Deposit Funding Research Articles

Threshold effects of financial inclusion on financial stability: Evidence from BRICS nations

This paper investigates the impact of financial inclusion on financial stability in BRICS countries from 2004 to 2020. Using a panel smooth transition regression model, the results reveal a U-shaped relationship between financial inclusion and financial stability. Financial inclusion reduces financial stability up to a threshold of 44.7%. Beyond this point, financial inclusion contributes to greater financial stability, through gradual transitions. Enhanced financial inclusion supports banks in stabilizing their deposit funding by facilitating access to more stable, long-term funds and alleviating the negative impacts of fluctuations in returns. Furthermore, the study examines the role of institutional quality in shaping the financial inclusion-financial stability nexus, indicating a significant positive effect, especially in the upper regime. These findings provide valuable insights for financial regulatory authorities, highlighting the importance of promoting financial inclusion in BRICS economies and adapting regulations to mitigate potential risks to global financial stability.

Application of Murabahah Operations on Gold Savings Products on Customer Deposit Fund Profits at Bank Syariah Indonesia (Case Study at Bank Syariah Indonesia Panyabungan Branch Office)

This study aims to determine the "Analysis of Murabahah Operations on Gold Savings Products Against the Profits of Customer Trust Funds at Bank Syariah Indonesia (Case Study of Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Panyabungan)". This research was conducted at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Panyabungan. The method in this study uses qualitative methods with the form of data research (field research). The results showed that operations on gold savings products at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Panyabungan use murabahah contracts, but also wadi'ah and istishna' contracts, and the analysis of murabahah operations on gold savings products on deposit fund profits at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Panyabungan shows that murabahah contracts are used in sale and purchase transactions on gold savings products with this savings model has special characteristics that make it unique.

Deposit Competition and Mortgage Securitization

AbstractWe study how deposit competition affects a bank's decision to securitize mortgages. Exploiting the state‐specific removal of deposit market caps across the U.S. as a source of competition, we find a 7.1 percentage point increase in the probability that banks securitize mortgage loans. This result is driven by an 11 basis point increase in deposit costs and corresponding reductions in banks' deposit holdings. Our results are strongest among banks that rely more on deposit funding. These findings highlight a hitherto undocumented and unintended regulatory cause that motivates banks to adopt the originate‐to‐distribute model.

The Optimal Quantity of CBDC in a Bank-Based Economy

We show that the estimated effect of digital euro news on bank stock valuations and lending depends on the bank’s deposit reliance and the central bank digital currency (CBDC) design features. Using a quantitative DSGE model calibrated to the euro area economy that replicates such evidence, we find that CBDC issuance yields nontrivial welfare trade-offs between, on one side, the positive expansion of liquidity services and the improved stabilization of deposit funding and lending and, on the other side, a negative bank disintermediation effect. The optimal amount of CBDC lies between 15 and 45 percent of quarterly GDP. (JEL E23, E42, E58, F33, G14, G21)

Affecting Financial Inclusion Toward Third Deposit Funds of Islamic Banking Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial inclusion variables on Islamic banking third deposit funds. In general, the variables used in this study consisted of financial inclusion variables and non- financial inclusion variables. Proxies of financial inclusion variables consist of office networks, ATM networks and savings customers. Non- financial inclusion variable proxies consist of third deposit funds, interest rates, profitability, yield equivalent and size of sharia banking. This research is a type of quantitative research using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) using the Eviews analysis tool. Based on the results of data analysis, the proxy for financial inclusion variables that affect Islamic banking deposits is the office network (KTR) and the ATM network (ATM), while the proxy variable that has no effect is the deposit customer (NSB). Non- financial inclusion variables that affect Islamic banking deposits are the equivalent yield (ER) and the size of Islamic banking (SZE), while variables that do not affect Islamic banking deposits are the benchmark interest rate (BIR) and profitability (PRO).Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Third Deposit Funds, Islamic Banking

Bank liability structure and corporate employment: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

