Deployment Of Renewable Energy Resources Research Articles

Energy management strategy for a hybrid micro-grid system using renewable energy

This paper introduces an energy management strategy for a hybrid renewable micro-grid system. The efficient operation of a hybrid renewable micro-grid system requires an advanced energy management strategy able to coordinate the complex interactions between different energy sources and loads. This strategy must consider some factors such as weather fluctuations and demand variations. Its significance lies in achieving the overarching objectives of these systems, including optimizing renewable energy utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy independence, and ensuring grid resilience. The intermittent nature of renewable sources necessitates a predictive approach that anticipates the energy availability and adjusts the system operation. The aim of this study was to develop an energy management system for a hybrid renewable micro-grid system to optimize the deployment of renewable energy resources and increase their integration in the power system. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to develop an energy management strategy that controls the flow of energy between the hybrid micro-grid system and the load connected directly as well as the load connected to the utility grid using MATLAB/Simulink software. The second objective was to control the charging and discharging of the battery. The results show that the developed algorithm was able to control the energy flow between the hybrid micro-grid system and the utility grid and also to ensure a proper relation between the charging /discharging rate of the battery based on their operating conditions. In this application, the battery was charged at higher power. It was seen that a higher charging power enables to fully recharge the battery in a shorter amount of time than usual. The results have shown that it is possible to maximize the charging time by using a greater power and this algorithm ensures the state of charge (SOC) of battery to remain in the admissible limits (between 20 and 100%).

Survey-based assessment for strategic deployment of renewable energy resources for selected places in India: enabling advances in framework responsibility

ABSTRACT In this work, a technical and social viewpoint on strategic renewable energy implementation based on tactical factors with a restrained viability, in selected places in India are presented. The argument initiates with the consideration of augmenting the available resources at a place of interest and leveraging the homegrown advantage over non-local facilities. Such undertakings can facilitate resource efficiency, by combining technological and economic rewards for the overall benefit of society unlocking the aspects of co-dependence on alternate energy forms. Nine different places in India were identified in Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Karnataka and explored employing physical survey, to identify the distinct geographies, allowing a narrative building in favor of strategic deployment. This mapping of resources, when applied to the local conditions by using a stochastic model developed as a direct output from the work. The result of the survey expresses that nominated people’s opinion is heavily skewed toward bioenergy and solar by almost a factor of 2, in comparison to wind, small hydro, geothermal, and hydrogen. Respondents recorded about 80% urban and 25% rural for solar, followed by bioenergy at 68% urban and 46% rural. Geothermal and hydrogen received the least (<20% urban, <5% rural). In the end, the study opens a wider scope for judgment-making for policymakers, to distinguish between the approach for all-inclusive and preferential renewables deployment.

The influence of electricity transaction models on the optimal design of PV and PV-BESS systems

A shift toward more deployment of renewable energy resources has been noticed in the residential sector. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, supported by battery energy storage systems (BESS), are considered the most used renewable energy resource at urban scales as they utilize the buildings’ roof and facades to install PV panels. In order to better match the PV electricity solar production pattern with buildings’ demand pattern, multi-objective optimization is used in existing studies. This is extremely important in the residential sector as the time of peak solar production does not coincide with the peak demand occurring in the evening. To this end, this study employs a two-phase optimization framework to explore the influence of the different electricity transaction models on the optimal design of PV and PV-BESS systems when performing the optimization process. A residential neighborhood in downtown Los Angeles, California, is used as a case study to find the optimal system in terms of maximum self-consumption (SC) and self-sufficiency (SS) and minimum payback period (BP) and the load variance over the grid. The results indicate that selling surplus electricity to the grid at Time of Use (TOU) rates used in California influences the optimal configuration of PV and PV-BESS systems. Selling surplus electricity results in more PV panels on the south-west orientations and less on the south-east orientations compared to the scenarios that do not consider trading with the grid. Selling surplus production also impacts the optimal number of batteries needed in PV-BESS systems when the decision maker prefers the payback period objective. In some cases, acheiving higher SS is possible using batteries. However, this may lead to unexpected pressure over the grid. This is due to a huge surplus exported to the grid within a short period of time when batteries are fully charged. The results show that using batteries lowers the load variance over the grid in general and achieves the highest percentage of SS. The scenarios in which there are no batteries added to the system and selling surplus PV production is allowed over the grid achieved the least PB. The scenarios in which the batteries are used and the selling of surplus PV is not allowed, achieved the highest percentage of SC.

An optimal transport theory based approach for efficient dispatch of transactions in energy markets

AbstractNowadays, transactive energy markets (TEMs) are emerging as interesting frameworks in deregulated power markets to control the balance of supply and demand in the entire electrical network. Due to wide deployment of renewable energy resources, grid connected micro‐grids, and open access transmission and distribution networks, the planning and operation of TEMs become complex. So, an efficient optimal dispatch model for TEMs should be developed to achieve the objectives of TEMs, such as feasible sizes of transactions and optimal dispatch of these transactions with minimal operating costs. The transactive dispatch problem is similar to the resource allocation/matching problem. Recently, optimal transport (OT) has received significant attention in various fields including optimization theory and resource matching problems due to its potency and relevance in modeling and optimization. An OT‐based approach is proposed here for optimal dispatch of transactions in energy markets while minimizing the cost of transactions considering the operating constraints of the system. The proposed approach can efficiently determine the feasible sizes of transactions without any security issues. The optimal solutions of the OT‐based approach are obtained using a Sinkhorn iterative technique. Also, the load uncertainties are considered in this work to analyse the impacts of load uncertainties on the optimal dispatch of transactions. The numerical simulation results on the modified IEEE 9‐bus system, modified IEEE 57‐bus system, modified IEEE 118‐bus system, and Indian Northern Regional Power Grid (NRPG) system illustrate the efficacy of the proposed OT‐based framework.

Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Under Network Constraints Based on Generalized Fast Dual Ascent

The wide deployment of renewable energy resources, combined with a more proactive demand-side management, is inducing a new paradigm in both power system operation and electricity market trading, which especially boosts the emergence of the peer-to-peer (P2P) market. A more flexible local market mechanism is highly desirable in response to fast changes in renewable power generation at the distribution network level. Moreover, large-scale implementation of P2P energy trading inevitably affects the secure and economic operation of the distribution network. This paper presents a new P2P electricity trading framework with distribution network security constraints considered using the generalized fast dual ascent method. First, an event-driven local P2P market framework is presented to facilitate short-term or immediate local energy transactions. Then, the sensitivity analysis of nodal voltage and network loss with respect to nodal power injections is used to evaluate the impacts of P2P transactions on the distribution network, which ensures the secure operation of the distribution system. Thereby, the external operational constraints are internalized, and the cost of P2P energy trading can be appropriately allocated in an endogenous way. Moreover, a generalized fast dual ascent method is employed to implement distributed market-clearing efficiently. Finally, numerical results indicate that the proposed model could guarantee secure operation of the distribution system with P2P energy trading, and the solution method enjoys good convergence performance.

Dynamic economic dispatch of transactive energy market using dynamic programming with state-restructuring feature

Nowadays, transactive energy markets (TEMs) are emerging as interesting frameworks in deregulated power markets (DPMs) to control the balance of supply and demand in the entire electrical infrastructure. TEMs can facilitate power delivery with high efficiency and more economic benefits without any security issues and also encourage interaction between market participants in the DPMs. Due to wide deployment of renewable energy resources, open access transmission systems, and improper dispatch of transactions, the operation of TEMs becomes complex. So, an appropriate dispatch model for TEMs should be designed to achieve the TEMs objectives. This paper presents a novel dynamic programming (DP) based dispatch model for optimal dispatch of transactions without any security and economic issues. New techniques, i.e., variable step size (VSS) and state-restructuring (SR) features are proposed to combine with DP for solving the proposed dynamic dispatch problem of TEMs with minimization of the operational cost of transactions. The VSS and SR features are integrated with DP to reduce the computational burden and operational complexity of the proposed problem remarkably. Also, the proposed approach determines the power contribution of generation units to transactions in order to accurately assess the cost of transactions. An index, relative load-contribution factor is proposed in this paper to analyse the behaviour of generation units with respect to load variations of the transactions. Numerical simulation results on the modified IEEE 14-bus system and modified IEEE 118-bus system illustrate the efficacy of the proposed DP based model in solving the proposed dispatch problem of TEMs with optimal operational costs of the system. The results highlight the proposed approach benefits and provide a strong validation of its applicability to large-scale TEMs.

Framework of Sustainable Energy Development in a Bereft Power Supply Economy of Nigeria

Attempts at improving energy performance of any nation borders on increasing energy supply to meet up energy demand; and also reducing energy consumption through efficiency practices to attain sustainable energy utilization. Nigeria as a nation is bedeviled with the problems of inadequate energy supply as well as inefficient utilization of the low-supplied energy. In spite of the enormous and abundant energy resources across the country (renewable and non-renewable alike), the question of sustainable energy development in Nigeria remains a farce. All spheres of energy development (generation, transmission and distribution) together with consumption is occasioned by irregularities that have plunged the nation into a protracted energy crisis for decades due to its inability to harness adequately the abundant energy resources, and sustainably utilize the low-supplied energy. This study therefore attempts to review the state of energy development in Nigeria with its attendant limitations in terms of energy supply and its utilization in a bid to attaining a sustainable national energy development. Thus, a framework of strategies towards attaining sustainable energy development through the deployment of renewable energy resources and energy efficiency practices is therefore proffered.

Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Inverter Feeding a Weak Grid Considering Variable System Parameters

Interfacing a weak grid imposes challenges on distributed generators (DGs). These challenges include transient frequency and voltage dynamics that can destabilize the system. Accordingly, this paper investigates the grid stiffness based on different scenarios and the dynamics of a grid feeding DG connected to a weak grid. Moreover, the dynamic effects of the physical and control parameters on the system’s stability are deeply analyzed and evaluated. Specifically, complete mathematical models and graphical representation are carried out to precisely examine the impact of the system parameters on the stability and performance of the DG. Therefore, stable deployment of renewable energy resources into power networks can be achieved as well as an efficient and robust performance of DGs can be ensured when connected to weak grids. The obtained results show the importance of the performed study in optimal sizing and designing the output filter of the inverter and the impact of tuning the control parameters on the system dynamics. As a result, a proper design of system physical and control parameters can be accurately achieved considering all factors affect the system performance. The paper also conducts detailed and elaborated analyses and simulations to evaluate the performance of a PI-controlled RC damped inverter connected to a weak grid. The proposed filter design of the interfacing inverter can significantly extend the integration of DGs into microgrids without requiring complex control schemes or oversized components.

Renewable Energy (RE) and Theory on Business Sustainability: Malaysia Policy Development

Sustainable energy is described as energy that meets the present demand without jeopardizing the needs of future generation. Sustainable development of energy has become the main focus of recent national policies, strategies and development plans of many countries. Renewable energy (RE) is brought to play as it is deemed sustainable and has the potential to thrive in the vastly competitive market of contemporary business. Growing deployment of RE resources in businesses will provide an impetus to accelerate the drive towards clean energy as well as interest and funding for research and development works. In Malaysia, RE was introduced into the energy mix through the Five Fuel Diversification Policy in 2000 and its share has been growing ever since. This article offers a critical analysis of the developing theories linking environmental sustainability to businesses practice, and discusses their implications on Malaysia’s policy development toward RE. The extensive review presented in this work offers a useful reference for policy makers, corporate managers and researchers who have vested interest in business sustainability and renewable energy related studies.

Opportunities, Barriers and Issues with Renewable Energy Development in Africa: a Comprehensible Review

Renewable energy (RE) can play a critical role in sustainable development in Africa. We conducted a focused literature review on articles discussing the conditions of deployment of renewable energy resources in Africa, with the goal to understand the latest research trends, questions and issues on this topic. Our search period is limited to 2013–early 2018. The review did not attempt to provide an exhaustive analysis but rather to provide a snapshot of pertinent questions to distil specific issues. The thematic analysis of the literature revealed the following trends: the success of RE in the region has been limited by a combination of factors which include poor institutional framework and infrastructure, high initial capital costs, weak dissemination strategies, lack of skilled manpower, poor baseline information and weak maintenance service. Future solutions to deploy RE in Africa and bridge the financing gap will require renewed efforts in current approaches as well as new approaches.

Assessing future water resource constraints on thermally based renewable energy resources in California

In this study, we investigate the extent to which physical water resource availability constraints can limit the deployment of solar thermal and geothermal-based energy resources under future climate scenarios in California. This is accomplished by (1) calculating the water unconstrained potential capacity for solar thermal and geothermal power plants, (2) estimating the available water supply for supporting the water needs of these plants using four climate model simulations under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, and (3) determining the supportable capacity from the available water supply based on power plant cooling type. We show that regional water availability can limit the installable capacity of solar thermal resources to a range of 10.9–52.6% of solar thermal potential and geothermal resources to between 17.9% and 100% of geothermal potential, depending on cooling system and regional water demand levels by the year 2050. The limiting factor for installable capacity was driven by whether the locations of solar thermal and geothermal resources were spatially aligned with precipitation patterns, with cooling system type acting as a secondary factor. In regions with high solar thermal and geothermal potential, reducing water demand from other sectors was important for alleviating the water constraints on solar thermal and geothermal capacity and increasing total resource potential. Water conservation policies can therefore support the deployment of renewable energy resources and should be considered in future water and energy resource planning.

Closed loop controlled boost converter using a pid controller for solar wind power system installation

Deployment of renewable energy resources on distributed energy system has reduced the reliance and transmission losses from the utility grid. It also helps to improve the system stability near the load center. Solar and wind are the two highly utilized green energy resources in present scenario. However, the fluctuations of solar irradiation, temperature, wind velocity are the preeminent issue for this type of systems which affects the efficiency of the solar and wind energy system. It requires the interfacing unit to stabilize the output voltage. The proposed work deals with the close loop boost converter with PID controller, which is used to attain a stabilized voltage despite of parameter changes and load disturbances. Designed system will help to analyze the better stable output voltage with efficient system having minimum fluctuation.

Adapting Green Technology for Optimal Deployment of Renewable Energy Resources and to Generate Power for Future Sustainability

This paper also focuses on renewable energy management for meeting present energy demand and future need for power generation. The main objective is to evaluate whether India can meet its energy demand with growing technology and development in renewable energy sector.

A preliminary study of impact of reduced system inertia in a low-carbon power system

One of the important features of low-carbon electric power system is the massive deployment of renewable energy resources in the advent of a new carbon-strained economy. Wind generation is a major technology of generating electric power with zero carbon dioxide emission. In a power system with the high penetration of wind generation, the displacement of conventional synchronous generators with variable speed wind turbines reduces system inertia. This leads to larger system frequency deviation following a loss of large generation. In this paper, the impact of the reduction of system inertia on system frequency is analyzed as the result of the integration of a significant amount of wind generation into power systems. Furthermore, we present a preliminary study of the impact of the distribution of the inertia contributions from those online conventional synchronous generators on the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) based on the total energy injected into the system due to the fault. The total fault energy is represented using Hamiltonian formulism. With the IEEE 39-bus system, it is shown that for a fault with the given injected total energy, clearing time, and location, the distribution of inertia contributions can significantly affect the magnitude of ROCOF. Moreover, for such a fault with different locations, the average of the magnitudes of ROCOF caused by the fault at different locations is larger when the distribution of the inertia contributions is more dispersed.

Low-carbon energy solutions for an ecological island in China

This paper reports on work carried out as part of a joint UK–China study to identify the best way of harnessing the natural resources of Chongming County’s three islands in order to meet future energy demands in a cost-effective manner with minimum reliance on fossil fuels, consistent with the concept of a prestigious ecological island. Across the three Chongming islands, there are seven distinct zones, each with different functions, living styles and energy demand patterns – and thus different opportunities for deployment of renewable energy resources. Various biomass resources (from farming, forestry, municipal waste, and so on) and conversion technologies (e.g. gasification, anaerobic digestion) are evaluated and considered alongside wind, solar, tidal and geothermal options. Distributed energy features prominently in the proposed solution as this allows the most efficient use of both electricity and heat, as well as being suited to many renewable energy resources, which are naturally highly distributed. Compared with a conventional approach, the proposed solution offers carbon dioxide savings of 30%.

Investment Value Analysis for Renewable Energy Projects

The accelerated deployment of renewable energy resources in the utility grid is affected by various economic, technical and regulatory barriers. While we are making substantial progress with the technical and regulatory issues, there is a need for refined economic evaluation methodologies to provide a better understanding of renewable energy investments. This paper presents an alternative, easy to use, economic evaluation methodology and examines the sensitivity of each parameter on the investment value or worth of renewable projects based on the anticipated cash flow taking tax incentives and local constraints into account. This methodology is applicable to all renewable and alternative energy investments under different types of ownership.