Soft Denture Liners Research Articles

Comparison of Bond Strength of Soft Denture Liner on the Denture Base Materials Produced by Different Methods and Effect of Thermocycling

Aim: This study set out to determine the tensile bond strength between denture bases (produced by 3D printing technology, conventional technique, and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing [CAD/CAM] milled) and silicone-based soft lining material. The consequence of thermocycling on the bonding strength was also investigated. Materials and Methods: The bonding between denture foundation materials produced through three distinct techniques (conventional, CAD/CAM milled, and 3D printed) and silicone-based soft lining material was examined. Before tensile testing, half of the samples underwent thermocycling (5–55°C, 5,000 cycles) in 37°C distilled water for 48 hours. A universal testing apparatus employed a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The failure type was identified visually, and the maximum tensile strength was noted. The Shapiro-Wilk test and analysis of variances ( P = .05) were used to assess the statistics. Results: CAD/CAM milled denture base material (1.56 ± 0.62/1.36 ± 0.16 MPa) showed higher bond strength values than the other denture bases in the tensile test conducted before and after thermocycling ( P < .001). The denture base material made conventionally had the lowest bond strength (1.02 ± 0.24/0.77 ± 0.1 MPa) ( P < .001). The tensile bond strength values of the conventional and 3D printing groups showed a statistically significant drop before and after thermocycling ( P = .001). Regardless of thermocycling, adhesive failure was primarily seen in all groups (76.6%). Conclusion: Compared to conventionally produced denture bases, the bond strength of soft relining materials to CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed denture base is different. In denture base materials that are conventionally, CAD/CAM and 3D printed, the thermocycling method reduced bonding strength values.

In vitro analysis of a novel dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate modification of dental acrylic soft liner material

Soft denture liners have limitations like short lifespan and increased microbial buildup. Despite promise as a non-leaching antimicrobial polymer in dentistry, the impact of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) on soft liner performance remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of integrating different concentrations of DMADDM to cold cure acrylic resin soft liner, on its antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and physical properties. The same properties were compared to a conventional commercially available denture soft liner. The study employed a control group (conventional soft liner) and three test groups containing 3.3%, 6.6%, and 10% (total mass fraction) DMADDM, respectively. Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was assessed through colony counts and biofilm biomass. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an oral epithelial cell line. Additionally, wettability and hardness were measured to assess physical properties. Incorporation of DMADDM significantly reduced Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans counts, and biofilm biomass, compared to the control. Additionally, DMADDM improved the soft liner's wettability and mitigated long-term hardness increase. In conclusion, DMADDM holds promise in enhancing soft liner performance. However, careful selection of its optimum concentration is crucial to ensure both safety and efficacy for future clinical use.

Comparison of Tensile Bond Strength of Soft Denture Liner Material on Denture Base Resins

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the tensile bond strength (TBS) of a silicone-based soft denture liner material on denture bases produced via conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing techniques and examine the effect of aluminum oxide particle abrasion (APA) on TBS. Material and Methods: A total of 48 cylindrical denture base resin samples were manufactured using three different techniques: conventional, subtractive, and additive manufacturing. The samples were divided into two groups: control and APA. All samples were separated at the center, and the soft liner was applied to the corresponding surfaces. The specimens then underwent TBS testing. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: Two-way ANOVA results indicated a significant difference among the denture base resins, while no significant difference was found between the control and APA groups. The highest TBS was observed in the subtractive-manufactured APA group, while the lowest TBS was in the additive-manufactured APA group. Significant differences were found between the subtractive and additive-manufactured groups (p=0.022). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that TBS varies with the DB's manufacturing technique. While APA increased TBS in subtractive manufacturing, it had no statistically significant effect. Further research should explore different soft lining materials and consider in vivo conditions for more comprehensive insights.

Influence of Some Plant Extracts on Antifungal Properties, Hardness, and Peel Bond Strength of Heat-Cured Denture Soft Liner

Background: Soft liners in dentures play a crucial role in enhancing patient comfort and preventing tissue irritation especially for patients with resorbed ridges. However, microbial colonization presents a challenge to their long-term effectiveness, particularly Candida albicans, leading to conditions like denture-induced stomatitis. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of heat cured soft liners incorporating plant extracts from Olea europaea and Ficus carcia, individually and synergistically. Patients and Methods: Extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, and their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans was determined using the broth microdilution method. Soft liner specimens were prepared with varying concentrations of the extracts and subjected to disk diffusion tests, shore A hardness measurements, and peel bond strength tests. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and Dunnett tests. Results: Results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with the synergistic mixture exhibiting the highest inhibition zone against Candida albicans. Moreover, the addition of such extracts led to increased shore A hardness, with the highest levels recorded for synergistic groups. The extracts also displayed a significant decrease in peel bond strength, indicating potential challenges in adhesive properties. These findings suggest that while individual extracts show promise in antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical reinforcement of soft liners, their combination may lead to compromised adhesive properties. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the development of antimicrobial soft liners reinforced with Olea europaea and Ficus carcia extracts, advancing dental materials towards improved patient outcomes and enhanced oral health. Keywords: Soft liner, Olea europaea, Ficus carcia, Disk diffusion, Compressive strength.

Influence of Some Plant Extracts on Antifungal Properties, Hardness, and Peel Bond Strength of Heat-Cured Denture Soft Liner

Background: Soft liners in dentures play a crucial role in enhancing patient comfort and preventing tissue irritation especially for patients with resorbed ridges. However, microbial colonization presents a challenge to their long-term effectiveness, particularly Candida albicans, leading to conditions like denture-induced stomatitis. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of heat cured soft liners incorporating plant extracts from Olea europaea and Ficus carcia, individually and synergistically. Patients and Methods: Extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, and their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans was determined using the broth microdilution method. Soft liner specimens were prepared with varying concentrations of the extracts and subjected to disk diffusion tests, shore A hardness measurements, and peel bond strength tests. Statistical analysis involved the use of one-way ANOVA and Dunnett tests. Results: Results demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, with the synergistic mixture exhibiting the highest inhibition zone against Candida albicans. Moreover, the addition of such extracts led to increased shore A hardness, with the highest levels recorded for synergistic groups. The extracts also displayed a significant decrease in peel bond strength, indicating potential challenges in adhesive properties. These findings suggest that while individual extracts show promise in antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical reinforcement of soft liners, their combination may lead to compromised adhesive properties. Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights into the development of antimicrobial soft liners reinforced with Olea europaea and Ficus carcia extracts, advancing dental materials towards improved patient outcomes and enhanced oral health.

Evaluation of Peel Bond Strength between Heat Cured Acrylic Based Denture Soft Lining Material and Heat Polymerized Acrylic after Different Acrylic Surface Treatment Methods

Evaluation of Peel Bond Strength between Heat Cured Acrylic Based Denture Soft Lining Material and Heat Polymerized Acrylic after Different Acrylic Surface Treatment Methods

Impact of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporation on Water Sorption and Solubility of Acrylic-Based Denture Soft Lining Material

Denture soft liners are specifically engineered to enhance patient performance by altering the surfaces of prosthetics that come into touch with the soft tissues within the oral cavity. Acrylic resin Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based and silicone elastomer-based are the two main types of denture soft liners. Nanotechnology was employed as a means to enhance the mechanical qualities of dentures. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on the water sorption and solubility characteristics of acrylic-based soft liners. The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The surface characteristics were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This in vitro study demonstrates that including CeO2 NPs at 2% and 3% concentrations does not impact acrylic-based soft lining materials' water sorption and solubility. The solubility of CeO2 is well-recognized to be very low. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the groups.

Evaluation of rheological properties of soft lining materials with different composition under various temperatures

PurposeThe aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the changes the rheological properties of some soft lining materials, to compare the rheological properties and viscoelastic behaviour at different temperatures.Materials and methodsFive soft lining materials (acrylic and silicone based) were used. the storage modulus (G’), loss modulus (G”), tan delta (tan δ) and complex viscosity (η’) were chosen and for each material, measurements were repeated at 23, 33 and 37 °C, using an oscillating rheometer. All data were statistically analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test and Conover’s Multiple Comparison test at the significance level of 0.05.ResultsSoft lining materials had different viscoelastic properties and most of the materials showed different rheological behavior at 23, 33 and 37 °C. At the end of the test (t¹5), at all the temperatures, Sofreliner Tough M had the highest storage modulus values while Visco Gel had the highest loss Tan delta values.ConclusionsThere were significant changes in the rheological parameters of all the materials. Also temperature affected the initial rheological properties, and polymerization reaction of all the materials, depending on temperature increase.Clinical implicationsTemperature affected the initial rheological properties, and polymerization reaction of soft denture liner materials, and clinical inferences should be drawn from such studies conducted. It can be recommended to utilize viscoelastic acrylic-based temporary soft lining materials with lower storage modulus, higher tan delta value, and high viscosity in situations where pain complaint persists and tissue stress is extremely significant, provided that they are replaced often.

Examining the Impact of Incorporating Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Surface Roughness, Surface Hardness, Tensile Strength, and Shear Bond Strength of Chairside Room Temperature Silicone-based Soft Denture Liners: An In-Vitro Study

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effect of the addition of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the surface roughness, surface hardness, tensile strength, and shear bond strength of chairside room temperature silicone-based soft denture liners. Methods: SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were added to the soft liner in different concentrations: 0% (control group), 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight; surface roughness was measured by profilometer, surface hardness, tensile strength, and shear strength were measured by Instron testing machine. Results: Statistically significant differences were found among study groups regarding surface roughness (p = 0.01), surface hardness (p < 0.0001), tensile bond strength (p = 0.002), and shear bond strength (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The addition of 1.5% SiO2NPs demonstrated an enhancement in shear stress and tensile strength with a decrease in surface hardness and did not affect surface roughness.

A Temporary Acrylic Soft Denture Lining Material Enriched with Silver-Releasing Filler-Cytotoxicity, Mechanical and Antifungal Properties.

Colonization of temporary denture soft linings and underlying tissues by yeast-like fungi is an important clinical problem due to the negative influence on the process of prosthetic treatment. Typical hygienic procedures are often insufficient to prevent fungal infections, so in this study, an antimicrobial filler (silver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate) was introduced into acrylic soft liner at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% (w/w). The effect of this modification on antifungal properties against Candida albicans, cytotoxicity, Shore A hardness, tensile strength and tensile bond strength, sorption and solubility was investigated, considering the recommended 30-day period of temporary soft lining use. The most favorable compilation of properties was obtained at a 1 to 6% filler content, for which nearly a total reduction in Candida albicans was registered even after 30 days of sample storing. The tensile and bond strength of these composites was at the desired and stable level and did not differ from the results for the control material. Hardness increased with the increasing concentration in filler but were within the range typical for soft lining materials and their changes during the experiment were similar to the control material. The materials were not cytotoxic and sorption and solubility levels were stable.

Evaluation of Effect the Incorporation of The Virgin Coconut Oil on Thermal Conductivity of Heat-Cure Acrylic Soft Denture Lining Materials

Background: The main disadvantage of soft liners is the low thermal conductivity between the denture base and soft liner material.Aim: The present study aims to estimate the impact of adding virgin coconut oil (1.5% vol and 2.5% vol) to a soft acrylic liner material in a thermal conductivity test.Material and Methods: For this project, we did 30 pieces of acrylic soft liner material. The specimens were divided into three groups: 10 control group specimens that only contained the soft liner material, 10 specimens mixed with virgin coconut oil at a volume of 1.5% with the soft liner material, and 10 specimens mixed with virgin coconut oil at a volume of 2.5% with the soft liner material. Equipment in the Technologies, Department used to conduct thermal conductivity tests. 40mm diameter and 2.5mm thickness thermal conductivity specimens were prepared.Results: Using static analysis, data showed that the soft liner with the highest thermal conductivity contained virgin coconut oil at a volume of 2.5% compared to the soft liner containing virgin coconut oil at a volume of 1.5%, and the control group, the results revealed p < 0.01.Conclusion: Thermal conductivity is increased when virgin coconut oil (2.5% by volume) is incorporated into the soft acrylic liner material.

Severe alveolar ridge resorption and mandibular torus in an edentulous patient undergoing rehabilitation by applying removable complete dentures with a soft denture liner using duplicate dentures: A case report

Severe alveolar ridge resorption and mandibular torus in an edentulous patient undergoing rehabilitation by applying removable complete dentures with a soft denture liner using duplicate dentures: A case report

Effect of soft denture liners on complete denture treatments: A systematic review.

This systematic review examined the effectiveness of soft denture relining (SDR) materials. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ICHUSHI was conducted up to July 26, 2020. Target outcomes were patient satisfaction, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), masticatory ability (MA), denture functional duration, residual ridge resorption (RRR), and microbial contamination. An organization specializing in literature searches performed the reference searches, and two reviewers independently selected the literature sources, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. The reviewers resolved any disagreements concerning the assortment of literature sources through discussion. SDR included acrylic- and silicone-based materials, which were evaluated separately. Reviewers selected 7, 5, 11, 1, 4, and 6 studies to assess patient satisfaction, OHRQOL, MA, functional duration, RRR, and microbial contamination, respectively. The results confirmed that SDR improved patient satisfaction, OHRQOL, MA, and RRR. However, the functional duration of SDR material is shorter than that of hard denture relining (HDR) or acrylic resin material. Furthermore, SDR material is more susceptible to microbial contamination in the long term. The risk of bias for the included studies tended to be high because of specific issues (difficulty in blinding SDR versus HDR). For patients who wear complete dentures, SDR often provides beneficial outcomes such as pain reduction and recovery from MA. However, caution should be exercised regarding their use owing to insufficient functional duration and the possibility of microbial contamination during long-term use.

An assessment of the impact of L.Salvadora persica and G.Tea on the surface roughness and hardness of heat-cured acrylic-based denture soft liners.

Background: Soft denture liners are a type of dental prosthesis that functions as a cushioning material, alleviating the stress induced by the act of chewing. They offer relief to persons who encounter discomfort when wearing complete or partial dentures, particularly when these dentures are situated on rigid surfaces that support the denture. The objective of this study: is to assess the effects of including L.Salvadora persica. and green tea (G.Tea) extract powders on the surface roughness and hardness characteristics of acrylic-based soft liners. Materials & Procedures: 30 specimens were constructed using wax molds and acrylic-based heat-cured denture soft lining material. The standard curing procedure was used. The samples were separated into three equal groups: group A, the control group, with no additives in the soft-liner material; group B, with 5.12% weight percept L.salvadora persica extract powder; and group C, with 5.12% weight present green tea (G.Tea) extract powder. The samples were then prepared for surface hardness and roughness testing. Results: The results revealed that there was a non-significant rise in the mean values of surface roughness for both group B and group C, group B having the highest mean values followed by group C. When compared to the control group, the results showed a considerable rise in the mean values of surface hardness in group (B), which had the highest mean value for surface hardness, followed by group (C). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the incorporation of L.salvadora persica at a concentration of 1.024g and green tea (G.Tea) extract powders at a concentration of 1.024g shown a positive impact on the surface hardness of denture soft lining materials

Application of Zeolites and Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks in Dentistry-A Narrative Review.

Zeolites and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are crystalline aluminosilicates with porous structure, which are closely linked with nanomaterials. They are characterized by enhanced ion exchange capacity, physical-chemical stability, thermal stability and biocompatibility, making them a promising material for dental applications. This review aimed to provide an overview of the application of zeolites and ZIFs in dentistry. The common zeolite compounds for dental application include silver zeolite, zinc zeolite, calcium zeolite and strontium zeolite. The common ZIFs for dental application include ZIF-8 and ZIF-67. Zeolites and ZIFs have been employed in various areas of dentistry, such as restorative dentistry, endodontics, prosthodontics, implantology, periodontics, orthodontics and oral surgery. In restorative dentistry, zeolites and ZIFs are used as antimicrobial additives in dental adhesives and restorative materials. In endodontics, zeolites are used in root-end fillings, root canal irritants, root canal sealers and bone matrix scaffolds for peri-apical diseases. In prosthodontics, zeolites can be incorporated into denture bases, tissue conditioners, soft denture liners and dental prostheses. In implantology, zeolites and ZIFs are applied in dental implants, bone graft materials, bone adhesive hydrogels, drug delivery systems and electrospinning. In periodontics, zeolites can be applied as antibacterial agents for deep periodontal pockets, while ZIFs can be embedded in guided tissue regeneration membranes and guided bone regeneration membranes. In orthodontics, zeolites can be applied in orthodontic appliances. Additionally, for oral surgery, zeolites can be used in oral cancer diagnostic marker membranes, maxillofacial prosthesis silicone elastomer and tooth extraction medicines, while ZIFs can be incorporated to osteogenic glue or used as a carrier for antitumour drugs. In summary, zeolites have a broad application in dentistry and are receiving more attention from clinicians and researchers.

Efficacy of Chemically and Biologically Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated in Soft Denture Liner against Candida albicans: A Comparative In Vitro Study

Efficacy of Chemically and Biologically Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated in Soft Denture Liner against Candida albicans: A Comparative In Vitro Study

Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Heat-Cured Soft Denture Liner Impregnated with Chitosan Nanoparticles

The most serious problem of the resilient denture lining materials is colonization and penetration of the soft-liner surface by Candia albicans and related Candida species. So, this research was oriented to check the antifungal effect of Chitosan nanop articles (CHs NPs) incorporated into heat-cured acrylic soft liners. 60 specimens were prepared, 30 specimens for disk diffusion test and other 30 specimens for viable count of C. albicans test. The specimens split into six groups depending on different percentages of Chitosan NPs addition: 0.5wt%, 1.5wt%, 2.5wt%, 3.5wt%, 4.5wt%, and control group withou t addition 0%). For disk diffusion test, the autoclaved soft lining samples were fitted into sterilized Petri dish containi ng Mueller Hinton agar upon which candidal suspension were swabbed then fitted the samples on the agar surface, in cubated for 24 hrs. Then the inhibition zones were measured by utilizing digital caliper ruler. For viable count test, t he autoclaved samples of soft liner were submersion in sterilized tubes containing Sabouraud dextrose broth in which a small amount of candidal suspension, incubated for 24hrs. The Results of the disk-diffusion test showed the highest mean value of the inhibition zone at 3.5wt% group follow ed by 4.5wt% group and there was no inhibition zone for control and other experimental groups. Furthermore, the vi ability test indicated the colony forming units of C. albicans were decrease as the percentage of CHs NPs increased. With limitation of this study, it was concluded the CHs NPs considered as a strong antifungal agent and the impregnation of the chitosan nanoparticles into soft liner that help to form a soft lining material with antifungal activity and minimal candida associated infection.

Evaluation The Effect of Incorporation of Different Herbal Extract Powders (Either Neem or Aloe Vera) On Thermal Conductivity and Shear Bond Strength of Acrylic Soft Denture Liner Material

The main drawbacks of the soft liners were poor thermal conductivity and poor bonding between denture base and soft lining. The purpose of this study was to analysis the influence of incorporating either Neem or Aloe Vera on thermal conductivity and shear bond strength of heat cure acrylic soft liner. Sixty heat cure acrylic soft liner specimens were prepared and classified as two major groups based on tests that evaluated (thermal conductivity and shear bond strength), each major group sub classified for three groups based on incorporated material: The control group (10) specimens, (10) specimens with 10% by weight of Neem powder; (10) specimens with 10% by weight of Aloe Vera powder. Thermal conductivity specimens were fabrication with dimensions of (40 mm diameter × 2.5 mm thickness). Two acrylic block of shear bond strength specimens with dimensions (75mm × 25mm × 5 mm length, width, depth respectively) was fabrication. The reline material application on space between two acrylic blocks. The (Lee disc) equipment was used to assess thermal conductivity. With a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min, a shear bond strength was measured. Data statically analyzed by One-way ANOVA and LSD tests. The results showed the Neem group had highest mean value of thermal conductivity and shear bond strength than aloe Vera and control groups at p<0.01. Either Neem or Aloe Vera increased thermal conductivity and shear bond strength of soft liner.

Comparative Evaluation of Hardness and Energy Absorption of Some Commercially Available Chairside Silicone-Based Soft Denture Liners and a Heat-Cured Soft Denture Liner.

To investigate the hardness and energy absorption of four commercially available chairside types of silicone materials and compare their properties with heat-cured silicone material. The chairside materials investigated were GC reline soft, mucopren soft, sofreliner soft and elite soft relining. The heat-cured polymer silicone material was Molloplast B. All soft lining materials were processed according to manufacturers' instructions. Two properties were investigated. Ten specimens for each test were prepared for each soft liner except for the water absorption and solubility test, for which only five specimens were prepared. The specimens of energy absorption (10 × 10 × 3 mm) were tested using a Lloyd instruments testing machine. Hardness specimens (38 × 38 × 3) were tested using a shore A durometer and were divided into two subgroups; dry and wet storage. The specimens of energy absorption (10 × 10 × 3 mm) were tested using a Lloyd instruments testing machine. Sofreliner soft was significantly softer than Molloplast B. GC reline soft was significantly harder than molloplast B. At high loads, sofreliner soft and elite soft relining was significantly more resilient than molloplast B. Mucopren soft was significantly stiffer than Molloplast B. At low loads, all materials showed similarities in stiffness and resilience; the difference between them was insignificant. After one month of immersion, GC reline and mucopren significantly increased hardness values. In all conditions and at all four-time points, the hardness values for GC Reline soft were the greatest, and hardness values for Sofreliner Soft were the least. Some chairside soft denture lining materials could have similar significant properties to molloplast-B, such as sofreliner soft and elite.

Impact of apigenin and seashell nano-additives on the antifungal and roughness behavior of a soft denture liner.

Fungal colonization of the soft denture liner is the first step in the development of denture-induced stomatitis. The study aims to assess apigenin and seashell nano-additives for their antifungal efficacy and their impact on the surface roughness of a soft denture liner. The study was accomplished in the Colleges of Dentistry in Duhok, Mosul and Hawler Medical Universities. The Antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans was performed by the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), for apigenin the MIC was determined by agar well diffusion and set at (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) while for seashells, MIC was determined by broth dilution and set at (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%). Fungal adhesion was conducted on seven groups (unmodified soft liner and six groups of the modified liner with the antifungal concentrations (three for each nanoparticle). A total of forty-nine square-shaped specimens (10*10*2mm) of (GC, Super-soft, heat-cured, USA) soft liner were prepared, the adherent fungal cells were enumerated under a light microscope for each specimen in four fields and the results were expressed as fungal cells/mm2. For the surface roughness, forty-nine specimens of (20*10*3 mm) of the soft liner were prepared and the average surface roughness was obtained in µm using a profilometer (Talysurf, Taylor Hobson, UK). Apigenin and seashell-modified soft liner observed a significant decrease in both fungal adhesion and surface roughness compared to the unmodified liner and the reduction was related directly to the concentration of both additives. Apigenin and seashell nano-additives were effective as antifungal agents beside improving the surface roughness of the soft liner.