Department Of Kinesiology Research Articles

Correlates of Perceived Need for Mental Health Care Among Active Military Personnel

Correlates of Perceived Need for Mental Health Care Among Active Military Personnel

Task-Specific Sex Differences in Muscle Fatigue

Dear Editor-in-Chief: We welcomed and much appreciated Sandra Hunter's recent review, "Sex Differences and Mechanisms of Task-Specific Muscle Fatigue" (8), that was published in the July 2009 issue of Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (ESSR). Not only has she shed more light on the general topic of muscle-functional sex differences but managed to drive home the message that women's fatigue resistance is "task specific" rather than just a uniform generality. Hunter did not suggest an all-encompassing explanation for the various observed differences and concentrated on the specifics of each comparison. The review would be complete as such, but the author chose to take the definite position that "there is no one global cause for the sex difference in muscle fatigue." Although, indeed, there currently is no established "unified theory" to explain all observations under a single "umbrella," we would like to propose a common underlying reason for the diverse observations. As pediatric exercise physiologists, we found it striking that, had the term women been replaced by children, the review would need very little editing to remain factually correct. This is most remarkably true for the Figure 3 schema. Children's lower relative strength, explosive force, glycolytic capacity, and short-term power, along with higher muscular endurance and fatigue resistance, are but a partial list of child-adult differences that can provisionally be explained by a single underlying reason. Namely, children are more limited in their capacity to recruit and use fast-contracting, Type II motor units. We first introduced this notion in a 2006 ESSR review of "child-adult differences in the recovery from high-intensity exercise" (3). We showed that children's seemingly faster recovery was primarily due to lesser fatigue stemming from compromised maximal exertion, presumably due to children's relative inability to maximally use all their motor units. This topic is in its infancy, but others have previously suggested the same (1,6) based on boys' lower electromyography mean-power-frequency and muscle-fiber conduction velocity (6) and their blunted rate of torque development after pretension (1). Initial data from our laboratory are consistent with this notion, showing boys as having dimensionally corrected lower peak torque and rate of torque development with longer electromechanical delay (4). Remarkable for the issue at hand is that no statistically significant differences could be shown when the same variables were compared between women and girls (5). Thus, motor-unit recruitment seems more similar between women and children than between either group and men and seems to be a common factor distinguishing respective muscular performance and fatigue. As boys' strength is not much different than that of girls throughout preadolescence and markedly diverges only thereafter (2), we believe that the male hormonal changes associated with puberty also are responsible for the observed sex- and age-related muscle activation differences. It is noteworthy that Hicks et al. (7), whom Hunter cites in her review, felt already in 2001 that "one cannot ignore the possibility of a sex difference in neuromuscular activation as a contributor to the apparent differences in fatigue resistance between males and females." We believe Hunter's review would have benefited from that insight in explaining the reported data. Raffy Dotan, M.Sc. Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Bareket Falk, Ph.D. Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

A section devoted to profiles of renowned teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of physiology teachers within the society

A section devoted to profiles of renowned teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of physiology teachers within the society

Gender differences in plasma volume changes in response to arm & leg ergometer exercise

Plasma volume shift (PVS) in response to exercise is a well‐understood phenomenon that has not been investigated for gender differences. Ten healthy young subjects ‐ 5 men (mean age 24.8) and 5 women (mean age 24.4) ‐ each pedaled a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm starting at 0.5 kp and increasing by 0.5 kp every 2 min until heart rate (HR) reached 170. They continued for 8 min with work load adjusted to keep HR at 170±5 bpm. On a separate day, subjects turned an arm ergometer at 50 rpm starting at 0.25 kp and increasing by 0.25 kp every minute until HR reached 170, then continued for 8 min as above. Sessions were counterbalanced. Two‐mL blood samples (in EDTA) were drawn immediately before and after each exercise bout. Hematocrit (Hct) was measured using a microhematocrit reader. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using the cyanmethemoglobin method. PVS was calculated using the Dill & Costill equations. One‐way ANOVA revealed significant (p<0.05) pre‐ to post‐exercise increases in Hct and Hb and decreases in PV within both groups. Change in Hb was significant (p<0.05; F=18.366) between groups for arm ergometry. PVS was not significantly different between groups for either type of ergometry. Data suggest that, for a moderately high level of cardiovascular stress, upper and lower body aerobic exercise elicits similar PVS regardless of gender.This research was supported by the Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, SLU.

