Dependence Of Economic Development Research Articles

Exploring adaptive approaches for social-ecological sustainability in the Belt and Road countries: From the perspective of ecological resource flow

The countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) are characterized by fragile ecosystems and underdevelopment economy. International trade usually transferred the eco-environmental negative impacts to developing countries. How to avoid the conflict between economic development and eco-environmental protection is the primary concern of building the Green Silk Road. To discover the adaptive strategies for ensuring the sustainability of the social-ecosystem in countries along the B&R, this study analyzes the supply-consumption relationship of ecological resources by simulating the flow of net primary productivity between the ecosystem and the social system. The results show that: (1) The flow of ecological resources between agricultural and husbandry systems have effectively alleviated the local ecological pressure caused by animal husbandry in countries along the B&R. Animal husbandry in developed countries economize the local ecological resources by importing feed, while mitigating the grazing pressure by utilizing the local crop residues in underdeveloped agricultural countries. (2) International trade not only enables countries with insufficient ecological resources to meet their demands by importing ecological products and thus alleviate ecosystem pressure, but also promotes countries with sufficient ecological resources to transform their resource advantages into economic advantages by exporting without at the expense of ecological sustainability. (3) For underdeveloped countries, the dependence of economic development on ecological resources is at the expense of the living demands of residents, only if the economy could have leap-forward improvement the allocation of ecological resources within the social system would be inclined to living demands. These adaptive approaches not only provide the evidences of ecological-social sustainable development by promoting the reasonable flow and allocation of ecological resources, but also imply the necessary assistance for the underdeveloped countries to guarantee the basic human well-being in economic development.

ENHANCEMENT OF WATER SECURITY BY DECOUPLING WATER USE FROM ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT

Decoupling water use from economic development is a fundamental strategy to improve environmentalquality from the source. Decoupling can promote economic growth while reducing water use and waterpollution. This paper not only comprehensively considers the impact of economic development on waterresource consumption and water pollution, but also studies technological innovation that may contributeto decoupling in the water sector. Decoupling can evaluate the linkage between resource use orenvironmental impacts with the economy by calculating a specific index. There are three decouplingindices in the literature among them Tapio decoupling index which is used in current paper.The decoupling index for the water use for agriculture with respect to the agricultural consumptionfootprint was estimated to indicate It was found also that the decoupling index forpesticide use and fertilizer use per capita gross agricultural production showed relative decoupling. Italso shows that the dependence of economic development on water resources is gradually decreasing.The government needs to focus on the wastewater treatment, strengthen the awareness regarding waterconservation at the same time, and use stepped pricing standards to reasonably control municipal wateruse. يعتبر فصل استخدام المياه عن التنمية الاقتصادية استراتيجية أساسية ومهمه لتحسين جودة البيئة مع ت عزيز النمو الاقتصادي وتقليلاستخدام وتلوث المصادر المائية. هذه الورقة البحثية تتناول بشکل شامل إرتباط وتأثير التنمية الاقتصادية على استهلاک موارد المياهوعلي تلوث المياه وکذلک تدرس وتقدم الإجراءات والحلول التي تساهم في فصل قطاع المياه عن التنمية الإقتصادية. يمکن للفصل أن يقيمإرتباط استخدام الموارد المائية والتأثيرات البيئية بالإقتصاد من خلال حساب مؤشرات معينة، هناک ثلاثة مؤشرات فصل تم طرحهم فيالذي تم استخدامة في هذه الورقة البحثية. Tapio أبحاث سابقة من بينها مؤشر فصلمن خلال هذه الورقة تم تقدير مؤشر الفصل لاستخدام المياه في الزراعة فيما يتعلق ببصمة الاستهلاک الزراعي وتبين من النتائج أنهفصل وکذلک تم حساب مؤشر الفصل بين استخدام مبيدات الآفات واستخدام الأسمدة للفرد من إجمالي الإنتاج الزراعي أظهرفصل نسبي أيضا وهذا يدل علي أن إعتماد التنمية الاقتصادية على الموارد المائية يتناقص تدريجي ا حيث هناک المشاريع الخدميةوالسياحية وکذلک الصناعية. تم طرح عده بدائل وحلول لدعم فصل المياه عن الاقتصاد مثال الترکيز على معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي،وتعزيز الوعي بشأن الحفاظ على المياه في نفس الوقت، واستخدام معايير تسعير متدرجة للتحکم بشکل معقول في استخدام المياه معتطبيق طرق الري الحديثة وترشيد استهلاک المياه في قطاع الزراعة.

Decoupling analysis of water use and economic development in arid region of China – Based on quantity and quality of water use

Decoupling water use from economic development is a fundamental strategy to improve environmental quality from the source. It can promote economic growth while reducing water use and water pollution. This article uses water footprint theory to calculate the relevant indicators of the water quantity footprint and water quality footprint of the Northwest arid region between 1997 and 2017. This paper not only comprehensively consider the impact rate of economic development on water resource consumption and water pollution, but also analyzes the coordination of water resource utilization efficiency and economic development from the perspective of water resource flow, and make up for the deficiencies of pure consideration of water resource consumption. The results of the study show that in the past 20 years, the water resources utilization and economic development in Northwest arid region of China has shown relatively decoupling and weak negative decoupling, and the decoupling index of water quantity and water quality with economic development are 0.3377 and 0.3156, respectively. It shows that the dependence of economic development on water resources is gradually decreasing. However, the water shortage remains serious, this also shows that the efficiency of water use has not improved. Only if economic development is decoupled from water quantity and water quality at the same time, we can achieve sustainable development of water use and economy. We also found that the proportion of agricultural production water is too large, industrial water consumption is declining, and the proportion of domestic water consumption is increasing. There is a problem of unreasonable utilization structure and it can be seen from the wastewater discharge data that the discharge of industrial wastewater is declining. The government needs to focus on the wastewater treatment, strengthen the awareness regarding of water conservation at same time, and use stepped pricing standards to reasonably control water use.

