sublimation plays a role in mitigating the change in the RHi. They are the two most important mechanisms involved in controlling the RHi fluctuation during cirrus evolution and could well explain the wide range of RHi in wave-related cirrus clouds. Furthermore, a comparison of statistical cloud characteristics from both observations and simulations shows that a very low value (e.g., 0.001) for the water vapor ice deposition coefficient is highly unlikely.

Study of the Deposition Characteristics of Particles on the Slag Wall of a Gasifier

In this work, the behavior of coal char particles adhering to the slag wall was studied. The effects of slag thickness and particle size on the restitution coefficient and probability of deposition were mainly discussed. In addition, the types of particle deposition were also classified. The results of exploring the effect of particle size on the coefficient of restitution show that the restitution coefficient of coal char particles hitting the slag wall surface has a complex dimensional effect, with a maximum and minimum coefficient of restitution occurring at the same particle size, a phenomenon referred to in this paper as the discrete effect. The minimum restitution coefficient greater than 0 is regarded as the critical restitution coefficient (εf), and it is considered that particles with theoretical restitution coefficient higher than εf will bounce off the slag wall. With the particle diameter of 600 μm as the boundary, εf first decreases and then increases. The maximum restitution coefficient increases with an increasing particle size of less than 600 μm and stays at a maximum value of 0.62 when the particle size is more than 600 μm. Moreover, the fragmentation of particles occurs at the particle size of 840–1600 μm. The discrete effect was also observed in the experimental data for the investigation of slag thickness, εf increases with the increase of the slag thickness, and the maximum possible restitution coefficient does not change with the thickness of the slag. In addition, according to the statistics of the deposition probability, it is found that the smaller the particle size, the greater the deposition probability, the thicker the slag thickness, and the easier it is to deposit.

Proton-beam driver transport in the fast ignition of proton–boron-11 fuel plasma

The invention of Chirped Pulse Amplification lasers along with the development of fast ignition methods have made fuels such as proton–boron-11 seem promising nuclear fusion energy sources because of their lack of high-energy neutrons and abundance of constituent isotopes. This paper investigates the transport of charged particles in proton–boron-11 fuel. In this study, the confinement parameter has been estimated as [Formula: see text] g/cm2 with the help of a proton driver in the fast ignition method for proton–boron-11 fuel pellets, with a ratio of boron-11 to proton [Formula: see text]. Subsequently, using the Li–Petrasso stopping-power model, the energy deposition coefficients of the accelerated proton-beam driver were calculated by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration method with 1 MeV energy. The obtained results show that at a temperature of about 65 keV, the proton-beam driver with 1 MeV energy deposits about 85% of its energy in the hot spot area of 2.5 [Formula: see text]m depth from the surface of the fuel pellet to ignite the proton–boron-11 fuel pellet.

Deposition of micron-sized inertial particles on flat surfaces: effects of electrostatic forces and surface roughness

Micron-sized particles are prone to deposit on smooth surfaces. A micron-sized particle collision-deposition model including the effects of electrostatic forces, integrated with the factors of particle size, material properties, elastic–plastic deformation, particle charging, surface roughness, and van der Waals forces, is proposed. The effects of the electrostatic forces on the critical deposition velocity, collision duration, and coefficient of restitution (COR), which is the ratio of particle velocity after and before the collision, are investigated for 1–20 μm sand particles colliding with glass, steel, and aluminum alloy surfaces. The results show that the electrostatic forces of sand particles are approximately 106–108 times their gravity and increase the impact duration. Moreover, these forces increase the critical deposition velocity by 2.32–6.89% for the glass surface and decrease the COR by 0.6–3.5% for the three surfaces, while the particle size is below 20 μm and the roughness is 1 nm. The electrostatic forces ranked from the maximum to the minimum are those of the aluminum alloy, steel, and glass surfaces for the same particle size and surface roughness. The developed model can perfect the theory of particle flow and gas-particle two-phase flow.