Corrigendum: An acute bout of endurance exercise but not sprint interval exercise enhances insulin sensitivity

Received 26 February 2009. Accepted 26 February 2009. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at apnm.nrc.ca on 1 April 2009. J.R. Brestoff, B. Clippinger, T. Spinella, and P.J. Arciero.1 Department of Exercise Science, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. S.P. vonDuvillard. Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria. B.C. Nindl. United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, MA 01760, USA. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: parciero@skidmore.edu). 306

How Do Doctoral Candidates Learn to Be Researchers? Developing Research Training Programs in Kinesiology Departments

The preparation of doctoral candidates is a critical aspect of advancing research in kinesiology on many levels. Graduates of doctoral programs not only produce research, they also exert influence in recruiting undergraduates and master's students into doctoral programs, as well as mentor doctoral students of their own. There has been a perception that doctoral programs are focused too narrowly on research at the expense of preparing individuals for a variety of faculty roles and that this emphasis on research is problematic and can result in fragmentation and isolation. The argument in this article is that research can and should be part of a solution to provide the basis for a broader preparation for the future professorate as well as a means to further integration and collaboration that can sustain the field. The importance of experiential learning and fostering dispositions toward research as a lifelong learning process are identified as key elements in helping candidates develop research competencies.

Staying Afloat in an Information-Age Sea Change

Scientific and technological advances, occurring with increasing frequency, allow for exciting opportunities for multidisciplinary research but may be accompanied by unintended consequences for kinesiology. These advances require depth of knowledge in subdisciplines and place pressures on kinesiology departments to hire experts with grants in hand, ready to direct or participate in multidisciplinary research projects on our field's central topic: physical activity. However, we have already observed that large proportions of nonkinesiologists in a department can change the culture of the department, the physical activity research focus, and even the name. Alternatively, departments can use technological advances such as Web 2.0 and “wiki science” to build multidisciplinary research teams with members from other disciplines across the campus or the world.

Determination of Ventilatory Threshold through Quadratic Regression Analysis

The ventilatory threshold (VT) has been used to measure physiological occurrences in athletes. Models have been created to detect VT with limited accuracy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish a mathematical model for detecting the ventilatory threshold utilizing the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) and the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (VE/VO2). METHODS: The methodology was a mathematical analysis of data archived from the cardio-respiratory laboratory in the Department of Kinesiology at Midwestern State University. Procedures for archived data collection included breath-by-breath gas analysis averaged every 20 seconds (s) measured through open circuit spirometry (ParVo Medics™). A ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer (Velotron™) was used which increased work 25 w·min−1 beginning with 150 watts, until volitional fatigue. Subjects were highly trained cyclists (n=27) from the area with ages ranging from 18 (y) to 50 (y). Prior to testing, all subjects signed an informed consent approved by the university Humans as Subjects Review Committee. Mathematical analyses utilized Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheets to create scatter-plots and regression analyses to establish trend-lines of VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2. RESULTS: A polynomial trend-line along the scatter-plots for VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 was used with a significant correlation coefficient (r=0.82) of the data and trend-line. The equations derived from the scatter-plots and trend-lines were quadratic in nature due to the fact that they have a polynomial degree of two. The mean (SD) % VO2max of the VT established through the trend-line intersections was .79 (.09). CONCLUSION: A system of equations which were quadratic in nature established the lines of best fit allowing for an accurate identification of VT. The exact point of VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 crossover, the intersection or solution to the system, was established as the VT with the subsequent increased slope of VE/VCO2 as respiratory compensation.

Teachers’ Preferences on the Qualities and Roles of a Mentor Teacher

Cothran is with the Kinesiology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; McCaughtry, Smigell, and Martin are with Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Garn is now with the Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rogue, LA; Kulinna is with the Education Department, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ; and Faust is with Health, PE, Recreation & Dance, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI. Teachers’ Preferences on the Qualities and Roles of a Mentor Teacher

An External Focus of Attention Enhances Golf Shot Accuracy in Beginners and Experts

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey words: Attentional focusExpertiseMotor learningMotor performance Additional informationNotes on contributorsGabriele WulfPlease address all correspondence concerning this article to Gabriele Wulf, Department of Kinesiology, University of Nevada–Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034.

