Blockchain Deployment Research Articles

Towards Scalable and Secure Blockchain in Internet of Things: A Preference-Driven Committee Member Auction Consensus Approach

Blockchain technology is acclaimed for eliminating the need for a central authority while ensuring stability, security, and immutability. However, its integration into Internet of Things (IoT) environments is hampered by the limited computational resources of IoT devices. Consensus algorithms, vital for blockchain safety and efficiency, often require substantial computational power and face challenges related to security, scalability, and resource demands. To address these critical issues, we propose a novel model that significantly enhances the security and performance of blockchain in IoT environments. Our model introduces three key innovations: (1) a bidirectional-linked blockchain system that strengthens security against long-range attacks by exploiting dual reference points for block validation; (2) the integration of user preferences into the Committee Member Auction (CMA) consensus algorithm, optimizing miner selection to balance resource efficiency with security; and (3) a comprehensive performance and frequency analysis that demonstrates the system’s resilience against double-spend, long-range, and eclipse attacks. The proposed model not only reduces block validation delays but also enhances overall system performance, as evidenced by simulations comparing its effectiveness with existing CMA algorithms. These advancements have the potential to significantly impact the deployment of blockchain in resource-constrained IoT environments, offering a more secure and efficient solution.

Design of an Efficient QOS Aware Trust-Based Security Model with Bioinspired Sidechains for Healthcare Deployments

Increased adoption of blockchain technology in healthcare systems has paved the way for transparent and secure data management. However, the inherent difficulties of scalability, performance, and security in blockchain networks necessitate the development of efficient models to ensure Quality of Service (QoS) and reliability. In this paper, we propose a novel QoS-aware trust-based security model for healthcare blockchain deployments that addresses these challenges by taking temporal energy consumption, temporal delay, temporal throughput, and temporal Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) levels into account when selecting miner nodes. For efficient miner node selection, our model employs trust-based analysis. While for the formation of sidechains an efficient Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) Model is used, which is a metaheuristic technique inspired by hunting behaviour of Wolves in real-time scenarios. Effectively balancing the trade-off between exploration and exploitation, the GWO algorithm enables the selection of optimal miner nodes that meet the desired QoS requirements. By incorporating temporal metrics, our model adapts dynamically to changing network conditions, ensuring optimal resource utilization and enhanced network performance levels. To assess the efficacy of our proposed model, we ran extensive simulations and compared its performance to that of existing sidechaining models. The outcomes demonstrate significant enhancements in multiple aspects. In comparison to state-of-the-art sidechaining models, our model achieves an impressive 8.5% reduction in delay, 3.9% reduction in energy consumption, 4.5% increase in throughput, and 2.5% improvement in PDR levels. These enhancements demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our healthcare blockchain deployment models. The proposed model has applications in a variety of real-time healthcare scenarios. It can be used in electronic health record (EHR) systems where data integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility are crucial. By ensuring QoS-aware miner node selection, our model contributes to dependable and efficient data management, allowing for streamlined access to patient records while maintaining the necessary security standards. Moreover, the trust-based approach of our model improves the overall security of healthcare blockchain deployments. Our model reduces the risks associated with malicious or compromised miner nodes by incorporating trustworthiness metrics such as reputation and behavior analysis. This is especially important in the healthcare industry, where the sensitive nature of patient data necessitates stringent security measures.

An empirical study on driving blockchain adoption in Maritime freight: an Asian business perspective

PurposeIn the existing era, international trade is boosted by maritime freight movement. The academicians and Government are concerned about environmental contamination caused by maritime goods that transit global growth and development. Digital technologies like blockchain help the maritime freight business to stay competitive in the digital age. This study aims to illuminate blockchain technology (BCT) adoption aspects to alleviate early industry adoption restrictions.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a two-stage approach comprising of structural equation modeling (SEM) with artificial neural networks (ANN) to analyze critical factors influencing the adoption of BCT in the sustainable maritime freight industry.FindingsThe SEM findings from this study illustrate that social, organizational, technological and infrastructual and institutional factors affect BCT execution. Furthermore, the ANN technique uses the SEM data to determine that sustainability enabled digital freight training (S3), initial investment cost (O5) and trust over digital technology (G1) are the most essential blockchain deployment factors.Originality/valueThe hybrid approach aims to help decision-makers and policymakers examine their organizational blockchain adoption goals to construct sustainable, efficient and effective maritime freight transportation.

