Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP Nick-end Labeling Research Articles

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 contributes to apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells during aortic dissection.

BackgroundTearing of inner layer of aorta causes aortic dissection (AD), a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. The pathological development of AD partially results from apoptotic death of aortic endothelial cells (AECs), the trigger and the molecular regulation of which remain largely unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was initially detected in the brain as a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase regulating neuronal cell cycle re-entry and arrest. The abnormal expression of CDK5 leads to apoptotic cell death following abortive cell cycle re-entry in some neuronal diseases. Although physiological and pathological roles of CDK5 have been widely investigated, the expression and function of CDK5 in AD have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to discuss the expression and function of CDK5 in AD.MethodsGene expression profiles were compared between AD tissues and normal aortic tissues using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with bioinformatic tools. Different cell types were isolated from the digested AD and normal aortic specimens by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Gene expression in cells was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Endothelial cells purified by FACS were transfected in vivo with plasmids. Cell growth was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay.ResultsAnalysis of gene profiles from AD tissues and normal aortic tissues using GEO database showed significant higher expression of CDK5 and its downstream regulated genes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin B1, and B-cell lymphoma 2, which are regulators for cell cycle and apoptosis. Analysis of purified cells from AD and normal aortic specimens further confirmed this result and showed that the major source of CDK5 was endothelial cells. Depletion of CDK5 inhibited apoptosis of AECs, while the expression of CDK5 promoted apoptosis of AECs.ConclusionsCDK5 induces apoptosis of AECs to promote AD. CDK5 appears to be a promising novel target for preventing AD.

Protective effect of anisodamine on bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in immature rats via modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

BackgroundPediatric acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most common causes of infant mortality. Although lung-protective strategies have developed in recent years, no ALI treatment is currently available. Anisodamine (Ani) is a common drug used to treat gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm. The protective effects of Ani against acute kidney injury and myocardial injury have been reported. However, the efficacy of Ani on bleomycin (BLM)-induced ALI has not been examined previously. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of Ani on bleomycin (BLM)-induced ALI on immature rats.MethodsThe ALI rat model was established by intratracheally administration of BLM. Ani treatment was performed by an intravenous injection at different concentrations. The lung function of each rat was measured, and then lung tissue structures, apoptosis, and collagen deposition were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and Masson’s staining, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and fibrosis-related markers was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and/or Western blot analysis. Finally, the expression levels of Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were determined.ResultsOur findings indicated that lung function was remarkably decreased in BLM-induced rats, which could be reversed by Ani. Ani treatment increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, decreased the apoptotic rate and apoptosis-related proteins, and downregulated the expression of fibrosis-related markers. Additionally, Ani treatment also attenuated inflammatory response and suppressed the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that Ani had potent activity against BLM-induced ALI in immature rats through inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our findings provide supporting evidence to further investigate the therapeutic effect of Ani against ALI in children.

The zinc finger protein GATA4 induces mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transition and cellular senescence through the nuclear factor‐κB pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

The high mortality and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have raised the public attention. Gene therapy is considered as a promising treatment option for cancer; thus, finding a new therapeutic target for HCC is urgently needed. GATA4 is a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancers, but its role in HCC is unclear. In this study, we explored the function of GATA4 in HCC. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the mRNA expression of GATA4 in HCC cells and tissues. Cell viability, transwell, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays were applied to examine different aspects of biological effects of GATA4 in vitro. Xenografts, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assays were performed to evaluate the effect of GATA4 on tumorigenicity in vivo. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and β-galactosidase staining were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the function of GATA4. We found that GATA4 was silenced in 15/19 (79%) HCC tissues. Restoring the expression of GATA4 induced G0 /G1 phase arrest, promoted apoptosis, suppressed HCC proliferation in vitro, and inhibited HCC tumor growth in vivo. Our data further showed that the ectopic expression of GATA4 induced cellular senescence through regulating nuclear factor-κB and inducing mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Our data demonstrated that by inducing cellular senescence and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, GATA4 plays a crucial role as a tumor suppressor in HCC. It may thus be a potential cancer therapeutic target for HCC.

Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in a rat model of endometriosis through the VEGFR-2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the link between the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the ectopic endometrium growth and the VEGFR-2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, a mechanism known to inhibit angiogenesis and induce ectopic endometrial cell apoptosis.Materials and methodsA model of endometriosis was established by allotransplantation in rats. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the ginsenoside Rg3 low-dose group (group A,5mg/kgBW/d of ginsenoside Rg3), the ginsenoside Rg3 high-dose group (group B, 10mg/kgBW/d of ginsenoside Rg3), the gestrinone group (group C, 0.5mg/kgBW/d of gestrinone), the control group (groupD, 10ml/kg BW/d of 0.5%CMC-Na) and the ovariectomized group (group E, 10ml/kgBW/d of 0.5%CMC-Na). Rats were executed after 21 days of continuous administration. The ectopic endometrium volume was measured and the inhibitory rate was calculated. The levels of serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were detected by Electro-Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLI). The protein expressionof VEGF, VEGFR-2, p-Akt, and p-mTOR inthe ectopic endometrium wastested by immunohistochemistry(IHC) and Western Blotting. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR-2, Akt, and mTOR were tested by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The apoptosis rate of the ectopic endometrial cells was detected by Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated Digoxigenin-dUTP Nick-End Labeling Assay(TUNEL).Main resultsTissue measurements revealed a dose-dependent inhibition effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on the growth of the ectopic endometrium in treated rats compared to controls. Immunohistochemical and Western Blotting assays confirmed that the expression of VEGF, p-Akt, and p-mTOR was down-regulated in ginsenoside Rg3 -treated lesions. Real-time PCR results also showed that the mRNA expression levels of VEGF, Akt, and mTOR in the ectopic endometrium were reduced.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates, for the first time, that ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses angiogenesis in developing endometrial lesions. The ginsenoside Rg3 inhibitory effect on the growth of the ectopic endometrium in EMs rats might occur through the blocking of the VEGFR-2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thus halting angiogenesis and promoting the apoptosis of ectopic endometrial cells.

Thrombospondin-1 expression may be implicated in liver atrophic mechanism due to obstructed portal venous flow.

Liver is an amazing organ that can undergo regenerative and atrophic changes inversely, depending on blood flow conditions. Although the regenerative mechanism has been extensively studied, the atrophic mechanism remains to be elucidated. To assess the molecular mechanism of liver atrophy due to reduced portal blood flow, we analyzed the gene expressions between atrophic and hypertrophic livers induced by portal vein embolization in three human liver tissues using microarray analyses. Thrombospondin (TSP)-1 is an extracellular protein and a negative regulator of liver regeneration through its activation of the transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway. TSP-1 was extracted as the most upregulated gene in atrophic liver compared to hypertrophic liver due to portal flow obstruction in human. Liver atrophic and hypertrophic changes were confirmed by HE and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling. In an in vivo model with portal ligation, TSP-1 and phosphorylated Smad2 expression were continuously induced at 6h and thereafter in the portal ligated liver, whereas the induction was transient at 6h in the portal non-ligated liver. Indeed, while cell proliferation represented by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression at 48h was induced in the portal ligated liver, the sinusoidal dilatation and hepatocyte cell death with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling was detectable at 48h in the portal ligated liver. Obstructed portal flow induces persistent TSP-1 expression and transforming growth factor-β/Smad signal activation in atrophic liver. Thrombospondin-1 may be implicated in the liver atrophic change due to obstructed portal flow as a pro-atrophic factor.

Anti-oxidative stress effect of red ginseng in the brain is mediated by peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) repression via estrogen receptor (ER) β up-regulation

Aim of the studyGinseng has been used as an anti-stress agent, and its active ingredient, ginsenoside, is similar in structure to estrogen. However, the effect of ginseng on the stressed brain is not completely understood. The aim of this study is to understand systematically how red ginseng (RG) affects gene expressions in the brain of immobilization (IMO) stressed mice to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Materials and methodsFor in vivo experiments, mice were stressed by immobilization for 30, 45, or 60min, and gene expression in the mice brain was analyzed by microarray and system biology. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and gene expression by Western blot or qPCR. For in vitro study, the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were stressed by H2O2 exposure. The resultant cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay, and gene expression by Western blot, ELISA, or qPCR. ResultsMicroarray analysis of genes in IMO stressed mice brains showed that RG administration prior to IMO stress downregulated >40 genes including peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4). Interestingly, PADI4 was up-regulated by various stresses such as H2O2, acrylamide, and tunicamycin in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but inhibited by RG. IMO stress and in vitro H2O2 stress depressed the estrogen receptor (ER)-β expression but not ERα. However, RG treatment increased ERβ expression both in vivo and in vitro. Comparative analysis regarding the networks by systems biology revealed that TNF-α plays a critical role in IMO stress, and the cell death associated network was much higher than other categories. Consistently, the IMO stress induced TNF-α and Cox-2 expressions, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cell death in the brain, whereas RG administration inhibited these inductions in vivo. siRNA and transient expression studies revealed that ERβ inhibited the PADI4 expression. ConclusionPADI4 could be used as an oxidative stress marker. RG seems to inhibit oxidative stress-inducible PADI4 by up-regulating ERβ expression in the brain thus protecting brain cells from apoptosis.

Markers of potential malignancy in chronic hyperplastic candidiasis

To examine the presence of markers associated with malignancy, including p53, p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, murine double minutes-2, and others, in chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. Immunohistochemical methods were used to examine the expression of p53, murine double minutes-2, p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, metallothionein, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in 42 chronic hyperplastic candidiasis lesions and 11 non-infected control tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling was used to examine apoptosis, which was correlated with p53 expression. These markers were measured in lesions of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis that did not show any epithelial dysplasia or histological signs of malignancy. p53 scores were higher in chronic hyperplastic candidiasis than in controls (P = 0.0046). Murine double-minutes 2 levels were not elevated. p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A was increased in parabasal (P < 0.0001) and basal epithelial cells. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis lesions showed a similar basal/parabasal metallothionein staining pattern to that seen in normal squamous epithelium. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was increased (P = 0.0007), as was apoptosis (P = 0.0033). Increased p53 in oral chronic hyperplastic candidiasis suggests an increased potential for malignant change in the epithelium, above that of normal tissues. Further functional investigation is required, as well as clinical follow-up studies.

Protective Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Purpose: To investigate whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a protective effect on retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanisms.Methods: Seventy-six female Wistar rats were randomized evenly into Sham, I/R injury model (M group), model plus vehicle (MV), and model plus CAPE (MC) groups. Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mmHg for 60 min. Rats in the MV and MC groups were injected with vehicle and CAPE (10 µmol/kg i.p.), respectively, before reperfusion and once a day for one or seven days after I/R. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the retinal tissues were determined 24 hr after I/R. Retinal cells apoptosis was detected 24 hr after I/R injury by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling staining. On day 7 after reperfusion, the electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded, and the retinal histology was examined and quantified using light microscopy.Results: CAPE significantly decreased the MDA levels and increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the retina compared with the ischemia group (p < 0.05). CAPE attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cells of the rat retina. CAPE also suppressed the I/R-induced reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG (p < 0.05). The thickness of the entire retina, inner nuclear layer, and inner plexiform layer and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer in the MC group were significantly greater than those in the M group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: CAPE can protect the rat retina from I/R injury by enhancing the antioxidation ability and inhibiting the apoptosis of retinal cells, which suggests that CAPE is potentially useful for treating I/R-induced eye disorders.

Increased apoptosis of germ cells in patients with AZFc deletions

AZFc deletions are associated with variable testicular histology ranging from the Sertoli cell only to spermatogenic arrest and hypospermatogenesis. Such variable phenotypes may be explained by progressive germ cell regression over time. Increased apoptosis is likely responsible for progressive regression of spermatogenic potential. This study evaluated germ cell apoptosis as a cause of the progressive decrease in the number of germ cells in patients with AZFc deletions. This study evaluated germ cell apoptosis in patients with AZFc deletions. A total of 151 patients who were diagnosed with either severe oligozoospermia or non-obstructive azoospermia were screened for Y chromosome microdeletions. Germ cell apoptosis was examined using terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) on formalin-fixed 5-microm sections of testicular specimens. Seven out of 117 (6.0%) patients with azoospermia and 4 of 34 (11.8%) patients with severe oligozoospermia had Y chromosome microdeletions. The percentage of apoptotic germ cells in the testes of patients with AZFc deletions were significantly increased compared to those of patients without AZFc deletions. These results suggest that increased apoptosis of germ cells is responsible for the progressive decline of spermatogenic potential in patients with AZFc deletions.

Hypoxia confers protection against apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in endothelial progenitor cells

The recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) to ischemia has recently been suggested as an important mechanism of tissue repair. Although tissue ischemia can facilitate EPC mobilization, recruitment, and retention at the hypoxic site, the effects of hypoxia on EPC survival are not well known. In the present study, we examined whether hypoxia (2% O2) would suppress apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal and whether survival signals, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways, were involved in this process. After being serum-starved for 24 h, EPC were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (2% O2) for 24 h. Cell survival was assessed by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, annexin V-propidium iodide dual-color flow cytometry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The expressions of signaling proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Under hypoxic conditions, EPC were resistant to apoptosis induced by serum starvation. The inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway using the LY294002 inhibitor prevented hypoxia-inhibited apoptosis in EPC and altered the phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, an effector protein involved in regulation of EPC apoptosis. However, ERK inhibitor PD98059 had no significant effect on cell survival. Our data demonstrated that hypoxia inhibited serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis in EPC, which might be associated with the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Synergistic antitumoral activity and induction of apoptosis by novel pan Bcl-2 proteins inhibitor apogossypolone with adriamycin in human hepatocellular carcinoma

To investigate the in vitro and in vivo activities and related mechanism of apogossypolone (ApoG2) alone or in combination with adriamycin (ADM) against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The IC50 of ApoG2 in vitro was tested by WST assay, and the synergistic effect was analyzed using the CalcuSyn method. Cell apoptosis was determined using 4',6-diamidino-2- phenylindole staining and flow cytometric analysis. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In vivo activity was evaluated in the xenograft model in nude mice, and apoptosis in tumor tissues was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The IC50 of ApoG2 in HCC cells was 17.28-30.63 micromol/L. When ApoG2 was combined with ADM, increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis were observed in SMMC-7721 cells compared to treatment with ApoG2 alone. The Western blotting results indicated that the ApoG2 induced apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells by downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-XL, up-regulating pro-apoptotic protein Noxa, and promoting the activities of caspases-9 and -3. The tumor growth of xenograft SMMC-7721 was inhibited in nude mice when ApoG2 was administered orally without causing damage to the normal tissues. The in vivo study also indicated an increasing anti-tumoral effect when ApoG2 at 100 or 200 mg/kg dosages were used together with ADM at 5.5 mg/kg, with relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C) values of 0.456 and 0.323, respectively. Apoptosis induced in vivo by ApoG2 alone or combined with ADM was confirmed by TUNEL assay in tumor tissues. ApoG2 is a potential non-toxic target agent that induces apoptosis by upregulating Noxa, while inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins and promoting the effect of chemotherapy agent ADM in HCC.

Down-regulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway activity is involved in 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis and motility inhibition in Hep3B cells

The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) pathway plays a critical role in normal embryogenesis and carcinogenesis, but its function in cancer cells treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains unknown. We examined the expression of a subset of SHh signaling pathway genes, including SHh, SMO, PTC1, Su(Fu) and HIP in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, Hep3B and HepG2, treated with 5-FU by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Using trypan blue analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay, we also detected the apoptosis of Hep3B cells resulting from the transfection of pCS2-Gli1 expression vector combined with 5-FU treatment. The motility of the cells was detected by scratch wound closure assay. The expression and subcellular location of PTC1 protein in Hep3B cells treated by 5-FU were also investigated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent microscopy. The results indicated that the expression of SHh pathway target molecules at both messenger RNA and protein levels are evidently down-regulated in Hep3B cells treated with 5-FU. The overexpression of Gli1 restores cell viability and, to some extent, the migration abilities inhibited by 5-FU. Furthermore, 5-FU treatment affects the subcellular localization of PTC1 protein, a key member in SHh signaling pathway. Our data showed that the down-regulation of SHh signaling pathway activity was involved in 5-FU-induced apoptosis and the inhibition of motility in hedgehog-activated HCC cell lines. This implies that the combination of SHh signaling pathway inhibitor and 5-FU-based chemotherapy might represent a more promising strategy against HCC.

Angiopoietin-1 protects mesenchymal stem cells against serum deprivation and hypoxia-induced apoptosis through the PI3KAkt pathway1

The angiopoietin-1 (Ang1)/Tie-2 signaling system not only plays a pivotal role in vessel growth, remodeling, and maturation, but also reduces apoptosis of endothelial cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes. However, relatively little is known as to whether Ang1 has a protective effect on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Ang1/Tie-2 signaling on MSC against serum deprivation and hypoxia-induced apoptosis, and to determine the possible mechanisms. Hoechst 33342 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling staining were used to assess the apoptosis of MSC. The expression of Tie-2, Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-9 and -3 was detected by Western blot analysis. This study showed that MSC expressed Tie-2 receptor, and Ang1 induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation. The protective effect of Ang1 on MSC was dose-dependent and peaked at 50 microg/L; however, the soluble Tie-2/Fc fusion protein, which acts as an inhibitor by sequestering Ang1, abrogated the anti-apoptotic effect. Ang1 induced Akt phosphorylation, increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and decreased the activation of caspase-9 and -3. All these effects were attenuated by Tie-2/Fc and a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin. These results demonstrate that Ang1 can protect MSC against serum deprivation and hypoxia-induced apoptosis; Ang1/Tie-2 signaling and its downstream PI3K/Akt messenger pathway are crucial in the processes leading to MSC survival.

Edaravone (MCI-186), a free radical scavenger, attenuates retinal ischemiareperfusion injury in rats1

To investigate the effect of edaravone (MCI-186), a free radical scavenger, against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina. Retinal ischemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by elevating intraocular pressure to 110 mmHg for 60 min. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with edaravone at a dose of 3 mg/kg at 30 min before ischemia, and then treated with edaravone (3 mg/kg, ip) twice daily for 1 or 5 d after I/R. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the retinal tissues were determined on d 1 after I/R injury. The apoptosis of retinal neurons was detected on d 1 after I/R injury by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling staining. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded on d 5 after reperfusion. Edaravone lowered MDA levels, raised SOD activity, and attenuated I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal neurons within the inner nuclear, ganglion cell, and outer nuclear layers of the rat retina. Moreover, edaravone suppressed I/R-induced reduction in a- and b-wave amplitudes of ERG. Edaravone can protect the retina from I/R injury in rats through reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis of retinal neurons, which suggests that edaravone might be a potential choice for the treatment of I/R-induced eye disorders.

Novel tumor‐ablation device for liver tumors utilizing heat energy generated under an alternating magnetic field

We have developed a novel tumor-ablation device for liver tumors utilizing heat energy induced by magnesium ferrite (MgFe(2)O(4)) particles under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) produced by electric currents. This novel device can repeatedly heat liver tumors at lower temperature than usual heating devices, such as radiofrequency ablation therapy, with slight infliction of pain. This study assesses its heating effect on rat liver tumors as local therapy. The small needle was manufactured from MgFe(2)O(4) particles by sintering at 1100 degrees C. After a MgFe(2)O(4) needle was inserted into liver tumors comprising of dRLh-84 cells, the tumors were heated for 30 min under an AMF. We examined cellular activity by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and evaluated the effect of suppressing tumor growth by sequentially comparing the tumor diameter with that of the control group. The mean temperature of the heated tumors was 60.2 +/- 1.8 degrees C. The tumor cells were constricted, and chromatin of nuclei had shrunk immediately after heating. The heat-injury area that contained the tumors was negative for NADH diaphorase activity. After 3 days, the tumor cells in the heat-injury area became positive for TUNEL staining, which detects cell death. At 7 days, the mean tumor diameters were significantly smaller in the heating group than in the control group (6.15 +/- 0.47 mm vs 16.89 +/- 2.69 mm; P < 0.05). This device, utilizing heat energy induced by ferromagnetic metal under an AMF, appears useful as local thermotherapy for human liver cancer.

Effect of β2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide

To observe the effect of beta2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischemia and 60 min reperfusion on a Langendorff apparatus. Cardiac function was evaluated by heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular systolic pressure, maximal rise rate of left ventricular pressure [+dp/dt(max)], and the coronary effluent (CF). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the coronary effluent, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the cardiac tissue were measured using commercial kits. The apoptotic cardiomyocyte was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA levels and the expression of caspase-3 were detected by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Cultured newborn rat cardiomyocytes were preincubated with clenbuterol, and oxidative stress injury was induced by H2O2. Cell viability and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM). In the isolated rat hearts after I/R injury, clenbuterol significantly improved diastolic function (LVEDP and CF) and Ca2+-ATPase activity. Treatment with clenbuterol increased SOD activity and decreased the MDA level and LDH release compared with the I/R group (P<0.05). Moreover, clenbuterol decreased apoptosis, which was associated with a reduction in TUNEL-positive cells, Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA, and caspase-3 expression. In H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury, clenbuterol increased cell viability and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Pretreatment with ICI118551 (selective beta2-adrenergic antagonist) decreased these effects compared with the clenbuterol-treated group (P<0.05). Clenbuterol ameliorated ventricular diastolic function by enhancing Ca2+-ATPase activity and reduced oxidative stress and cardiac myocyte apoptosis in an experimental rat model of myocardium I/R. It decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2 in vitro. It plays a key role in the cardiac protection against myocardium I/R injury.

