Environmental Health Department Research Articles

Jenis Sarana Dan Kualitas Bakteriologi Sumber Air Bersih Di Desa Bale Donggala Sulawesi Tengah

Background: E. coli contamination of clean water has had a widespread impact, especially on human health. Aims: To determine the bacteriological content of clean water in Bale Village. Methods: This was a descriptive observational study conducted in July 2021. Primary data was obtained from E-Coli testing results at the Environmental Health Department Laboratory of the Palu Health Polytechnic using the MPN (Most Probable Number) method, and observations of clean water facilities. The population size was 386 clean water facilities, with a sample of 24 clean water samples. The sampling technique used the Simple Random Sampling method. Furthermore, the data was analyzed by comparing the laboratory test results with the 2017 Ministry of Health Regulation. Results: Only 1 water source met the requirements and no E.Coli was found, namely in Hamlet 2, while water sources in other hamlets were contaminated with E.Coli ranging from 4 - 2400 MPN/100 ml, and some even exceeded that number. Conclusion: The majority of clean water sources in Bale Village do not meet the requirements. Out of 24 clean water samples tested, only 1 sample met the requirements, namely the clean water sample from the water pump.

Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with the Uptake of Community Led Total Sanitation: An Empirical Study among the Residents of Isiolo County, Kenya

Despite Kenya aiming to achieve 100% ODF status by 2030 and adopting CLTS, about 5.6 million (14%) of the population practice OD. Thus, this study was guided by the research question: What is the level of uptake of community led total sanitation among residents of Isiolo County? The study used a descriptive cross-sectional methodology and conducted among residents of Isiolo Sub-County, Kenya. The study sampled 373 household heads from population of about 21,870 household heads for the study. Systematic random sampling was used to select the participants. An inclusion and exclusion criteria-based period lived in the county and consent to participate in the study were used. Data collection instruments entailed structured questionnaires for households’ heads, key informant interview (KII) guides for opinion leaders, and an observation checklist. The content validity of the tools was assessed by expert from the department of Environmental Health at Kenyatta University. The tools were piloted in Longopito Sub-location with 37 households. Reliability of the tools was assessed using the piloted data through the test-retest technique. The paired data sets were correlated, giving R=0.75. The study found an association between demographic factors and the uptake of CLTS in Isiolo county. The uptake of CLTS was found to be low with almost half of the sampled residents lacking latrines. The study concludes there were a number of demographic factors that were significantly associated with the utilization of CLTS including the highest level of education (χ2=66.866, p = 0.001), Occupation (χ2=12.690, p = 0.002), Average monthly family income (KShs) (χ2=43.373, p = 0.012) and number of household members (χ2=6.948, p = 0.044). The study also found that Isiolo County had a low uptake rate for community-led total sanitation. Only three out of ten households in the county uptake CLTS. The study recommends that the County Government of Isiolo should scale up health education programs on community led total sanitation

Virtually prepared: designing remote environmental health practicum experiences

The push for virtual education modes continues to grow and develop following unprecedented acceleration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental and occupational health education echoes that demand, where programs are seeing the focus expand from lab-based bench work to include greater practice emphasis in areas such as environmental health equity, environmental justice, environmental policy, and environmental health literacy. Part of the educational foundation for Environmental and Occupational Health MPH programs includes a practicum designed to provide students with “real-world” experience beyond classroom applications. Given the expected increased demand for virtual educational models from students and virtual employees from the professional sector, higher education programs that require practicum experiences must seek innovative approaches that meet both student and employer needs. The University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Environmental and Occupational Health is a practicum host site for local universities. Recently, faculty have sought to co-create virtual environmental health practicums in response to requests for these types of opportunities. This article expands upon work on “virtual” or “remote” practicum placements and builds upon best practices to contribute to continuing research in this area. The article also shares insight into creating additional virtual opportunities in the environmental health field. This work presents a case study of the development of a virtual student practicum, documents the processes and procedures followed to develop work grounded in best practices, and shares lessons learned and recommendations for developing future virtual practicums for public health students. The student and practicum host provide reflections on the practicum design and experience.

Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan.