Proactive blockchain deployment mechanism in resource-constrained rate-splitting multiple access IoT networks

In this paper, we propose an innovative blockchain deployment mechanism tailored for resource-constrained rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) Internet of Things (IoT) networks. To address the storage limitations and security concerns inherent in IoT environments, our approach includes several advanced techniques. First, we utilize a Block Allocation Strategy Contract (BASC) to manage storage efficiently. Second, we employ a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model to dynamically perform block assignment, ensuring optimal storage utilization. To accommodate the resource constraints of IoT devices, we adopt the Smart Byzantine Fault Tolerance (SBFT) consensus mechanism, which offers low latency and energy efficiency. Our framework demonstrates superior performance in storage optimization and reduced running time compared to existing methods, making it well-suited for large-scale IoT networks. Through extensive simulations, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed solution in enhancing security and operational efficiency in RSMA IoT networks.

Dynamic Range Query Privacy-Preserving Scheme for Blockchain-Enhanced Smart Grid Based on Lattice

Blockchain-enhanced Smart Grid has attracted a lot of attention from scholars in recent years, due to its excellent decentralization, anti-collusion and immutability. With the wide deployment of blockchain and the popularity of more accurate intelligent applications, its role in Smart Grid is becoming more and more irreplaceable. However, because of the threat of quantum computer, it still confronts the risk of privacy disclosure. In this paper, we propose a novel and dynamic range query privacy-preserving scheme for blockchain-enhanced Smart Grid based on lattice. In this scheme, lattice-based homomorphic encryption algorithm is designed to resist the attack of quantum computer and realizes data aggregation to improve efficiency. In particular, this article designs a dynamic range query method with the aid of consortium blockchain by using proxy re-encryption. This method avoids the communication pressure caused by repeated data collection and improves the query efficiency and user experience. In addition, dynamic ciphertext and users update are considered, which further improves the flexibility and feasibility of the scheme. Last but not least, security analysis, exhaustive performance analysis and experiments show that our proposed scheme meets the requirements of dynamic, privacy, security and low computational cost.

HMM-Based Blockchain Visual Automatic Deployment System

The traditional blockchain deployment process is too complicated and has high technical requirements for blockchain deployers. Deploying a blockchain requires building a complex software-dependent environment, being able to use Linux commands for cumbersome parameter configurations, as well as the need to consider whether the hardware meets the requirements for running a blockchain. To address these current challenges in blockchain deployment both domestically and internationally, a web-based automatic deployment system with an interactive front-end and back-end has been developed. This system streamlines the process by automatically configuring and deploying blockchains while providing deployers with a graphical interface to monitor the entire deployment procedure. Meanwhile, in order to improve the efficiency of blockchain deployment, a Hidden Markov Model has been designed for blockchain deployment, which can predict the best deployment method for blockchain deployment under the current software environment. As one of the excellent blockchain platforms in China, Chainmaker has the outstanding features of independent control, flexible assembly, software and hardware integration, open source, and openness. The system takes Chainmaker as an experimental object and after a lot of tests, it can easily build a blockchain network on the server.

Hierarchical sharding blockchain storage solution for edge computing

The fusion of edge computing architecture and blockchain technology faces challenges such as heterogeneous edge device performance limitations and the inefficiency and high storage redundancy of blockchain systems, resulting in suboptimal fusion results. To address these issues, this paper proposes a layered and sharded blockchain storage model tailored for edge computing. The model adopts a master–slave structure for layered blockchain deployment, which means deploying the main chain in the cloud center to integrate the state information of multiple shard subchains, achieving consistency in the state of the master and slave chains, with each shard subchain responsible for storing data. Meanwhile, considering the performance variations and distribution characteristics of edge devices, this paper designs subchains in the edge chain layer by clustering edge devices with similar performance and proximity into the same type of shard using the concept of community discovery, ensuring balanced storage performance among nodes within the shard. On this basis, this paper also proposes a weight-based consistent hashing algorithm that is capable of distributing data to heterogeneous edge devices according to their weights. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed solution offers advantages in terms of high throughput and low storage redundancy.