Cytotoxic effect of CdSe quantum dots on mouse embryonic development

The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxic effect of quantum dots (QD), a novel luminescent material, on early post-implantation embryonic development. Mouse blastocysts were incubated in medium with or without CdSe-core QD (250 or 500 nmol/L) for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and proliferation was investigated by dual differential staining. Pre-implantation and post-implantation development was assessed by in vitro and in vivo analyses, respectively. The apoptotic staining analysis showed that CdSe-core QD induced apoptosis in mouse blastocysts in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of blastocysts with CdSe-core QD inhibited cell proliferation, primarily in the inner cell mass. CdSe-core QD also inhibited post-implantation embryonic development; fewer CdSe-core QD-pretreated blastocysts reached the later stages of development compared to the controls. The pre-implantation development of morulas into blastocysts was also inhibited by CdSe-core QD. Furthermore, CdSe-core QD at 500 nmol/L were associated with resorption of post-implantation blastocysts and a decrease in fetal weight. The cytotoxicity of CdSe QD in embryonic development was significantly reduced by the addition of a ZnS coating. Our results show that CdSe-core QD induce apoptosis in mouse blastocysts, inhibit cell proliferation, retard early post-implantation blastocyst development, and increase early-stage blastocyst death in vitro and in vivo.

Silencing livin gene by siRNA leads to apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and proliferation inhibition in malignant melanoma LiBr cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of silencing the livin gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of livin and the effects on apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation in human malignant melanoma LiBr cells. Three chemically-synthetic siRNA duplexes targeting livin were transiently transfected into the LiBr cells, and the effects on livin expression were detected both at the mRNA level by real-time RT-PCR and at the protein level by Western blotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay, flow cytometric analysis, and the expression of procaspase-3 and activated caspase-3 analysis by Western blotting. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. One of the 3 designed siRNA could effectively knock down the livin expression both at the mRNA and protein levels in dose- and time-dependent manners; 100 nmol/L with maximum downregulation on mRNA at 48 h, and on the protein at 72 h after transfection. Silencing livin could significantly induce apoptosis, arrest cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibit proliferation in LiBr cells. Meanwhile, caspase-3 was activated. The livin gene could serve as a potential molecular target for gene therapy by siRNA for malignant melanoma.

Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome

To examine sperm DNA fragmentation in semen used for assisted reproduction procedures to establish this factor's prognostic role in fertilization rate, embryo development, pregnancy rate, and outcome. Prospective study. Department of Medicine and Biology of Reproduction of the Edouard Herriot Hospital in Lyon, France. 322 couples, divided into 88 cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or 234 cycles of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Sperm DNA fragmentation was detected in sperm obtained 2 to 5 months before the ART procedure. Sperm DNA fragmentation was measured with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique. There was a negative statistical correlation between the rate of fragmentation and the semen characteristics. A statistically significant negative relationship was found for sperm DNA fragmentation and fertilization when ICSI and IVF were compared. With ICSI, a statistically significant negative relationship was found between fertilization rate and percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation (DNA fragmentation index, or DFI). The risk of nontransfer due to blocked embryo development increased when the DFI exceeded 15% (18.2% for ICSI vs 4.2% for IVF) with an odds ratio of 5.05. The miscarriage risk increased fourfold when the DFI exceeded 15% (37.5% for ICSI vs 8.8% for IVF). Sperm DNA fragmentation measured 2 to 5 months before the assisted reproduction procedure was a prognostic indicator of the fertilization, pregnancy, and miscarriage rates and the pregnancy outcome.

Predictive value of cumulus cell apoptosis with regard to blastocyst development of corresponding gametes

To test if a high degree of apoptosis in cumulus cells could indicate diminished oocyte quality and developmental competence. Prospective analysis. Public hospital and university. Thirty seven women who gave written consent to participate in this study. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were denuded separately and the resulting cumulus cell suspensions were analyzed for presence of apoptosis using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay detection kit. Percentage of apoptotic cumulus cells and blastocyst formation rate. Younger patients (< or = 35 years) showed significantly fewer apoptotic cumulus cells than older ones. In all patients gamete maturity was shown to be highly correlated to the rate of apoptosis in cumulus cells. At zygote and cleavage stages (days 1 to 4) no morphologic features were related to the degree of programmed cell death. However, blastocyst development was predictable taking into account the percentage of apoptosis in associated somatic cells. In addition, there was a trend toward better quality blastocysts from follicles with a lower rate of apoptotic cells. No influence on pregnancy and implantation rate was observed. Apoptotic processes within follicles seem to impair oocyte maturation. Though not manifested in the morphologic appearance, gametes and embryos derived from cumulus complexes with no or minor apoptosis have an increased chance of giving rise to optimal blastocysts.