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

Uji Kandungan Bakteriologi Air Minum Isi Ulang di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Siko Kota Ternate

The rise of the Refill Drinking Water business is inseparable from the increasingly expensive of Ternate have water samples containing E coli bacteria. This can be caused by water price of Bottled Drinking Water. The aim of this research is to identify the E coli content in drinking water depots in the city of Ternate. This research used a descriptive research design using observational methods and laboratory tests and was carried out in the chemistry laboratory and workshop of the Environmental Health Department, Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health, Ternate. The sample in this study was drinking water refills at 23 depots, by taking 300 cc of water samples. The results of the research showed that of the 23 drinking water depots examined, 7 samples contained E Coli bacteria. Of these, two are in Dufa-Dufa, two more depots are in Akehuda and the rest are located in Salero, Kasturian and SOA. The conclusion is that as many as 41% of all drinking water depots in the city reservoirs that are rarely cleaned, which can give rise to mold which can trigger the growth of bacteria, one of which is E coli. It is recommended that a thorough inspection of drinking water depots in Ternate City be carried out both by subsequent researchers and city officials.

Analysis of Potential Hazards Using the HIRADC Approach and Methods Job Safety Analysis on The Practical Process at The Department of Environmental Health

The Physics, Industrial Sanitation, and Occupational Safety Laboratory, also known to be the Health Department's Workshop Environment at the Ministry of Health Jakarta II Health Polytechnic, is part of the laboratory standards established through the Decree of the Minister of Health Number: HK.03.05/IV/14354.I/2010 concerning Health Personnel Education Laboratory Standards. To keep up with service standards or Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in a laboratory and follow the Occupational Health and Safety management system following PP No. 50 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems, the supporting facilities and infrastructure therefore require more effective and efficient attention. The objective of this study is to implement the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and the HIRADC method to evaluate potential health and safety hazards at the Jakarta II Health Polytechnic Workshop. The result based on analysis and discussion using the JSA approach of the risk level research at the Department of Environmental Health workshop showed that 11% had a high-risk level, 28% had a medium-risk level, and 61% had a low-risk level. The highest risk is in the practical work of making slabs and testing insecticides for open joints using fogging and insecticides. The control provided is based on a control hierarchy, and it entails providing enough complete PPE in accordance with the risk of hazard and supervising the use of PPE during preparation and until the practicum process is complete.

HUBUNGAN FAKTOR STRESS, KETERATURAN MAKAN DAN KONSUMSI MAKANAN ATAU MINUMAN IRRITATIF TERHADAP KEJADIAN SINDROM DISPEPSIA

Dyspepsia syndrome is one of the many digestive tract disorders which is often a complaint and is a public health problem. The incidence of dyspepsia in 2021 is expected to increase from 10 million to 28 million people, accounting for 11.3% of the total population in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress factors, eating regularity, and consumption of irritative food or drinks on the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome in final year students of D.IV Study Program, Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar.This research is an analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted online at the Department of Physiotherapy, Dental Nursing, partly for the Department of Environmental Health, Medical Laboratory Technology, Pharmacy and Nutrition and offline partly for the Department of Environmental Health, Nutrition, Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory Technology. The research was conducted in November 2022 - February 2023. The research sample was final year students of the Makassar Ministry of Health Poltekkes with a total of 198 people using a random sampling system. Data on stress factors, eating regularity, consumption of irritative food or drinks and dyspepsia syndrome were obtained using a questionnaire. Data from the results of this study were processed by statistical tests using the chi-square test.The results showed that there was a relationship between stress level and the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.00), there was no relationship between eating regularity and the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.257), there was no relationship between consumption of irritative food or drink with the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.440).Suggestions for students to motivate themselves to consume food regularly, reduce consumption of irritating foods or drinks, and habits that can cause stress in order to avoid dyspepsia syndrome.Keywords : irritative , stress, dyspepsia syndrome.

Revisiting Emergency Department Use of Buprenorphine as a Primary Analgesic in Non-Opioid Use Disorder Patients Post X-waiver.