The curious case of blockchain in rural China: Unravelling power, profit, and surveillance

Blockchain originated from the aspiration for decentralization, and in Western countries, its association with freedom from governmental and corporate dominance remains unwavering. However, in China–where blockchain has taken an intriguing foothold–the socio-technical imaginaries of blockchain diverge significantly. As China rises in blockchain development, critical literature examining its ventures is notably lacking. This article analyses state-led initiatives and corporate endeavours related to blockchain deployment in rural China. While blockchain's roots lie in libertarian ideals, within China, it serves as a ‘state techno-solutionist’ tool, empowering authoritarian capitalism for enhanced state control and corporate profit through data exploitation. Although the application of blockchain in agricultural tracing and finance is heralded as a blessing to elevate smallholder farmers from poverty and enhance agricultural practices, the reality contrasts sharply. Instead of empowering farmers, the technology exacerbates power imbalances, embedding them in a system marked by extensive data harvesting and surveillance. Such integration entangles these farmers subsisting on China's economic fringes within broader national and global capitalist financial frameworks, rendering them more susceptible to exploitation and manipulation. Moreover, blockchain in rural China epitomizes authoritarian capitalism, where capitalists aligning closely with state agendas. Blockchain's transparency, traceability, and tamper-resistant features, instead of diminishing government interference, are harnessed by capitalists to amplify the social credit system, strengthening the data dominance of platform companies and supporting state surveillance. Therefore, blockchain emerges as a threat to rural China's ways of life–all driven by the pursuit of corporate profit and the government's quest to reclaim national greatness.

Blockchain in the Supply Chain: Systematic Review of the Literature for a Performance Improvement Proposal Based on a Conceptual Framework

Blockchain offers innovative solutions with information flow that improves the supply chain. This research aimed to present an overview of how blockchain technology can improve supply chain performance with a focus on visibility, reliability, security, analysis, and risk management. A systematic literature review was carried out and the selection of 72 articles that met the inclusion criteria was made in the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore with the use of the keywords “blockchain” and “supply chain performance,” in the time frame from 2017 to 2022. Studies show that there is a gap in the investigation of this theme, so it is critical to build a conceptual framework for blockchain adoption in the supply chain. It is concluded that visibility, reliability, security, and risk management can improve the supply chain with blockchain deployment in conjunction with other digital technologies.

Biomedical blockchain with practical implementations and quantitative evaluations: a systematic review.

Blockchain has emerged as a potential data-sharing structure in healthcare because of its decentralization, immutability, and traceability. However, its use in the biomedical domain is yet to be investigated comprehensively, especially from the aspects of implementation and evaluation, by existing blockchain literature reviews. To address this, our review assesses blockchain applications implemented in practice and evaluated with quantitative metrics. This systematic review adapts the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to review biomedical blockchain papers published by August 2023 from 3 databases. Blockchain application, implementation, and evaluation metrics were collected and summarized. Following screening, 11 articles were included in this review. Articles spanned a range of biomedical applications including COVID-19 medical data sharing, decentralized internet of things (IoT) data storage, clinical trial management, biomedical certificate storage, electronic health record (EHR) data sharing, and distributed predictive model generation. Only one article demonstrated blockchain deployment at a medical facility. Ethereum was the most common blockchain platform. All but one implementation was developed with private network permissions. Also, 8 articles contained storage speed metrics and 6 contained query speed metrics. However, inconsistencies in presented metrics and the small number of articles included limit technological comparisons with each other. While blockchain demonstrates feasibility for adoption in healthcare, it is not as popular as currently existing technologies for biomedical data management. Addressing implementation and evaluation factors will better showcase blockchain's practical benefits, enabling blockchain to have a significant impact on the health sector.

Minimizing Overhead through Blockchain for Establishing a Secure Smart City with IoT Model

Conventional safety measures are inconsistent with inexpensive technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) due to their significant storage traces, which are prohibitive to their utilization. The blockchain (BC) framework maintains the five essential security primitives: genuineness, credibility, secrecy, accessibility, and non-renunciation. Most IoT gadgets have limited resources, so a traditional blockchain deployment is inappropriate. Traditional deployment of blockchain computing in the Internet of Things leads to significant power consumption, delay, and computational inefficiency. The proposed solution improves the blockchain's conception to serve IoT technologies better. This article proposes a blockchain-based intelligent city design for the IoT that keeps all encryption safety precautions in place. Adding blockchain to an IoT platform does not add much extra labour. After comparing all safety requirements to existing literature, it is clear that the proposed method achieves satisfactory safety effectiveness.

AI and Blockchain Enabled Future Wireless Networks: A Survey And Outlook

Due to the explosion of mobile users and the ever-increasing heterogeneity and scale of wireless networks, traditional communication protocols and optimizing methods can not satisfy future wireless network (FWN) requirements. As promising technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are deemed as the solution for the FWN. AI, famous for its big data processing ability, will enable the FWN to self-update itself to better adapt to the dynamic network condition. Blockchain, as a distributed ledger, can guarantee data integrity, security and privacy. In this survey, we overview the concept of AI and blockchain and present their state-of-the-art applications in wireless networks. The potential of AI and blockchain is still huge and waiting to be fully explored in wireless networks. Therefore, we introduce how AI and blockchain can assist each other in FWNs. Furthermore, we explore the current constraints of applying both technologies in the FWNs. In the final part, we discuss the future direction of the deployment of AI and blockchain in FWNs.

Unfolding the role of metaverse in agri‐food supply chain security: current scenario and future perspectives

SummarySince its inception, the metaverse has evolved drastically and opened up many opportunities for many stakeholders, including individuals and businesses. The agri‐food supply chain is currently starting to incorporate metaverse technology. Retailers and prominent companies use this technology to achieve particular goals, such as ensuring traceability or boosting sales and reputation. Concurrently, there is an opportunity for the metaverse to affect food chain performance more broadly. Even so, the literature provides little evidence for this effect and primarily focuses on specific indicators, leaving little knowledge about it. By exploring the rapidly evolving field of metaverse technologies and their potential impacts on the security of agri‐food supply chains, this study aims to fill this knowledge gap. The study aims to improve collaboration and communication throughout the agri‐food supply chain by providing a structured framework covering a variety of metaverse technologies, from the development of immersive virtual worlds to the deployment of blockchain for traceability. The findings offer valuable insights, particularly for researchers, decision makers, and industry partners who aim to better comprehend the potential benefits and challenges related to integrating metaverse solutions into the agri‐food industry. The study concludes with recommendations for future research directions and strategic factors that could assist in ensuring the effective adoption of metaverse technologies and the security and resilience of agri‐food supply chains.

A survey on blockchain deployment for biometric systems

AbstractBlockchain technology has become an emerging area in recent years due to its capacity to improve the security, dependability, and resilience of distributed systems. Research based on this technique has impacted several firms, including banking, healthcare, data processing, remote sensing, and many others. The key characteristics of blockchain technology that make it appealing are data immutability, transparency, privacy, decentralization, and distributed ledgers. However, there is a chance of a privacy breach with sensitive biometric data. The purpose of this investigation is to examine blockchain‐based biometric applications research. It begins by determining the myriad ways that biometrics and blockchain may work together, including the storage and protection of biometric templates, identity management, and biometric authentication systems. Different biometric applications with respect to blockchain technology are also identified, along with the types of biometric data taken into account, features and capabilities of blockchain technology exploited, and blockchain technology frameworks employed. Finally, the authors seek to investigate blockchain concepts in the biometric domain by evaluating their pros and cons and summarizing the methods developed on blockchain for diverse biometric applications. Additionally, the applications of blockchain‐based biometric systems are highlighted before moving on to open research questions and potential future research areas.