Using a new two-dimensional decoupling model to evaluate the decoupling state of global energy footprint

The current decoupling theory cannot distinguish the decoupling state of a country with different economic development level. This will make the decoupling status of different countries unable to be intuitively compared. To overcome this problem, this paper combines the Tapio index with economic development indicators for the first time to establish a Two-dimensional Decoupling Model of economic growth and energy footprint. Through the analysis of the two-dimensional decoupling status of 39 countries in the world over the period 1995−2014, it is found that the dependence of economic development on energy has not been worse for the world in terms of increasing economic and energy consumption. To improve the economic-energy structure, many countries have been making efforts. The model established in this paper can more accurately judge the economic and energy characteristics of each country, and visually compare and analyze the differences among different countries.

ICT Variables for Development in South America Through Federal Lenses

From the perspective of the information revolution and based on the methodology put forward by the Telecommunications Law Indicators for Comparative Studies (TLICS) Model published in 2011 and 2012, this paper builds on the federative indicator used by the literature on dependence of economic development on ICT to answer the following research question: What indicators better represent the institutional federative background in South America for the ICT comparative research? Six sets of federative indicators on revenue, fiscal transfer, regulatory power, judicial centralization, planning, and media content regulation are put together to compare South American federal environment as a groundwork for the ICT comparative research. The empirical universe of the paper encompassed eleven countries that formed a potpourri of eight officially unitary countries – Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay –, and three federal countries – Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela –, that account all countries in South America apart from Guiana. The article is organized in three main parts. A brief description of the ICT federative indicators of the TLICS model is performed in the first part. The second part applies these variables to the aforementioned South American states. The third part delves into the comparison of the states analyzed by means of categorizing the differences and commonalities revealed by those indicators. To test the association between federalism as the explanatory variable and each of the outcomes proposed by the TLICS model, we used the following tests of significance: (i) Fisher exact test, to test the association between the federal status of a country and decentralized features in the given group of states; (ii) the relative risk of a country categorized as federal to have decentralized/interdependent ICT variables relative to the chance that a unitary country shows the same features; (iii) logistic regression, to predict the probability of a federal country to present decentralized/interdependent ICT variables. Using Fischer exact test, only ICT tax was significantly associated with a country being classified as federative in the telecommunications (p = 0.024) and e-commerce (p = 0.033) sectors. Calculating the logistic regression pinpointed tax as the only outcome with significant association to the institutional variable of federalism in telecom, broadcast, and e-commerce sectors. In terms of relative risk, the chance of a federal country having decentralized tax is 8 times greater than the chance of a non-federal country having decentralized tax in the telecommunications sector, and 7 times greater in the e-commerce sector. As a main outcome, based on data collected from the institutional background of those countries, we found clusters of commonalities between federal and unitary countries that support the assumption that the sole reference to a single federative category, as opposed to the use of atomized indicators, cannot provide a real picture of their institutional background for ICT and development comparative purposes.

Latin American Federative Variables for ICT and Development Research: A Comparison between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela

From the perspective of the information revolution and based on the methodology put forward by the TelecommunicationsLaw Indicators for Comparative Studies (TLICS) Model published in 2011 and 2012, this paper builds on the federativeindicator used by the literature on dependence of economic development on ICT to answer the following research question:What indicators better represent the institutional federative background of eight representative Latin American countries forthe ICT comparative research? Six sets of federative indicators on revenue, fiscal transfer, regulation, adjudication, planning,and media are put together to compare the Latin American federative environment as a groundwork for the ICT comparativeresearch. The empirical universe of the paper encompassed eight countries that formed a potpourri of four officially unitarycountries – Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay –, and four federative countries – Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela–, that account for 82% of the Latin American surface area, 81% of its population, and 92% of its GNI (World Bank Data2011). The article is organized in three main parts. A detailed description of the ICT federative indicators of the TLICSmodel and their underpinning concepts is performed in the first part. The second part applies these variables to theaforementioned Latin American countries. The third part delves into the comparison of the countries analyzed by means ofcategorizing the differences and commonalities revealed by those indicators. As a main outcome, based on data collectedfrom the institutional background of those countries, we found clusters of commonalities between federative and nonfederativecountries that support the assumption that the sole reference to a single federative category, as opposed to the useof atomized indicators, cannot provide a real picture of their institutional background for ICT and development comparativepurposes. DOI: 10.15213/redes.n9.p211

Hermeneutical Model for Identification of Juridical Variables in the ICT Comparative Research

This article discusses the basis to construct a model for identification of juridical variables, as a set of institutional variables based upon a given juridical framework, to be used in ICT comparative analyses from the perspective of the information revolution category and dependence of economic development upon ICT: the Telecommunications Law Indicators for Comparative Studies (TLICS) model. The research question is: what is the correlation between traditional juridical theories on interpretation and the institutional variables used in comparative analyses of ICT regulatory models? The article is organized in three main parts. A review of the literature is performed in the first part, in which ICT comparative analyses are scrutinized to show how juridical variables are incorporated by them. The second part delves into the methodology, theory, and operational tool for the proposed model. The third part identifies dimensions and variables apt to depict the juridical framework of ICT comparative analyses. Betti’s prescriptive hermeneutics and Hesse’s hermeneutics are adopted as methodologies of approach, based upon the institutional theory of law (Santi Romano) and Schmitt’s concept of institutional guarantees (institutionelle Garantien). As a main outcome, this article shows that juridical methodology, theory, and operative tools are important assets to assure the commensurability of institutional variables usually adopted by comparative research studies dealing with the relationship between development and ICT.