Academic Emergency MedicineAccepted Articles RESEARCH LETTER Revisiting Emergency Department Use of Buprenorphine as a Primary Analgesic in Non-Opioid Use Disorder Patients Post X-waiver Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem MD, PhD, MPP, Corresponding Author Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem MD, PhD, MPP [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-0356-4867 Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Correspondence Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory School of Medicine, Steiner Building, 68 Armstrong Street, Room 318, Atlanta, GA 30303. Email: [email protected], Phone: 404.778.5975Search for more papers by this authorLiz Eneida Rivera Blanco MD, Liz Eneida Rivera Blanco MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorEmily A. Kiernan DO, Emily A. Kiernan DO Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrent W. Morgan MD, Brent W. Morgan MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorMelissa H. Gittinger DO, Melissa H. Gittinger DO Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlaina R. Steck MD, Alaina R. Steck MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem MD, PhD, MPP, Corresponding Author Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem MD, PhD, MPP [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-0356-4867 Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Correspondence Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory School of Medicine, Steiner Building, 68 Armstrong Street, Room 318, Atlanta, GA 30303. Email: [email protected], Phone: 404.778.5975Search for more papers by this authorLiz Eneida Rivera Blanco MD, Liz Eneida Rivera Blanco MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorEmily A. Kiernan DO, Emily A. Kiernan DO Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrent W. Morgan MD, Brent W. Morgan MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorMelissa H. Gittinger DO, Melissa H. Gittinger DO Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlaina R. Steck MD, Alaina R. Steck MD Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14749 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi:10.1111/acem.14749. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Accepted ArticlesAccepted, unedited articles published online and citable. The final edited and typeset version of record will appear in the future. RelatedInformation

Predicting Legionella contamination in cooling towers and evaporative condensers from microbiological and physicochemical parameters.

Inhalation of Legionella-containing aerosols generated by cooling towers (CT) and evaporative condensers (EC) where water risk management is not performed correctly has been linked to a high percentage of community outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease (LD). Likewise, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the water in these facilities have been associated with this bacterium. The main aim of this study was to assess the risk of Legionella colonization in CT and EC based on the data for microbiological and physicochemical water quality provided by the Environmental Health Department and Laboratory of the City Council of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). Legionella was analysed in 789 samples collected from 127 CT and EC in 46 companies in Catalonia from 2002 to 2019. A two-step logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the risk of colonization by Legionella in the studied facilities according to the microbiological (aerobic heterotrophic bacteria) and physicochemical (pH, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, conductivity, total iron and Langelier Index) water parameters. The optimal cut-off points for the water parameters predictive of Legionella contamination were defined as the values on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve where sensitivity and specificity were jointly maximized. Legionella was isolated in 8.49% of the 789 analysed samples, 22.39% of which were heavily contaminated (with counts higher than 1.0×104CFU/l). L. pneumophila was isolated in 82.09% of the samples, with 41.82% belonging to serogroup 1. Logistic regression analysis revealed that aerobic heterotrophic bacteria concentrations ≥6.90×102CFU/ml [Odds ratios (OR) (95% CI)=3.56 (1.39-9.43), p=0.01], a pH≥8.70 [OR (95% CI)=3.60 (1.34-10.09), p=0.01], and water hardness ≥5.72×102mg/l [OR (95% CI)=6.30 (2.34-18.56), p<0.001] were each independently associated with a higher risk of CT and EC colonization by Legionella. The present study shows the importance of risk assessment for improving the control measures aimed at preventing or reducing Legionella populations in CT and EC, thus minimizing potential dangers for public health.

Independent and Joint Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Lifestyle Score With Incident Stroke.

HomeStrokeAhead of PrintIndependent and Joint Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Lifestyle Score With Incident Stroke No AccessLetterRequest AccessAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialNo AccessLetterRequest AccessIndependent and Joint Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Lifestyle Score With Incident Stroke Haiqing Zhang, PhD, Xuefeng Lai, PhD, Qin Fang, PhD, Lin Ma, MM, Miao Liu, PhD, Huihua Yang, PhD, Wenting Guo, PhD, Meian He, PhD, Liangle Yang, PhD and Xiaomin Zhang, PhD Haiqing ZhangHaiqing Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-6417 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. *H. Zhang and X. Lai contributed equally. Search for more papers by this author , Xuefeng LaiXuefeng Lai Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. *H. Zhang and X. Lai contributed equally. Search for more papers by this author , Qin FangQin Fang Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Lin MaLin Ma Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Miao LiuMiao Liu Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Huihua YangHuihua Yang Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Wenting GuoWenting Guo Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Meian HeMeian He Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author , Liangle YangLiangle Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9751-1904 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author and Xiaomin ZhangXiaomin Zhang Correspondence to: Xiaomin Zhang, PhD, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China. Email E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-5242 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China. Search for more papers by this author Originally published28 Feb 2023https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041126Stroke. 2023;0"Independent and Joint Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Lifestyle Score With Incident Stroke." Stroke, , pp. –Footnotes*H. Zhang and X. Lai contributed equally.For Sources of Funding and Disclosures, see page xxx.Supplemental Material is available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041126.Correspondence to: Xiaomin Zhang, PhD, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China. Email [email protected]com Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2023 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041126PMID: 36852686 Originally publishedFebruary 28, 2023 KeywordsstrokelifestylehabitsagingtelomerePDF download Advertisement SubjectsCerebrovascular Disease/StrokeEpidemiologyLifestyle

An assessment of water quality and the locals' perception of coastal lagoon pollution in ghana: A case study of chemu lagoon in tema

The Chemu lagoon is not immune to pollution through chemical waste contamination, refuse disposals, and untreated household sewage, and hence has been chosen as a case study. This paper aims to assess the lagoon's level of pollution. Chemical analysis of water samples, field observations, and a structured survey questionnaire was used to assess the state of the lagoon. The study revealed that the Chemu lagoon has inferior water quality as most of the parameters evaluated were above the acceptable standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Significant differences in concentrations of water quality parameters were established between seasons. The study found that respondents were aware of the lagoon’s polluted state and attributed pollution to siltation and waste dumping. This leads to offensive odour, livelihood losses emphasising a reduction in fishing activities, and outbreaks of diseases in the area. Conclusively, stakeholders have not prioritised mitigating pollution of the lagoon. The study recommends that the Environmental Health and Waste Management Departments of the Tema Metropolitan Assembly intensify house-to-house hygiene education and sanitary inspection in the area. There should be education and sensitisation on proper waste management practices in the area.

Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of congenital heart defects in Suzhou, China.

More and more studies have investigated the association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and incidence of congenital heart defects (CHDs), but results are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal exposure to air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2) are associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects in Suzhou city, China. Based on the birth defect monitoring system of Suzhou city and the Environmental Health Department of Suzhou CDC, the birth defect monitoring data and concentrations of five air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2) in Suzhou city from 2015 to 2019 were obtained. The distribution of demographic characteristics of children with birth defects and exposure to air pollutant concentrations during different pregnancy periods were analyzed, Chi-square test was used to analyze whether there were statistical differences in the distribution of parturient woman age, pregnant weeks, times of pregnancy, as well as fetal sex and birth weight among children with congenital heart defects and other defects. Logistic regression model was further established to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between exposure to these ambient air pollutants during pregnancy and CHDs. A total of 5,213 infants with birth defects were recruited in this study from 2015 to 2019, the top five birth defects in Suzhou were syndactyly, congenital heart disease, ear malformation, cleft lip and palate, and hypospadias, and the proportion of congenital heart disease increased. The level of maternal exposures (mean ± sd) was highest in first trimester amongst pregnant women in Suzhou city. Compared to other birth defects, we observed significant increasing associations between PM2.5 exposure during second and third trimester with risk of CHDs, aORs were 1.228 and 1.236 (95% CI: 1.141-1.322, 1.154-1.324 separately) per a 10 μg/m3 change in PM2.5 concentration. Maternal NO2 exposure was significantly associated with CHDs in first trimester (aOR = 1.318; 95% CI: 1.210-1.435). Our study contributes to explore the current state of Suzhou air quality and the association between maternal air pollution exposure and congenital heart defects. Exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 is thought to increase the risk of CHDs, but comprehensive description of these associations will be needed in future studies.

Tratamiento de lixiviados mezclados tipo I y tipo III mediante filtración y oxidación química

In Riobamba city from Ecuador, for more than thirty years solid urban waste was placed in an open dump, without gas and leachate control. In 2016, the landfill was technically closed and an emerging cell with the characteristics of a sanitary landfill was built nearby. The Environmental Health and Hygiene Management Department of the Riobamba Municipal Decentralized Autonomous Government monitors leachate generation, recording 19.24 m3/day of young leachate (Type I) from the emerging cell and 5.78 m3/day of mature leachate (Type III) from the old landfill. The two types of leachates are mixed in the main collection pipe that reaches a storage pool that receives 25.02 m3/day. The results of the physical-chemical analysis determine that the values of the parameters are outside the permissible limits. Turbidity is &gt;1000 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), and the concentration of suspended solids is 1200 mg. L-1 and iron 135.85 mg. L-1. Calcium (1223 mg. L-1) and manganese (356.15 mg. L-1) were also evaluated, as these minerals are related to the 16,000 mg. L-1 of hardness. For the treatment of the mixed leachate, two phases are proposed: a) physical treatment by downward filtration in a granular bed to reduce the concentrations of suspended solids, and b) chemical treatment by oxidation using sodium hypochlorite. Laboratory results showed a 96.40% decrease in the concentration of suspended solids. Turbidity stabilized at 65 UTN. Iron, calcium, and manganese concentrations decreased by 95.60%, 96.28%, and 50.60%, respectively.

1909. Steak with a Side of Omicron? Efficacy of Coordinated Outbreak Response during an early COVID-19 Omicron Outbreak amongst Restaurant Workers in Riverside County, CA

Abstract Background On Dec 9, 2021, Riverside University Health System-Public Health (RUHSPH) identified a large outbreak of COVID-19 with staff at an upscale restaurant. Omicron was emerging as a Variant of Concern (VOC) and not well understood within the county. This study offers safe reopening strategies during a VOC outbreak. Methods RUHSPH worked with county supervisors, counsel, environmental health, and California Department of Public Health outbreak consultation team. Collaboration with corporate restaurant leaders resulted in voluntary closure of operations on Dec 21, 2021. RUHSPH teams were deployed to test and interview 33 staff over 2 days. Specimens were sent to RUHSPH lab for rapid processing. Positive samples were sent to California Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory for whole genomic sequencing (WGS). Outbreak mitigation measures were agreed upon with restaurant leaders. Demographics of cases were summarized using descriptive statistics. Differences by vaccination status and Omicron VOC confirmation were tested with Pearson's Chi-Square. Results Between Nov 18-Dec 28, 2021, 31 cases were identified with a mean age of 34.9 years, including 4 positives during the 2-day outbreak investigation. (Table 1) Staff were demographically diverse with no significant differences among those who completed their primary vaccine series. 7 Omicron BA.1 cases were detected amongst staff who completed their primary vaccine series. (Figure 1) Significantly more Omicron cases were observed among females (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis of the Omicron specimens showed three distinct introductions with one clear cluster of 4 cases. A framework of staff clearance was detailed with restaurant leaders. Clearance criteria allowed for reopening the next day. Contact tracing occurred for 79 total staff. No additional cases were identified amongst restaurant staff and the outbreak was closed on Jan 2, 2022. Table 1.Characteristics of the 31 employees that tested positive, including those tested during the 2-day investigation.Figure 1.Employees Infected with COVID-19 by Date of Symptom Onset or Specimen Collection Conclusion This response highlights the importance of collaboration between state, local, and workplaces to develop a concise approach in an emerging VOC outbreak. WGS provided evidence of distinct introductions and workplace transmission amongst restaurant staff. This approach will be imperative to evaluate and contain future VOC outbreaks. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Norovirus attribution study: Detection of norovirus from the commercial food preparation environment in outbreak and non-outbreak premises.

Norovirus remains the most significant virological risk that is transmitted via food and the environment to cause acute gastroenteritis. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the contamination of the commercial food production environment with norovirus will be higher in premises that have recently reported a foodborne norovirus outbreak than those that have not. Sampling of commercial food production environments was carried out across a 16-month period between January 2015 and April 2016 in the South East and the North West of England by local authority environmental health departments as part of routine surveillance visits to premises. A total of 2982 samples, 2038 virological and 944 bacteriological, were collected from 256 premises. Sixteen of these premises, six from South East and ten from North West England, were sampled as part of a public health outbreak investigation. Overall, 2038 swabs were submitted for norovirus testing, with an average of eight swabs per premises (range 4 to 23) and a median of seven. Of the premises sampled, 11.7% (30/256) yielded at least one norovirus-positive sample (environmental, and/or food handler hand swab), and 2.5% of the swabs were positive for norovirus. A peak in the positivity rate was seen in the South East in April 2016. No associations were found between norovirus positivity and bacteriology indicators, or between bacteriology indicators and hygiene ratings. This study demonstrates that food premises and food handlers remain a potential source of norovirus transmission and outbreaks.

Efficiency of Salam Leaf (Syzygium Potyanthum) Extract on Death of Aedes aegypti Mosquito

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector of dengue fever in Indonesia. Control using synthetic chemical insecticides has a bad impact. Vegetable insecticides from salam leaf extract are a solution to reduce the negative impact of synthetic chemical insecticides. the aim of this study is To determine the efficacy of salam leaf extracts against the death of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This research was carried out experimentally with the Post-test design with a control group (Post Test Only Control Group), namely, the experimental group receive treatment or intervention (X) followed by a second measurement or observation (O2), with the study population being all Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which were bred in the Laboratory and Workshop of the Environmental Health Department of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of Aceh. The results of the efficacy test of salam leaf ethanol extract by spraying obtained LC 50 = 69.103% and LC 90 = 299.972%, by fogging LC 50 = 43.937% and LC 90 = 311.879%. Salam leaves are very effective, the efficacy of Aedes aegypti mosquito mortality is carried out by spray or fogging at a concentration of 90 LC. It is hoped that the results of this study can be applied in the community for efforts to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by using vegetable insecticides that can reduce the effects of synthetic chemicals.

Prenatal exposure to Nitrogen Oxides and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) as a cardiovascular risk factor in school-aged children participants of the POSGRAD Cohort

Prenatal exposure to Nitrogen Oxides and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) as a cardiovascular risk factor in school-aged children participants of the POSGRAD Cohort. Priscila Ceja Esparza¹, Albino Barraza Villarreal¹, Leticia Hernández Cadena¹ ¹ Department of Environmental Health, The National Institute of Public Health of Mexico (INSP) Background and Aim: Prenatal exposure to NOx may increase the risk of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between prenatal exposure to NOx and its effect on the behavior of the WHtR in school-aged children from the ages of 7 to 12 years old and to determine if the prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influences the outcome. Methods: We included 642 mother-child from the POSGRAD cohort. Land use regression models were performed to estimate exposure to NOx (NO, NO2 and NOx) using the results of passive outdoor monitoring from a representative sample of participant households. Child anthropometrics were taken yearly and WHtR was calculated. The association between prenatal exposure to NOx and WHtR was measured through a logistic random-effects model by tertiles of exposure and considering the prenatal supplementation status. Results: We found a significant difference in the risk of having a WHtR &amp;#x3e;= 0.5, on the second tertile of exposure for NOx between the supplemented (OR= 0.59, IC 95%: 0.10-3.49, p = 0.56) and placebo (OR=13.74, IC 95%: 1.94-97.24, p=0.01) groups when compared with the lowest tertile; in the third tertile the ORs were bigger for both groups, however, these were not significant. Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to NOx can affect the WHtR outcome in children and prenatal supplementation with DHA can decrease this effect. The lack of protection of DHA at higher levels of exposure could suggest a need for higher doses of supplementation. Key Words: Prenatal, Waist-to-Height Ratio, Nitrogen Oxides, Cardiovascular Risk

The Effectiveness of Using Coral Stone and Shell Powder as Natural Coagulants in Reducing Mn, Fe and Turbidity Levels in Water Using the Backwash Method

Turbidity poses a big problem in water treatment. One of the processing stages in the water treatment unit is the coagulation/flocculation process to remove turbidity. This study uses coral stone and oyster shell powder as locally available natural coagulants to reduce water turbidity. Coral stone and shell powder have now been widely used as a natural coagulant in reducing Mn, Fe levels. However, using coral stone and shell powder as a natural coagulant is still debated. To determine the effectiveness of using coral stone and shellfish powder as natural coagulants in reducing Mn, Fe, and water turbidity levels using the backwashing method. This research is an experimental study with a pretest and post-test design. The population in this study was all water in community dug wells that were cloudy and contained high levels of Mn, Fe, and a sample of 100 liters was taken for filtering experiments and samples for checking levels of Mn, iron (Fe), and water turbidity. This research was conducted at the Health Polytechnic of the Aceh Ministry of Health from July to November 2021. The water analysis was carried out at the Health Laboratory of the Aceh Environmental Health Department. The laboratory tests were analyzed using the paired t-test and the ANOVA test. The results showed an effect of the treatment of coral stone and clamshells on the decrease in Fe content with a P-value of 0.012 (α &lt; 0.05). Likewise, the Mn content affects the treatment of coral stone and shell powder with a thickness of 40 cm, 30 cm, and 20 cm, which affects the decrease in Mn content with a P-value of 0.001 (α &lt; 0.05). The results showed that Fe levels before entering the shelter had a significant difference with the processing of coral and shell powder with a thickness of 40 cm, 30 cm, and 20 cm. Coral and shells with a thickness of 40 cm, 30 cm, and 20 cm with 15 repetitions can reduce Fe content from 5.2476 ppm to the lowest at 2.4747 ppm. Coral Rock and Shell Powder Effective as a ........

TRAINING ON MAKING CLEAN WATER PROCESSING UNITS FOR PERMANENT RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES I NANGBELAWAN VILLAGE I SIMPANG EMPAT DISTRICT KARO REGENCY

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in Karo Regency from 2010 to 2018, forced residents around the slopes of the mountain to evacuate to a safe place. There are 5 sub-districts affected, namely Simpat Empat, Naman Teran, Payung, Munthe and Tiganderket sub-districts. This mountain has never erupted since 1600. As a result of this eruption the government has designated 3 Temporary Residential Locations (Huntara) and 33 locations designated as Permanent Residential (Huntap). Huntap I Nangbelawan Village I is one of 33 independent relocation sites known as Permanent Residential (Huntap) which has been provided by the Karo Regency government until 2019. The Karo Regency Government has carried out a lot of development in Huntap refugee camps such as entrance facilities, electricity , drainage, communal, worship facilities, health facilities and clean water. The clean water facility built by the government is in the form of drilled wells. Based on oblivion observations, the levels of lead (Pb) in community bore well water caused the existence of air shelters for several residents visited by the team. Based on these problems, training activities for making clean water treatment units were carried out in permanent residential communities I Nangbelawan I Village, Simpang Empat District, Karo Regency. Solving the problem of water quality from drilled wells for the shelter I community, Nang Belawan Village, Simpang Empat District, Karo Regency by the community service team from Poltekkes, Ministry of Health, Medan, Department of Environmental Health, was carried out by suggesting that a building/water treatment unit be constructed using a combination method of sand filter and up-flow activated carbon. " The advantages of this unit are, among others, it can reduce the turbidity and solid form of solid materials, as well as in general it can reduce the metal content of Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mg). With the flow from the bottom to the top (up-flow) so that the constraints and difficulties in processing can be done easily by the displaced community.

Pengaruh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya linn) terhadap larvasida Aedes aegypti

Background: Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is strongly influenced by the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The most effective method for tackling DHF is by killing the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Reducing the negative impact of using chemical larvicides can be done through a safer alternative model, namely natural larvicides from plants. The plant studied with a characteristic ability to kill Aedes aegypti larvae is papaya leaves. Papaya leaf extract contains compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, papain, saponins, tannins, and papain, which can kill Aedes aegypti larvae.Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya Linn) and the effect of concentration as Aedes aegypti larvicide.Method: The design used in this study was experimental, using 240 Aedes aegypti larvae, three treatments, and three repetitions. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Environmental Health Department of Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health in 2021. The data was collected through observations every 1 hour for the first 3 hours. The analysis used was the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with the Least Significance Different (LSD) test at 95% CI.Results: The results showed that the average mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was at a concentration of 10% (10), a concentration of 20% (13), and a concentration of 30% (16). The results of the Anova test showed that giving papaya leaf extract affected the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae (p = 0.000). The most effective concentrations in killing Aedes aegypti larvae were 20% and 30%.Conclusion: Papaya leaf extract was very effective as a larvacide of Aedes aegypti, and it was found that concentrations of 20% and 30% were the best formulas for larvicides.