We examine how bank liability structure affects firms' hiring decisions. To identify causality, we utilize the 2014 interbank borrowing reform that has different impacts on national and regional banks as an exogenous shock. Particularly, we construct the exposure of firms to this reform and then run a difference-in-differences regression. The results show that an increase in banks' deposit funds promotes corporate employment, and the number of total employees on average increases by 4.4%. Further mechanism tests find that banks provide more loans and firms obtain more access to bank credit, confirming the credit constraints channel. Moreover, the corporate employment promotion effect is stronger when financial constraints, information disclosure quality and labor intensity are higher. In addition, firms' employee composition and average wage paid to workers do not change, while their productivity and production scale increase. Overall, our evidence highlights the active role of regulating banks' interbank borrowing in stabilizing social employment.

Determinants Of Islamic Bank Financing During Economic Turbulence

The Covid-19 outbreak has caused turbulence in Indonesia's economic growth, thereby disrupting the performance of Islamic banks, especially in the distribution of financing. This research examines the influence of economic turbulence, third-party deposits, bank size, capital and profitability on financing disbursed by Islamic banks in Indonesia. The population of this research is Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia in the 2017-2022 period. The sample selection used a purposive sampling method and obtained ten Islamic banks. The data analysis technique uses panel data analysis with a fixed effect model. The research results prove that third-party deposits positively and significantly impact financing, while bank size and capital negatively and significantly impact financing. However, economic turbulence and profitability do not affect financing. When financing is divided based on contracts, economic turbulence negatively impacts profit-sharing-based financing, and profitability negatively impacts receivables-based financing. These findings can be a reference for Islamic banks to maintain the availability of third-party deposit funds to support financing expansion and further optimize their capital by channelling it to more productive assets in the form of financing. These findings can complement existing theories and support the business cycle theory that Islamic banks tighten financing based on profit sharing, which carries higher risks.

DOES CONVERSION INCREASE DEPOSIT FUNDS IN ISLAMIC BANKS IN INDONESIA? THE CASE OF BANK OF ACEH AND BANK OF NTB

This study examines the effect of the conversion strategy on deposit funds in converted banks. One of the concerns when converting to an Islamic bank is the transfer of customers to conventional banks. This condition underlies this research to be conducted. Using panel regression analysis, this study found a positive difference in the number of deposited funds after the conversion. This fact shows that the concern about transferring customers after the conversion has not been proven. There was an increase in deposit funds after the conversion strategy was carried out at the two converted banks. This finding has implications that the conversion strategy can be carried out at regional banks that have a small size and are supported by the local government and the people in the area. The findings of this study contribute significantly to the development of the Islamic banking industry in Indonesia that conversion to Islamic banking is an alternative corporate strategy besides spin-offs and mergers.

DEPOSIT INSURANCE SYSTEM IN GEORGIA AND WORLD TRENDS

The deposit insurance system is one of the main challenges of Georgian Banking regulation, which serves as a safety pillow of financial stability. Over the past 5 years, Georgia has increased the minimum deposit insurance limit from 5,000 GEL to 15,000 GEL per bank in order to achieve greater stability in the financial market. Georgia has already made a decision to increase the limit to 30,000 GEL from January 1, 2024. We examined the impact of the deposit insurance system on the safety of customers of banking institutions by comparing the volume of accounts/deposits protected by the system with existing practices in neighboring economies. We find that increasing attention to the importance of deposit insurance has led to an increase in the interest of foreign depositors and investors in placing funds in Georgian banks, which contributes to the improvement of international ratings and credit worthiness of Georgian banks. Keywords: Deposit insurance, cost of deposit funding, resolution.