In Situ Optical Characterization of Bulk Optical Glasses Under Protons and X-Rays

We performed TRIUMF <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> measurements of the levels and kinetics of radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) caused by protons in different bulk optical glasses. Two SCHOTT radiation-hardened glasses (doped with Cerium) and six standard optical glasses (without Cerium) have been characterized. We compared the proton RIA kinetics with those resulting from <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> X-ray irradiations performed at dose and dose rate equivalent to the proton testing ones. The RIA spectra and kinetics are quite comparable in both cases, showing that X-rays can efficiently be used to estimate the RIA caused by protons. To better discuss the differences, we performed Monte Carlo calculations with GEANT4 of the energy deposition coefficient for each glass, according to its composition, and for the different beams. We complete our experimental characterization by comparing our data with those measured by the European Space Agency on the same glasses after <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -irradiation. Protons, X-rays and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -rays cause RIA with very close spectral dependences, producing the same defects at similar concentration levels. We also demonstrated that the optimized setup for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> RIA characterization of bulk materials is very suitable for measurements under collimated particles beam.

Studies on the Competition Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Cirrus Formation

AbstractCirrus ice crystals are produced heterogeneously on ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) and homogeneously in supercooled liquid solution droplets. They grow by uptake of water molecules from the ice‐supersaturated vapor. The precursor particles, characterized by disparate ice nucleation abilities and number concentrations, compete for available vapor during ice formation events. We investigate cirrus formation events systematically in different temperature and updraft regimes, and for different INP number concentrations and time‐independent nucleation efficiencies. We consider vertical air motion variability due to mesoscale gravity waves and effects of supersaturation‐dependent deposition coefficients for water molecules on ice surfaces. We analyze ice crystal properties to better understand the dynamics of competing nucleation processes. We study the reduction of ice crystal numbers produced by homogeneous freezing due to INPs in both, individual simulations assuming constant updraft speeds and in ensemble simulations based on a stochastic representation of vertical wind speed fluctuations. We simulate and interpret probability distributions of total nucleated ice crystal number concentrations, showing signatures of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. At typically observed, mean updraft speeds (≈15 cm s−1) competing nucleation should occur frequently, even at rather low INP number concentrations (&lt;10 L−1). INPs increase cirrus occurrence and may alter cirrus microphysical properties without entirely suppressing homogeneous freezing events. We suggest to improve ice growth models, especially for low cirrus temperatures (&lt;220 K) and low ice supersaturation (&lt;0.3).

METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COLLAGEN ACCUMULATION PROCESSES IN DAMAGED TRAUMATIC INTEGUMENTARY TISSUES.

The aim: To study the level of expression of type I, III collagen under conditions of traumatic damage to integumentary tissues and to develop quantitative criteria for collagen formation processes for choosing the volume of reconstruction of a wound defect. Materials and methods: Studies were performed for 62 victims. Clinical group 1 (n = 16) - patients with wound surface sizes of the body surface area, group 2 (n = 32) consisted of patients who received integumentary tissue defects due to or together with damage osteoarticular apparatus of the limb, group 3 (n = 14) - patients with combined trauma. Results: In the skin samples of patients of groups 1 and 2 of the affected groups, a statistically significant difference was established between the indicators of the relative accumulation area of type I, type III collagen (W = 675, p = 0.01 and W = 697, p = 0.03, respectively). In patients of groups 2 and 3, when analyzing relationships, a direct moderate strength was observed between the areas of collagen deposition of type I, type III (rs = 0.52 and 0.54). Collagen deposition coefficient (Кd) was used as a quantitative criterion for assessing the prognosis of the results of restoration of integumentary tissues according to the proposed scale, which made it possible to obtain postoperative complications in only 3.2 % of cases. Conclusions: A positive treatment result taking into account the quantitative criterion (Kd) was obtained in 96.8 % of the examined patients.