Rise of blockchain technology in supply chain transformation in the post-pandemic era

Purpose Though academic study on the subject is still in its early stages, there is growing interest in using blockchain technology for transforming the supply chain. The academic literature is divided and yet only includes studies evaluating how the supply chain has changed organizations. To comprehend the new phenomena, this study aims to investigate the factors of blockchain technology in driving supply chain transformation. To be more precise, the authors developed from the literature the most prevalent criteria for determining if supply chain transformations are ready to be scaled up. Design/methodology/approach This study followed a combination of two multi-criteria decision making methods evaluation based on distance from average solution and complex proportional assessment) methodology in this research: planning, investigating, executing out, establishing a rating of the criteria and evaluating it. Findings The study shows that the “organizational driver” and the “technology driver” are the factors most important to the transformation of the supply chain, whereas the “financial driver” and the “regulatory driver” are less important. This study also makes some managerial recommendations to address the factors impeding the supply chain’s transformation. Each factor’s significance was explored, and a proposed study agenda was also presented. Research limitations/implications Although the main forces behind the transformation of the supply chain have been recognized, further research into statistical correlation is required to confirm how the various elements interact. Practical implications This research aids decision-makers in comprehending the key forces behind supply chain transformation. Managers and decision-makers might better predict and allocate the necessary resources to start the road toward digitization and make well-informed choices once these aspects have been investigated and understood. Originality/value In light of the pandemic’s effects on the world and the increase in businesses embracing the digital economy, the supply chain transformation is more important than ever. Beyond blockchain deployment and the pilot studies on digital transformation, there is a gap. The topics and factors this study uncovered will operate as a framework and recommendations for more theoretical investigation and practical applications.

LB-Chain: Load-Balanced and Low-Latency Blockchain Sharding via Account Migration

Blockchain sharding has been increasingly used to improve blockchain systems' performance, in which a blockchain is split into multiple smaller, disjoint shards. In practice, however, sharding can only achieve limited throughput and latency improvement, especially for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">user-perceived transaction confirmation delay.</i> The performance degradation is believed to be caused by the cross-shard transactions. However, we show, through comprehensive system deployment and measurement studies, that the main culprit is the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">imbalanced transaction load</i> on different blockchain shards. To address this problem, we propose a novel sharding system, called LB-Chain, which <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dynamically</i> balances the transaction load on different shards by periodically <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">migrating active accounts</i> from heavily-loaded shards to less-loaded ones. We have implemented a prototype of LB-Chain, and evaluated its performance through large-scale blockchain deployment using real-world transaction traces. Extensive experiments confirm that LB-Chain significantly boosts sharding performance, reducing the transaction confirmation delays by up to 90% while increasing the transaction throughput by more than 10%. The delay difference between different accounts is also reduced dramatically, leading to improved fairness in the system.

A Perspective on NFTs in the Arts-and-Music Industry*

Abstract Significant interest in non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as a means of changing the music industry has motivated this investigation. First, a comprehensive literature review (of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats [SWOT]) provides a summary of the benefits and costs associated with the deployment of blockchain- and NFT-based transactions in the music industry. Considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the economic, legal and regulatory benefits and drawbacks of applying the new technology. NFTs may be the final realisation of the digital universe, bringing exclusivity and revenues to the creator economy and the chance to revalue creative work. The technology's drawbacks may exceed its advantages. Navigation within the crypto regulatory landscape is still deemed as exploring uncharted territory. It is further complicated by the fact that it is largely uncertain which legal framework may apply due to the lack of jurisdiction-identifying criteria. Second, quantitative research is conducted as an online survey directed towards two research questions: 1) What is the extent of familiarity and knowledge related to NFTs, as well as perspectives on NFTs as potential disruptors? 2) What is the extent of music creators’ perception of NFT-related opportunities and NFT integration into the music industry? Twenty EU countries were selected for the survey. Respondents answered twenty questions focused largely on demographics, their awareness of NFTs and their perceived potential for disrupting the music industry. It is too early to say whether NFTs will be utilised successfully, especially by independent musicians. The arguments in favour of NFTs are compelling, but there are issues regarding the levels of awareness and competence required for implementation.