A Comprehensive Examination of Internal Factors Impact on Islamic Banks Profitability in Pakistan: A Quantitative Analysis

Purpose: This study examines the internal factors that are influencing profitability in Pakistani Islamic banks during the period 2016-2021.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis utilizes panel data regression models to address potential estimation bias.
 Findings: The study covers key Pakistani Islamic bank financial performance criteria. Internal factors significantly affect ROE and EPS. Gearing and capital ratios enhance ROE/EPS. Due to increased capitalization and leverage, Islamic banks' capital management is vital to profitability. ROE and NIM models are affected by deposits. Deposit funding drives Islamic bank profitability and interest income. In the NIM model, liquidity and NPL ratios affect ROE and EPS significantly. Asset quality and liquidity management effect interest income, not profits. Bank size does affect ROE and EPS models, which is notable in the findings. Islamic financial institutions can prioritize specialization and efficiency over expansion. These numbers indicate Pakistani Islamic banks' finances. Capitalization, leverage control, and deposit mobilization are key to financial success, while risk management ensures stability and profitability during economic downturns.
 Implications/Originality/Value: The detailed investigation shows Pakistan's Islamic banking profitability. Deposit management, capital structure, and asset quality impact profitability. Capitalization and leverage improve earnings, therefore financial management matters. Deposit management is vital to profitability since it affects performance. Recession-sensitive Islamic banks show resiliency. NPA mitigation and liquidity management affect net interest margin, as a key driver. This research offers valuable insights for internal management strategies and regulatory frameworks aimed at enhancing the stability and growth of Islamic banking in the region.

BMT's Role as a Strategic Partner of Sharia Banks: Reviewing the Effectiveness of Channeling Programs in Creating Islamic Financial Inclusion

This study aims to examine the role of Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) in increasing the liquidity of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach. The data used in this study came from several BMTs that have cooperation with Islamic banks in terms of liquidity. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study is qualitative data analysis with a descriptive analysis model. The results of this study show that BMT acts as a strategic partner of Islamic banks in terms of liquidity, both through the placement of deposit funds, the purchase of Islamic money market instruments, the distribution of productive financing, and the development of Islamic financial inclusion. BMT also has a fairly high liquidity performance, with ratios that show good numbers and are in accordance with standards set by relevant authorities. BMT is influenced by internal and external factors that affect its liquidity, such as BMT size, capital, profitability, asset quality, market sensitivity, and macroeconomic conditions. BMT has differences and similarities with Islamic banks and other non-Islamic bank financial institutions in terms of liquidity, depending on its characteristics, scale, and scope of business. This research provides theoretical and practical implications for the development of theory and practice of liquidity management of Islamic banks and non-Islamic bank financial institutions in Indonesia, as well as providing suggestions for further research.

ECB Monetary Policy and the Term Structure of Bank Default Risk

Euro Area banks have been confronted with unprecedented monetary policy actions by the ECB. Monetary policy may affect bank risk profiles, but the consequences may differ for short-term risk versus long-term or structural bank risk. We empirically investigated the association between the ECB’s monetary policy stance and market-perceived short-term and long-term bank risk, using the term structure of default risk captured by bank CDS spreads. The results demonstrated that, during the period 2009–2020, ECB expansionary monetary policy diminished bank default risk in the short term. However, we did not observe a similar decline in long-term bank default risk, since we documented that monetary stimulus is associated with a steepening of the bank default risk curve. The reduction of bank default risk was most pronounced during the sovereign debt crisis and for periphery Euro Area banks. From 2018 onwards, monetary policy accommodation is associated with increased bank default risk, both short-term and structurally, which is consistent with the risk-taking hypothesis under which banks engage in excessive risk-taking behavior in their loan and securities portfolios to compensate profitability pressure caused by persistently low rates. The increase in perceived default risk is especially visible for banks with a high reliance on deposit funding.

From Cash to Cashless: Understanding Users’ Switching Intentions from Cash to Mobile Payment Applications

Mobile payments (MP) are the main driver for creating a cashless society in Indonesia. However, the use of this technology still does not show its significance, especially when compared to similar countries. Therefore, this study proposes a theoretical framework based on push–pull–mooring, with factors derived from motivation theory, technology acceptance model and other theories. The research findings underscore the comparison of perceived value internally (efficiency and effectiveness) and externally (discounts, rebates and others) as push and pull factors for users to switch from cash to MP. Furthermore, mooring proxies represented by switching costs and self-efficacy provide a unique understanding of the body of knowledge in the discussed field. The practical action proposed for MP service providers is to always improve quality in terms of accessibility for technical use, and collaboration with related parties is important. Also, for policymakers in Indonesia, deployment of information technology infrastructure and accommodating policies to facilitate licensing for service providers to ensure the security of deposit funds, user data and personal profiles.

THE REGULATORY IMPROVEMENT OF INSURANCE LAW REFORM IN ORDER TO PURSUE THE LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE INSURANCE COMPANY

<p><em>The growth of insurance sector in Indonesia so far shows a significant development. The data from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) recorded that in 2020 there were 139 insurance companies had obtained the permits to run their business in Indonesia. <em>This number has been decreasing over the past five years due to the failure of several big insurance companies in managing the customer's insurance premium. For example, Bakrie Life and Bumi Asih Jaya Insurance. The research methods on this dissertation are normative with an empirical support to verify the basic research problem and to regulate an ideal formulation of legal protection for all insurance policyholders against the intentional mismanagement by the insurance companies. The results show that until now the rights of all insurance policyholders are still referring to the Commercial Law ( Trade Law Book ) and the Insurance Law. Both regulations do not specifically regulate the rights of insurance policyholders, especially those related to the investments or funds in the non-state-owned (non-BUMN) insurance companies with the priority of refunding if there is an intentional mismanagement or criminal acts committed by the director of the insurance company. The research concluded that the existing regulations do not provide a legal certainty for the insurance policyholders to get refunds for their deposit funds. This means, there is no legal protection for the insurance policyholders when the above mentioned crime occurs or when a violation occurs, or when there is a reinvestment failure. Therefore, it is recommended that the insurance law regulatory improvements be carried out, specifically those related to: </em><em>1) Non-litigation settlement mechanisms such as Arbitration (BANI), 2) Litigation settlement mechanisms including private law suit, force majeure, illegal act, bankruptcy suit against the investment managers, or criminal charges for embezzlement, fraud, or money laundering. In addition, it is necessary to have improvements of the technical provisions POJK No. 06/POJK.07/2022 concerning Consumer and Public Protection in the Financial Services Sector.</em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Key Words: Legal Certainty; Customer Funds; The Failure of Reinvestment</em></p>

Implications of central bank digital currency for financial stability: Evidence from the global banking sector

This study analyses the implications of central bank digital currency (CBDC) for financial stability, specifically in the banking sector. Drawing on an international database on CBDC adoption, data on 1176 banks operating in 86 countries from 2010 to 2021 were used to construct a time-varying CBDC adoption index. Our key results suggest that the adoption of CBDC contributes to financial stability. Furthermore, bank size, capitalization, operational strategy, deposit funding and domestic investment also contribute positively while loan loss reserve negatively affects bank stability. These findings are robust to a comprehensive set of tests. We further find that CBDC helps to reduce leverage and asset risks. Other evidence suggests that the adoption of CBDC can be associated with expanded lending, increased asset quality and reduced loan loss reserves. However, the impact of CBDC is only pronounced for banks of reasonable size but not for smaller banks. Moreover, CBDC adoption appears to have a more positive impact in emerging economies than in advanced economies. Finally, retail CBDC is found to promote stability, whereas wholesale CBDC hampers it. Overall, our findings have profound implications for the adoption of CBDCs and their implications for financial stability.