RESPONSE

Dear Editor-in-Chief: We appreciate Folland and William‘s comments regarding our recent paper (1). They suggest our method of calculating the central activation ratio (CAR) may have overestimated muscle activation. Multiple twitch interpolation (ITT) methodologies have been used to quantify activation during voluntary actions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages (2). They suggest, given our use of submaximal stimulation, the use of a different methodology to assess muscle activation-the ratio of the superimposed tetanus to passive tetanus. We agree that assessing muscle activation in this manner would also be appropriate. Applying this ratio to our data lowers average muscle activation from 92 ± 7 to 87 ± 13% (as indicated by Folland and Williams) and from 96 ± 4 to 89 ± 11% in the right and left thighs, respectively. This reduces the difference in muscle activation between ITT and the T2 MRI assessment employed in our study from 17 to 12% in the right thigh and from 22 to 15% in the left thigh. The difference in activation between methodologies, while remaining statistically different in the left thigh (P = 0.02), no longer reaches statistical significance in the right (P = 0.07). The 12% difference in muscle activation in the right thigh still represents a large effect (Cohen‘s D = 0.89) and suggests that the comparison was underpowered, particularly in light of the data from the left thigh. Indeed, when the data from the right and left thigh are pooled, doubling the sample size, the resultant 13% difference between the methods is significant (P = 0.002). We believe a revision of the data does not alter the conclusions of our recent study (1)-the ITT and T2 MRI methods yield markedly different values for muscle activation. It remains unclear whether the MRI method can detect differences in activation between clinical and healthy populations, as well as changes in voluntary activation that may occur with resistance training. However, given the lack of a gold-standard measurement of muscle activation, and the experimental and clinical importance of accurately assessing muscle activation, we hope the use of T2 MRI will be further explored in future studies. Tracee Kendall Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston, MA Christopher D. Black Christopher P. Elder Department of Kinesiology The University of Georgia Athens, GA DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31804a8049

Reply to Barbaix and Pouders

Clinical AnatomyVolume 19, Issue 2 p. 185-186 Letter to the Editor Reply to Barbaix and Pouders J. Peeler, J. Peeler Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Cooper, J. Cooper School of Medical Rehabilitation––Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorM. M. Porter, M. M. Porter Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Thliveris, J. A. Thliveris Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Anderson, J. E. Anderson Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author J. Peeler, J. Peeler Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Cooper, J. Cooper School of Medical Rehabilitation––Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorM. M. Porter, M. M. Porter Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Thliveris, J. A. Thliveris Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Anderson, J. E. Anderson Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 February 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20245AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume19, Issue2March 2006Pages 185-186 RelatedInformation

Chapter 3: Teachers Mentoring Teachers: A View Over Time

326Teachers Mentoring Teachers 327McCaughtry is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Stud-ies; Hodges Kulinna is with Arizona State University, Department of Education and Department of Kinesiology; Cothran is with Indiana University, Department of Kinesiology; Martin is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Studies; Faust is with Eastern Michigan University, School of Health Promotion and Human Performance;

IS CHILDREN’S FASTER RECOVERY FROM EXERCISE DUE TO A HIGHER METABOLITE CLEARANCE RATE?

Dear Editor-in-Chief: We are writing regarding a recent article by Zafeiridis et al. (5), comparing recovery from high-intensity exercise in boys, adolescents, and adults. A faster recovery of performance capacity (knee flexion/extension) was demonstrated in children and adolescents compared with adults. It was concluded that recovery rate was maturity dependent. While the study and its results are well presented, we believe there is a significant discussion oversight regarding the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The authors speculate that a possible explanation may be a higher metabolite (lactate, H+) clearance rate in children: “Based on these facts, the possibility that the boys and teens in the current study had faster removal of lactate that facilitated the recovery process should not be excluded” (p. 511). The authors failed to consider the experimental evidence that contradicts their explanation. We addressed this very issue in a paper by Dotan et al. (1), which demonstrated, that blood lactate (La) disappearance rate following high-intensity exercise, is strikingly similar in children and adults, despite markedly different peak values ([La]peak). It was shown that not only was children’s La-disappearance half-time similar to that of adults, but that there was no difference between their La-recovery curves following similar [La]peak values. The only consistent difference being children’s shorter lag time to [La]peak. Therefore, it was argued that faster recovery in children is not due to a more efficient metabolite clearance rate, but rather to the fact that they have less to recover from (lower power output and La production) and that their [La]peak is reached sooner. The evidence of children’s lower sympathetic activation (3) that Zafeiridis et al. (5) cite in support of their view only supports our notion that children are anaerobically inferior, precisely because they are unable to fully mobilize their sympathetic system and recruit higher hierarchy motor units. This would explain their lower La production but not a faster La clearance. This is not to exclude other factors that separate boys from men (e.g., faster phosphocreatine resynthesis (2,4)). However, future research may well demonstrate that many or all of these differences stem from the alleged maturation-related difference in recruitment potential. Bareket Falk Raffy Dotan Brock University, Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