Economical revenue maximization in mobile edge caching and blockchain enabled space-air-ground integrated networks

In this paper, we study an edge caching and blockchain enabled space-air-ground integrated networking (SAGIN) network, where a low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite serves as the content provider, and multiple edge caching enabled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will cache some contents to provide user equipments (UEs) with satisfactory content access services together with the satellite. Moreover, there’s a blockchain system that is deployed on UAVs, to provide the network with trust mechanism without requiring a centralized authority. From the standpoint of the operator, we intend to maximize the long-term averaged economical revenue by providing UEs with satisfactory and secure content access services. To achieve this purpose, we will jointly optimize the content placement of each UAV, content replacement when each UAV is full, the access control of each UE, and the blockchain deployment strategy about each UAV. the concept of queues in Lyapunov optimization is utilized to represent the backlog of edge equipment, ensuring the stability of virtual queues on UAVs and satellites, while satisfying the caching capacity constraints for content caching and blockchain deployment. Due to the tight coupling of optimization in each time slot and the variables within each time slot, our problem, which involves stochastic optimization and binary integer programming, is challenging to solve. To address this issue, we initially employ Lyapunov optimization theory to transform and decouple the problem into individual time-slot optimization problems. Subsequently, we utilize an effective heuristic algorithm called the fireworks algorithm to solve these individual optimization problems. However, the original fireworks algorithm cannot be directly applied to our problem due to its binary characteristics and inter-coupling constraints. Therefore, we have redesigned the explosion and mutation operations to adapt them to our specific problem. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms other baseline algorithms.

Технологія блокчейн у бухгалтерському обліку: переваги та обмеження

Introduction. The application of blockchain technology has a significant potential to increase the efficiency of accounting compared to the traditional system and will ensure the digital transformation of the accounting process. Problem Statement. The introduction of blockchain technology into the accounting system is at an initial stage and requires significant refinement due to existing limitations. Purpose. To carry out a comparative analysis of the advantages and limitations of using blockchain technology in accounting in comparison with traditional accounting. Methods. The main research methods were general and special scientific approaches to theoretical generalization and grouping, systematization, comparative analysis, logical generalization. Results. Substantiated that the relationship and functionality of the blockchain are perfectly combined with the basic logic of accounting systems. The immutability of the transactions recorded in the blockchain process, the strong ongoing control of the procedures and compliance guaranteed in each phase meet the cardinal principles of accounting summarized in terms of informative data reliability and transparency. Conducted a comparison between pre- and postblockchain accounting characteristics. This established the advantages of blockchaintechnology compared to traditional accounting. The study defines confidentiality issues, scalability and interoperability as important significant constraints for adoption and deployment of blockchain based accounting. Procedural automation of blockchain technology always requires support and monitoring of the correctness of the interpretation of accounting phenomena that require professional judgment. Identified groups of asset transactions that reflect a high probability of outcome uncertainty and measurement uncertainty. Conclusions. Blockchain integration in accounting at enterprises supports consistent with Ukraine's digital transformation strategy. Accounting from this technology perspective would significantly reduce the amount of time and effort used by accountants for traditional and repetitive daily accounting records and constant control over their reliability. The introduction of blockchain in accounting requires overcoming limitations, the main one is the need to make changes to transactions, which require adjustments due to uncertainty and require accounting judgment.

Exploration of challenges to deployment of blockchain in small construction projects

Blockchain technology provides a decentralized way of handling the data and supports the construction project's sustainability and performance. Small construction projects in Malaysia always need help adopting new technology like blockchain. This research aimed to investigate the challenges affecting the implementation of blockchain technology in small construction projects in Malaysia. The study examined Malaysian minor construction project blockchain implementation issues. A total of 17 challenges were found significant in affecting the implementation of Blockchain technology in small construction projects in Malaysia. Five constructs were seen: technological barriers, work environment barriers, economic and planning barriers, operational barriers, and privacy and regulation barriers. Structural equation modeling and these structures create a blockchain implementation model for modest building projects. The model's validity, dependability, and forecast accuracy for all obstacles and their potential influence on blockchain deployment in small construction projects in Malaysia are substantial. The model also has good convergent and discriminant validity, supporting it. Blockchain use in Malaysian small building projects could be improved mainly through economic and planning issues. The present study needs to highlight the Malaysian small construction sector's essential obstacles in integrating blocks and technology that are the basis for more creative technologies. This research will help the Malaysian construction sector concentrate on improvements and assess the effect of blockchain on modest projects.