Shulhu Concept Analysis for Appropriate Product Dispute Resolution in Sharia Financing

This study focuses on how the pattern of sharia economic dispute resolution that occurs in the right sharia financing products BTPN Syariah MMS Siabu. Researchers want to examine how the pattern of dispute resolution can be resolved. The researcher wants to examine the factors that cause the dispute and analyze it with the shulh concept in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law at the research locus. This research is qualitative research where the type of empirical legal research. The data analysis technique in this research, namely by collecting data, then directing the data, then it will be presented in the form of a narrative conclusion. The conclusion from this study is that the factors that cause this dispute occur because when providing data on prospective customers there is no transparency, dishonesty of information, then problems with economic conditions, and the circumstances of the customer's family are appropriate for the sharia financing. Then for the pattern that is the right product for Islamic financing in a non-litigation way, namely with a warning system, withdrawing deposit funds, account officers going to the floor, and follow-up analysis. Whereas the method of settlement pattern for BTPN Syariah MMS Siabu's sharia financing products is by the principle of shulh murabaha in the Compliance for Sharia Economic Law, which gives a message of peace by the principles of Islamic teachings if there is a dispute it must be amicable.

Analisis Kewenangan Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS) dalam Upaya Penjaminan Dana Nasabah

This study aims to implement the Authority and Role of the IDIC in Efforts to Guarantee Customer Funds to provide a sense of security for public savings funds in banks. The method of research is qualitative, using interviews and documentation as data collection methods. The results of this study indicate that (1) The authority and role of LPS in guaranteeing public savings in the banking world is to provide a sense of security for customer deposit funds; (2) the occurrence of cases of bank failures, break-ins, and slips of funds that occurred in the banking world. This is a form of violation that is detrimental to the customer, and LPS, in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations, has the authority to guarantee customer deposits at the bank.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Bank Guarantee Fund's deposit guarantee activities

Motivation: The Bank Guarantee Fund (BFG) operates by following two formulas, one of which is the implementation of the disbursement of guaranteed amounts. The BFG has been changing the limits of the guaranteed amounts, streamlining and improving the way in which the disbursements are made, as well as conducting information activities. The interest in analysing these activities is the original motive that prompted the present topic. Aim: The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the BFG's deposit guarantee activity by: showing the history of the limit of guaranteed amounts, reviewing selected items of the BFG's balance sheet and the collateral ratio of the deposit guarantee scheme. The 28 years of the BFG's existence have forced the Fund to make progress with computerisation, which is analysed on the basis of the implementation of payouts of two failed banks in Poland. The purpose of the survey is to verify the indirect information activity of the BFG. Materials and methods: The research tasks were made possible through the use of descriptive analysis, financial analysis, a case study and a survey. The information contained in academic articles, annual reports of the BFG and in the BFG acts was used. Results: High stability and security of the banking sector is crucial. The BFG's main investment is in securities of the State Treasury and the NBP, which guarantees the deposits of bank customers. The small institutions that are covered by the BFG regime show the highest level of safety, due to the limited risk of contagion in case of their failure. However, large banks have to look after their own interests, as most companies have accounts in these banks. The survey showed low public awareness of deposit guarantees. The BFG should improve its information activities, e.g. with TV and radio advertisements.

IMPLEMENTATION OF OJK REGULATIONS AND SUPERVISION IN THE COLLECTION OF DEPOSIT FUNDS AT BANKS

Collection of deposit funds is an important component in banking activities that supports the expansion of the financial industry by providing stability and confidence to depositors. The process of licensing and registering a bank as a body authorized to collect funds, as well as setting rules related to the interest rate period, and customer protection, are all part of the implementation of the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The purpose of this study is to examine how OJK is used and supervised when banks collect deposit funds at banks. The technique used is a literature review and analysis of regulations related to regulations and guidelines issued by the OJK to regulate and supervise the collection of deposit funds in banks.

How effective are bad bank resolutions? New evidence from Europe

The paper studies the effectiveness of bank resolutions using a comprehensive database on banks headquartered in 18 European countries over the period 2000–19. By means of difference-in-differences methodology, we find that impaired asset segregations – otherwise known as bad banks – have been more effective than state-funded recapitalisations of distressed banks. While recapitalised banks seem to have used the injected funds mainly to clean up their balance sheets by reducing problem loans and cutting down on lending, banks that segregated assets increased progressively their lending after the creation of the bad bank. For both types of banking crisis interventions, we find a significant ex-post reduction in the cost of bank funding and shift towards deposit funding.