RESPONSE

Dear Editor-in-Chief: We interpret Williams’ original demonstration (3) to mean that observed reductions in mortality risk due to changes in fitness (1) might be, rather than must be, an artifact of measurement error. We subsequently showed that measurement error alone does not explain all changes in fitness (2), casting doubt on the premise of his demonstration. In his letter to the Editor-in-Chief, Williams now presents an alternative hypothesis that is based on the premise that fitness changes do affect mortality risk. This alternative hypothesis is purported to substantiate his earlier hypothesis. Yet Williams notes there is little power to distinguish the two hypotheses, a point with which we agree. Whatever the merits of his new alternative hypothesis, we remain persuaded that while it is conceivable that measurement error might explain our observations, they are unlikely to do so. The published mean treadmill time difference of the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study men who went from the unfit-to-fit category was 4.23 min, while the mean for those who went from the fit-to-unfit category was −4.87 min (2). The 9.10-min mean difference between these two groups, which were the focus of the Williams paper, is substantial from both physiological and statistical perspectives. Andrew S. Jackson, P.E.D. Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX James B. Kampert, Ph.D. Carolyn E. Barlow, M.S. Centers of Integrated Health Research, The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX James R. Morrow, Ph.D. Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX Timothy S. Church, M.D., Ph.D. Steven N. Blair, P.E.D. Centers of Integrated Health Research, The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX

Manuscript Clarifications

Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20832. Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608.

Multidisciplinarity or Encroachment

Multidisciplinarity or Encroachment

The Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Osteoporosis

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Female Athlete Triaddisordered eatingphysical fitnessnutrition education Additional informationNotes on contributorsDawnella M. RustDawnElla M. Rust is an associate professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Science at Stephen F. Austin State University, in Nacogdoches, Texas.

A Descriptive Analysis of Research Methods Classes in Departments of Kinesiology and Physical Education in the United States

Research training takes many forms and is generally a part of graduate education. A common and important aspect of research training is the introductory research methods class offered by many departments. The purpose of this study was to examine the content, process, and instructors of introductory research methods classes in departments of kinesiology and physical education in the United States. A survey was designed and extensively pilot tested. The sample was selected from all departments offering graduate degrees in the United States. Among the many results, the data indicate that one book was required reading in more than half the classes and class size averaged about 19 students. A number of objectives were stated for most classes, with understanding research, applying research to professional situations, critiquing the research literature, and planning research indicated most often. Quantitative design and analysis topics were emphasized more strongly than qualitative design and analysis topics. Professors indicated that more than half the class time was spent lecturing and most grades were based on exams, preparation of a research proposal, and regular assignments. The professors were relatively experienced, had a variety of specialty areas, and were reasonably productive researchers. The trends suggest that alternative research methodologies have not been quickly added to the research methods curriculum.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Their effect on high-intensity exercise performance

Parise G, Bosman MJ, Boecker DR, Barry MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: their effect on high-intensity exercise performance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:867-71. Objective: To determine the neuromuscular and performance effects of acute and long-term exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Design: Two randomized, double-blind, crossover studies. Setting: Departments of Kinesiology and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont, Canada. Participants: Eleven healthy, college-aged men in the acute study; 12 healthy, college-aged men in the chronic study. Interventions: In the acute study, subjects were given a placebo and fluoxetine (40mg) 6 hours before testing, in the chronic study, they were given fluoxetine (40mg/d) and an identical placebo for 2 weeks before testing. Main Outcome Measures: Target measures were maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs), evoked peak torque, and percentage of motor unit activation for muscle strength and central drive. Repeated Wingate cycle ergometer tests were used to measure anaerobic power, capacity, and fatigue index. V̇O2max tests (80%, 90%) were used to measure time to exhaustion and cardiorespiratory responses. Results: In the acute study phase, MVC was lower for fluoxetine versus placebo (p =.05) and a slight fatigue resistance was measured in the repeated Wingate tests for the fluoxetine group; however, there were no affects on any other measured variable. In the chronic study phase, minute ventilation was lower for the fluoxetine trial (p <.05); however, there were no treatment affects on any of the other measurements. Conclusion: Acute and chronic SSRI intake does not effect strength or high-intensity exercise performance in young adult men. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation