Dentifrice Slurry Research Articles

In Vitro Assessment of Different Toothbrush Designs on Enamel Surface Abrasion: A Profilometric Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different toothbrush designs on enamel surface abrasion. Sixty intact freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were considered for the study. All of the extracted teeth's surfaces were severely trimmed, leaving only the labial surface intact. In the trial, a conventional teeth-whitening dentifrice slurry was utilized. A brushing model was created to deliver uniform force in unidirectional motion. Dontrix Gauge was used to control the tension of the spring. The force was kept constant at 180 ± 20 g. The mounted enamel samples were separated into three groups (20 samples each) at random: group A: toothbrushes have a flat trim bristle design, group B: toothbrushes have a zigzag pattern, and group C: toothbrushes have a bi-level bristle design. For 2 weeks, each sample was brushed twice daily for 2 minutes. A profilometer was used to measure the average surface roughness. After toothbrushing, the maximum mean surface roughness score was found in zigzag pattern group (2.10 ± 0.23), followed by bi-level bristle design group (2.06 ± 0.12) and the least was in the flat trim bristle design group (1.96 ± 0.09). There was a significant difference between the different toothbrush bristle pattern groups (p < 0.001). On conclusion, the results of this study showed that, in comparison to toothbrushes with zigzag patterns and bi-level bristle designs, flat trim toothbrush bristle designs cause the least amount of surface abrasion and are relatively safe to use. Toothbrushing with toothpaste contributes significantly to dental abrasion. A variety of parameters, including toothpaste abrasivity and concentration, brushing frequency, brushing length, brushing force, and toothbrush bristle stiffness, have the potential to influence the abrasion process of dental hard tissue.

Impact of toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice abrasivity on non-carious cervical lesions in-vitro

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice slurry abrasivity on the development of simulated non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in vitro. MethodsExtracted premolars were randomly allocated into 15 groups (n = 16) generated by the association between toothbrush head configuration (flat-trimmed, rippled, cross-angled/multilevel/rubbers added, cross-angled/multilevel/flex head, feathered) and dentifrice slurry abrasivity (low/medium/high). Teeth were mounted on acrylic blocks and had their roots partially covered with acrylic resin, leaving 2-mm root surfaces exposed. Toothbrushing was performed for 35,000 and 65,000 double-strokes. Specimens were analyzed using non-contact profilometry for dental volume loss (mm3) and lesion morphology. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with pairwise comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis tests. ResultsThe two-way interaction between toothbrush head configuration and slurry abrasivity was significant (p = 0.02). At 35,000 strokes, the flat-trimmed and cross-angled/multilevel/rubbers added toothbrushes caused the highest loss, when associated to the high-abrasive slurry (p<0.05); whereas cross-angled/multilevel/flex head showed the least loss, when associated to the low-abrasive (p<0.05). At 65,000, more dental loss was observed for all toothbrushes when associated to the high-abrasive slurry, with flat-trimmed causing the highest loss (p < 0.05). Lower dental loss rates were observed for cross-angled/multilevel/flex head associated to the low-abrasive slurry when compared to the other toothbrushes (p < 0.05), except to feathered (p = 0.14) and rippled (p = 0.08). Flat lesions (mean internal angle ± standard-deviation: 146.2°± 16.8) were mainly associated with low-abrasive slurry, while wedge-shaped lesions (85.8°± 18.8) were more frequent with medium- and high-abrasive slurries. ConclusionThe development, progression and morphology of simulated NCCLs were modulated by both toothbrush head configuration and dentifrice abrasivity. Clinical significanceDental professionals should consider both the type of toothbrush and dentifrice abrasivity in the management plan of patients at risk of developing NCCLs.

Effect of Whitening Toothpastes with Different Active Agents on the Abrasive Wear of Dentin Following Tooth Brushing Simulation.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the abrasive dentin wear that can be induced by three commercial whitening toothpastes following a tooth-brushing simulation (TBS) corresponding to a three-month period. Sixty human canines were selected, and the roots were separated from the crowns. Then the roots were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10) and were submitted to TBS using the following slurries: Group 1-deionized water (RDA = 5); Group 2-ISO dentifrice slurry (RDA = 100); Group 3-a regular toothpaste (RDA = 70); Group 4-a charcoal-containing whitening toothpaste; Group 5-a whitening toothpaste containing blue covasorb and hydrated silica; and Group 6-a whitening toothpaste containing microsilica. Following TBS, surface loss and surface roughness changes were evaluated using confocal microscopy. Additionally, surface morphology and mineral content changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The deionized water group presented the lowest surface loss (p < 0.05), while the charcoal-containing toothpaste presented the highest surface loss, followed by ISO dentifrice slurry (p < 0.001). Blue-covasorb-containing and regular toothpastes did not present statistically significant differences (p = 0.245), and neither didmicrosilica-containing toothpaste or ISO dentifrice slurry (p = 0.112). The surface height parameters and surface morphology changes of the experimental groups followed the surface loss patterns, while no differences were detected in mineral content after TBS.Although the charcoal-containing toothpaste exhibited the highest abrasive wear to dentin, according to ISO 11609, all the tested toothpastes exhibited appropriate abrasive behavior towards dentin.

Effect of Mouthwashes and Brushing Simulation on the Surface Roughness of a Bulk Filled Composite Resin - An in vitro Study

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases seen in the world and it’s restoration is one among the most common procedures done by dentists throughout. In this article the influence of mouthwashes and simulated tooth brushing on the surface roughness of a bulk filled composite resin is checked. The aim of the study is to analyse the effect of mouthwashes and brushing simulation on the surface roughness of a bulk filled composite resin.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The present study was an in vitro study conducted in a university dental hospital located in Chennai. The bulk fill composite resin (ivoclar vivadent brand) was manipulated into putty moulds. The specimens were divided into two groups, group 1 and group 2. Two mouthwashes were selected namely chlorhexidine gluconate and betadine 2%. Group 1 was subjected to immersion in chlorhexidine gluconate and group 2 was subjected to immersion in betadine. Ra, Rq and Rz surface roughness values of these specimens was calculated before immersion in mouthwash. The brushing was performed, with a dentifrice slurry (Colgate and distilled water). Each specimen was subjected to toothbrushing with a soft toothbrush. The specimens underwent 1000 cycles of brushing after which the surface roughness analysis was performed. Toothbrush simulator ZM 3.8 and a stylus profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ-310) was used. For statistical analysis, independent sample t test using SPSS statistics version 22.0 was done.&#x0D; Results: The mean value of group 1 Ra and group 2 Ra was 0.030 and the p value was 0.000. The mean value of group 1 Rq and group 2 Rq was 0.0239 and 0.0215 respectively and the p value was found out to be 0.134. The mean value of group 1 Rz and group 2 Rz was 0.0030 and 0.0035 respectively and the p value was found to be 0.033. There was no significant changes in surface roughness values between the groups after brushing simulation.&#x0D; Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, we found that composite resin samples immersed in chlorhexidine and povidone iodine mouthwash had similar surface roughness values after brushing simulation.

Toothbrush-Dentifrice Abrasion of Dental Sealants: An In Vitro Study

Objective This study sought to investigate the toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of dental sealants. Materials and Methods Weight loss (∆W) and depth loss (∆D) were used as abrasion indicators. Sealant samples from nine products were soaked in dentifrice slurry and abraded by using a toothbrushing machine with a brushing force of 300 g. The mean percentages of ∆W and mean values of ∆D after 24,000 and 48,000 strokes of brushing were compared by using paired t -test. A comparison of these mean values among sealant products was performed by using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis (Scheffe's test). Results Abrasive wear was observed in all sealants. Teethmate F-1 (Kuraray Noritake, Tokyo, Japan)—a fluoride-releasing unfilled sealant—exhibited the maximum abrasive wear, with ∆W and ∆D values of 1.14% ± 0.37% and 12.84 ± 4.28 µm, respectively. Delton (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States), a light-cured unfilled sealant, showed the minimum abrasive wear, with ∆W and ∆D values of 0.41% ± 0.09% and 2.93 ± 1.23 µm, respectively. No statistical differences were observed among unfilled sealants except when compared with Teethmate F-1. Similarly, no differences were observed when comparing among filled sealants and flowable composite. Conclusion Abrasive wear occurred in all sealants after brushing with dentifrice. Almost all unfilled sealants showed less wear compared with both filled sealants and flowable composite. However, the low abrasive values of all sealants after brushing with dentifrice implied that there is no clinical significance to this finding.

Demineralisationshemmende Effekte hochfluorid- und kalziumhaltiger zahnärztlicher Lacke in Kombination mit regulär- oder hochfluoridierter Zahnpasta auf Schmelz - in vitro

Aim of the study: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the caries preventive effect of various highly fluoride- and calcium-containing caries preventive varnishes in adjunct to use of regular or highly fluoridated toothpaste on demineralized enamel.Methods: Bovine enamel specimens (n=276) with one artificial caries lesion were randomly allocated to 12 groups. Interventions before pH-cycling were: no intervention ([N1/N5]), application of varnishes containing NaF (22,600 ppm F [ppm]; NaF1/NaF5), NaF + tricalcium phosphate (22,600 ppm; TCP1/TCP5); NaF + CPP-ACP (22,600 ppm; CPP1/CPP5); silver diamine fluoride (35,400 ppm; SDF1/SDF5), and NaF + calcium fluoride (45,200 ppm; CaF1/CaF5). During pH-cycling (28 days) half of the specimens in each group were brushed with either 1,450 (NaF; e.g., CPP1) or 5,000 ppm (NaF; e.g., CPP5) dentifrice slurry. Differences in integrated mineral loss (∆∆Z) were calculated between values after initial demineralization and after pH-cycling.Results: After pH-cycling N1 and N5 showed significantly increased ∆Z values (∆∆Z: N1: -1.997-2.851;-1.102); N5:-1.072 (-1.591;-554); p<0.05), indicating further demineralization. Additional use of all varnishes significantly decreased ∆∆Z compared to N1/N5 (p<0.05). A significant moderate correlation could be found between ΔΔZ and F concentrations of the varnishes for both regularly (rDT=0.493) and highly (rDT=0.404) fluoridated dentifrices. Between 1,450 and 5,000 ppm dentifrices, a significant difference in ∆∆Z could only be observed for N1 vs. N5 (p<0.05).Conclusion: Under the conditions chosen, all fluoride varnishes significantly reduced demineralization. Furthermore, under demineralizing a fluoride-dose response for varnishes could be observed. Thus, for children and adolescents with high caries risks varnishes containing more than 22,600 ppm should be further investigated, as they offered higher caries-preventive effects in vitro. However, the risks (e.g., fluorosis) have to be weighed against the additional anticaries effect.

Effects of the association of high fluoride- and calcium-containing caries-preventive agents with regular or high fluoride toothpaste on enamel: an in vitro study

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the caries-preventive effect of various high fluoride- and calcium-containing caries-preventive agents (> 22.000ppm F- [ppm]) in adjunct to use of regular (1450ppm) or high (5000ppm) fluoride toothpaste on sound as well as demineralized enamel. Bovine enamel specimens (n = 276; 5mm × 3.5mm × 3mm) having one sound surface [ST] and one artificial caries lesion [DT] were randomly allocated to 12 groups. Interventions before pH-cycling were no intervention ([SC1/SC5]), application of varnishes/solutions containing NaF (22,600ppm; Duraphat [NaF1/NaF5]); NaF + tricalcium phosphate (22,600ppm; Clinpro White Varnish [TCP1/TCP5]); NaF + CPP-ACP (22,600ppm; MI Varnish [CPP1/CPP5]); silver diammine fluoride (35,400ppm; Cariestop 30%[SDF1/SDF5]); and NaF + calcium fluoride (45,200ppm; Biophat[CaF1/CaF5]). During pH-cycling (28days, 6 × 120min demineralization/day) half of the specimens in each group were brushed (10s; 2 × /day) with either 1,450 (NaF; named, e.g., TCP1) or 5,000ppm (NaF; e.g., TCP5) dentifrice slurry. Differences in integrated mineral loss (∆∆Z) and lesion depth (∆LD) were calculated between values after initial demineralization and after pH-cycling using transversal microradiography. After pH-cycling, SC1/SC5 showed significantly increased ∆ZDT/LDDT values, indicating further demineralization (p < 0.05; paired t-test). Decreased ∆ZDT values, indicating non-significant remineralization, could only be observed in CaF1/CaF5 (p > 0.05; paired t-test). Additional use of all varnishes/solutions significantly decreased ∆∆ZDT/∆∆ZST and ∆LDDT/∆LDST compared to SC1/SC5 (p < 0.05;ANCOVA). Between 1450 and 5000ppm dentifrices, a significant difference in ∆∆ZDT/∆∆ZST and ∆LDDT/∆LDST could only be observed for SC1/SC5 (p < 0.05; ANCOVA). Under the conditions chosen, all fluoride varnishes/solutions significantly reduced demineralization. Furthermore, a significant dose-response characteristic for fluoride varnishes could be revealed. However, no additional benefit could be observed, when varnishes were combined with high fluoride instead of regular fluoride dentifrices. For children and adolescents with high caries risks varnishes containing more than 22,600ppm should be further investigated, as they offered higher caries-preventive effects in vitro. Furthermore, there seems to be no difference in the demineralization-inhibitory capacity of fluoride varnishes when used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices.

“COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EFFECT ON DENTINAL TUBULE OCCLUSION BY THREE DIFFERENT DESENSITIZING DENTIFICES: A SEM STUDY”

Introduction: Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) occurs on exposed dentine and is dependent on the patency of dentinal tubules. This study compared the effectiveness of toothpaste containing Strontium Chloride, Novamine, Pro-Arginine in occluding dentine tubules along with comparision of those.&#x0D; Materials and Method: 45 freshly extracted teeth were randomly divided (15 each) into 3 groups:&#x0D; Group 1 15 Teeth treated with toothpaste containing Strontium Chloride.&#x0D; Group 2 15 Teeth treated with toothpaste containing Novamine&#x0D; Group 3 15 Teeth treated with toothpaste containing Pro-Arginine.&#x0D; Each specimen was brushed with the dentifrice slurries and examined under SCM.&#x0D; Result: The mean of occluded dentinal tubules on the dentin surface after brushing with three dentifrices were significant among them Pro-arginine group showed maximum occlusion.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present in vitro SEM study results revealed that: All the experimental agents– Strontium chloride, novamin, Pro- Argenine were effective in occluding dentinal tubules &amp; the percentage (%) of occluded tubules was found to be highest for Pro- Argenine as compared to the other groups.&#x0D; Keywords: SCM, DH

The effect of dentifrice ingredients on enamel erosion prevention and repair

Fluoride is a key dentifrice ingredient for mitigating dental erosion and promoting remineralisation in tooth enamel. A dentifrice formulation (NaF/CL ‐ where C = Copolymer, L = Lactate), optimised for fluoride delivery, containing sodium fluoride, polyvinylmethylether–maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) copolymer and lactate ion at controlled pH of 6.2 is compared with six commercial dentifrices from European and US regulatory regions. The in vitro study utilised white light interferometry (WLI) and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) to assess dental erosion resistance and remineralisation potential of the dentifrices. For WLI, polished enamel samples were immersed in dentifrice slurry (1:3 wt./wt. in artificial saliva, 2 min), brushed, washed in deionised water, acid challenged (1% citric acid, pH 3.8, 5 min), washed and air dried. Surface roughness and bulk tissue loss were measured. DSIMS samples for fluoride uptake were acid challenged (1% citric acid, pH 3.8, 5 min), rinsed, immersed in dentifrice slurry (1:3 wt./wt. in artificial saliva, 2 min), washed and air dried. DSIMS samples for 44Ca uptake were prepared similarly but with 44Ca‐doped artificial saliva. The NaF/CL dentifrice provided highest protection against dental erosion, with highest fluoride and 44Ca uptake in all treatment groups (n = 5 per group). Dentifrices containing other fluoride salts and/or ingredients known to inhibit fluoride uptake (e.g., polyphosphates, sodium lauryl sulfate), performed significantly worse.

Tara Gum as a Controlled Delivery System of Fluoride in Toothpaste: In Vitro Enamel Remineralization Study

Objective: To evaluate the remineralizing potential of a hydrocolloid-based, controlled fluoride-releasing system added to dentifrice formulas. Material and Methods: Sixty-five human enamel blocks were prepared and the surface microhardness (SH0) values were determined. The artificial caries lesions were induced and the demineralization surface microhardness (SH1) was evaluated. The blocks were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 13): (1) 100-TGF (100% NaF with Tara gum added); (2) 50-TGF (50% free NaF + 50% NaF with Tara gum added); (3) 100% TG (100% Tara gum without fluoride); (4) 100% NaF (positive control); and (5) placebo (without Tara gum and NaF). The blocks were submitted to 7 days pH cycling and treated with dentifrice slurries twice a day. Finally, surface hardness (SH2) was assessed and the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SMHR) was calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni test was used for statistical analysis. Results: A positive %SMHR was found in the 100% NaF (5.07) and 50-TGF (0.64) groups, while the 100-TGF (-1.38), 100% TG (-3.88) and placebo (-0.52) did not undergo remineralization. Statistically significant differences were observed between 100% NaF and all the groups except for 50-TGF (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of hydrocolloid (Tara gum) promoted minimal remineralization when associated with NaF. In the applied model, Tara gum may have compromised remineralization, preventing free fluoride from acting effectively in the carious lesion.

Effect of dentifrice slurry abrasivity and erosive challenge on simulated non-carious cervical lesions development in vitro.

To investigate the effect of slurry abrasive levels and acidic challenges on the development of non-carious cervical lesions. Ninety-six extracted upper premolars were affixed in pairs to acrylic blocks and had their root surfaces covered by acrylic resin except for 2 mm from the cemento-enamel junction. The specimens were distributed into six groups (n = 8 pairs) based on two experimental factors: (1) slurry abrasivity level [low/medium/high] and (2) citric acid challenge [yes/no]. Specimens were brushed for 5,000, 15,000, 35,000, and 65,000 strokes. Volume loss (VL) was determined based on optical profilometry scans of specimens impressions at the baseline and at subsequent brushing levels. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni pairwise comparison (α = 0.05). Higher VL values were associated with high-abrasivity slurries relative to low- and medium-abrasivity slurries (P < 0.001). Increasing the slurry abrasivity level increased the VL regardless of the acidic challenge, which did not have a significant effect (P = 0.184). After 65,000 strokes, significant VL was recorded in all groups relative to preceding brushing levels (P < 0.001). Higher values of time-dependent surface loss were associated with increased dentifrice slurry abrasivity, regardless of the citric acid challenge.

Remineralization efficacy of nonfluoride versus herbal-based pediatric dentifrice in demineralized primary teeth.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent posteruptive bacterial infections worldwide, characterized by a progressive demineralization process that affects the mineralized dental tissues. Although the decline of dental caries prevalence can be attributed to the widespread use of dentifrices that contain fluoride, yet there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice. Yet, there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralizing effect of nonfluoride-based and herbal-based pediatric dentifrice in demineralized primary teeth with an ideal in vitro method of pH cycling and evaluating the values under Polarized Light Microscope (Olympus BX43) using image analysis software (ProgRes, Speed XT core3). A total of 30 tooth samples were collected and placed in the demineralizing solution for 96 h to produce a demineralized lesion of approximately 100 μm, and then cut longitudinally into 60 sections that were randomly assigned to two groups with 27 samples each, Group A - nonfluoride-based dentifrice (Mee Mee®), Group B - herbal-based dentifrice (Mamaearth™), after which they were subjected to pH cycling for 7 days along with dentifrice slurry preparation. The sections were evaluated under the polarizing light microscopy for remineralizing efficacy. The lesion depth was measured and tabulated to be sent for statistical analysis. The mean demineralization value for nonfluoride and herbal-based dentifrice groups were 7.8730 μm and 28.3174 μm, respectively. Hence, it can be inferred that since lesion depth measured was lesser in nonfluoride than herbal-based dentifrice, remineralization has occurred in the nonfluoride-based dentifrice group. Nonfluoride-based dentifrice showed significant results in remineralizing the demineralized lesion, while herbal-based dentifrice showed poor efficiency in remineralizing the demineralized lesion.

Demineralization Inhibitory Effects of Highly Concentrated Fluoride Dentifrice and Fluoride Gels/Solutions on Sound Dentin and Artificial Dentin Caries Lesions in vitro

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the demineralization inhibitory effect of gels/solutions used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices on sound dentin as well as on artificial dentin caries-like lesions. Methods: Bovine dentin specimens (n = 240) with two different surfaces each (sound [ST] and artificial caries lesion [DT]) were prepared and randomly allocated to twelve groups. Weekly interventions during pH-cycling (28 days, 6 × 120 min demineralization/day) were: the application of gels/solutions containing amine fluoride/sodium fluoride (12,500 ppm F [ppm]; pH = 4.4; AmF); NaF (12,500 ppm; pH = 6.6; NaF1); NaF (12,500 ppm; pH = 6.3; NaF2); silver diamine fluoride (14,200 ppm; pH = 8.7; SDF); acidulated phosphate fluoride (12,500 ppm; pH = 3.8; APF), and no intervention (standard control; S). Furthermore, half of the specimens in each group were brushed (10 s; twice per day) with dentifrice slurries containing either 1,450 ppm (e.g., AmF₁₄₅₀) or 5,000 ppm (e.g., AmF₅₀₀₀). Differences in integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ) and lesion depth (ΔLD) were calculated between values before and after pH-cycling using transversal microradiography. Results: After pH-cycling Ss showed significantly increased ΔZ_DT and LD_DT values, indicating further demineralization. In contrast, except for one, all groups including fluoride gels/solutions showed significantly decreased ΔZ_DT values. Additional use of most fluoride gels/solutions significantly enhanced mineral gain, mainly in the surface area; however, acidic gels/solutions seemed to have negative effects on lesion depths. Significance: Under the present pH-cycling conditions the highly fluoridated dentifrice significantly reduced caries progression and additional application of nearly all of the fluoride gels/solutions resulted in remineralization. However, there was no difference in the remineralizing capacity of fluoride gels/solutions when used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices.

Nanoencapsulated fluoride as a remineralization option for dental erosion: an in vitro study

Objective To compare the in vitro performance of different dentifrices indicated for dental erosion and a new dentifrice with controlled fluoride release system (NanoF) in terms of surface microhardness remineralization in enamel erosion lesions. Materials and methods 72 human enamel specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 12): PC (100% NaF – positive control); NC (Placebo – negative control); 50%nF (50% NanoF + 50% free NaF), 100%nF (100% NanoF); PN (Sensodyne® ProNamel™) and AG (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™). A surface microhardness analysis was performed before (SH0) and after (SH1) the erosion lesion formation. The blocks were submitted to a 5-day de-remineralization cycling model, consisting of 90 s immersion on 0.1% citric acid (4x/day) and 1 min treatment with dentifrice slurries along with 1 mL/block of human saliva (2x/day). Lastly, the final surface microhardness analysis (SH2) was measured and the percentage of surface microhardness remineralization (%SMHR) was calculated. Data were analysed with 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < .05). Results Statistically significant differences were observed for SH2 and %SMHR between NC and AG with the other groups (p < .05). The best %SMHR from the experimental groups was found in 100%nF and PN. Conclusion Dentifrices with NanoF exhibited a surface microhardness remineralization similar to sodium fluoride (PC). Therefore, NanoF dentifrice can be an alternative to prevent and treat patients with dental erosion.

Dentifrices or gels containing MMP inhibitors prevent dentine loss: in situ studies.

Evaluate the effect of dentifrices or gels containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss in situ. Acrylic palatal appliances containing bovine dentine blocks were divided into two rows, corresponding to the groups erosion (ERO) and erosion associated with abrasion (ERO+ABR). For ERO, the appliances were immersed in a cola drink for 5 min, 4 times/day, while for ERO+ABR, the blocks were brushed for 15 sec with a dentifrice slurry after the second and third erosive challenges. Ten volunteers took part in study 1 (S1), where the dentifrices evaluated contained 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF, 0.61% green tea extract, or 0.012% chlorhexidine digluconate. Thirteen volunteers participated in study 2 (S2), in which the treatment was performed only once (1 min) with gels containing 400 μM EGCG (EGCG400), 0.012% chlorhexidine, 1 mM FeSO4, 1.23% F (NaF), placebo, or received no treatment. Dentine loss was analyzed by profilometry (μm). Regarding S1, ERO+ABR induced significantly higher dentine loss compared with ERO and all dentifrices tested led to significantly lower dentine loss when compared with placebo. For S2, regardless of the conditions or times of evaluation, gels containing EGCG, CHX, or FeSO4 led to significantly less wear compared with the other groups. Both dentifrices and gels containing MMP inhibitors significantly reduced dentine loss. Dentifrices and gels containing MMP inhibitors are able to increase the protection against dentine wear, although gels have a better effect when compared with fluoride gel, lasting up to 10 days after a single application.

Efficacy of a Stannous-containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ.

The in-situ efficacy of an experimental stannous (Sn)-containing sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice against erosion and erosive tooth wear was compared with a conventional NaF dentifrice. This was a randomised, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. Mandibular appliances containing four enamel specimens (2 per side [L/R] of the appliance) were worn by 60 generally healthy adult subjects. Subjects were randomised to treatment based on age and gender. Treatments included a Sn-containing NaF or conventional NaF dentifrice. Conditions of erosion (dentifrice slurry treatment) and erosion/tooth wear (dentifrice slurry plus brushing) were compared. Dentifrices were used twice per day for 30 s of lingual brushing, followed by 90 s of slurry exposure. In addition, the two specimens on the left side of the mouth were brushed for 5 s each, using a power toothbrush. All specimens were exposed to four daily erosive challenges with commercial orange juice (pH 3.6). Tooth wear was measured as enamel loss using non-contact profilometry on day 10. At the day 10 visit, the adjusted mean (SE) enamel loss for specimens receiving slurry (erosion) treatment was 4.7 µm (0.61) [Sn-containing NaF] and 8.73 µm (1.12) [NaF control], with results demonstrating a statistically significant benefit for the Sn-containing dentifrice (46.2% benefit; p = 0.009). For specimens exposed to erosion/tooth wear conditions, enamel loss = 6.68 µm (1.29) (Sn-containing NaF) and 10.99 µm (1.29) (NaF group), with results statistically significant (p = 0.048; 39.2% better, favouring the Sn-containing dentifrice). When data were combined, enamel loss (SE) for all specimens subjected to erosion + erosion/tooth wear was 5.61 µm (0.77) (Sn-containing NaF]) and 9.9 µm (1.3) (NaF group). The difference again was statistically significant, favouring the Sn-containing group (p = 0.022; 43.4% better). The Sn-containing dentifrice demonstrated significantly better protection than did NaF under erosive and erosive/tooth wear conditions.

In vitro abrasivity and chemical properties of charcoal-containing dentifrices

Objective Charcoal-containing dentifrices are gaining popularity, but scientific information on their effect on oral health is scarce. This study investigated properties of dentifrices that may affect dentine abrasivity, as well as their ability to adsorb fluoride, their pH and the presence of harmful substances. Materials and methods The dentifrices NAO and COCO were subjected to the following analyses: abrasivity, expressed as mean abraded depth and relative dentin abrasivity (RDA), and surface roughness of extracted human molars (n = 30) after simulated brushing; fluoride adsorption measured as concentration change; pH measurements; detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The products were compared to a reference dentifrice (Colgate® MaxWhite), positive controls (ISO dentifrice slurry, activated charcoal for laboratory use) and a negative control (distilled water). Results The mean abraded depths of NAO and COCO were not different (p > .05), but higher than the reference dentifrice and the negative control (p < .05). The RDA values of NAO, COCO and the ISO dentifrice slurry were higher than the reference dentifrice value (p < .05) by up to 10 times. The dentine surface roughness was higher after brushing with NAO, COCO and ISO dentifrice slurry compared to distilled water (p < .05). No change in mean adsorbed fluoride concentration was observed after 24 h (p > .05). Both NAO and COCO were alkaline (pH > 7). Analysis of NAO revealed the presence of naphthalene (112.8 ± 2.0 ng/mL). Conclusion The charcoal-containing dentifrices were abrasive within acceptable limits set by ISO and did not adsorb fluoride. The presence of naphthalene in one product is a cause for concern.

Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice.

ObjectivesTo assess the protective effects of a 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and a marketed triclosan dentifrice against enamel erosion in a 10‐day in situ model.MethodsThis was a double‐blind, randomized, 2‐treatment, 4‐period, crossover in situ trial involving healthy adult participants. Participants were randomized to a treatment sequence involving the following products: a highly bioavailable 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice (Procter & Gamble) and a marketed dentifrice control containing 0.24% sodium fluoride and 0.3% triclosan (Colgate‐Palmolive). Each study period took place over 10 days. Participants wore an intra‐oral appliance retaining two polished human enamel samples for 6 hours per day. Two times per day they swished with the assigned dentifrice slurry and four times per day they swished with 250 mL of orange juice (25 mL per minute) over a 10‐minute period. Contact profilometry measurements were made for each sample at baseline and day 10 to determine surface change.ResultsThirty‐six participants were enrolled and 33 completed the study (mean age = 40.5 years). The stannous fluoride dentifrice demonstrated 93.5% less enamel loss than the NaF/triclosan dentifrice (P < 0.001) at Day 10, with median enamel loss of 0.097 µm and 1.495 µm, respectively. Both products were well tolerated.ConclusionThe stannous fluoride dentifrice demonstrated significantly greater erosion protection efficacy relative to the NaF/triclosan dentifrice in this randomized in situ clinical trial.

Resin-Based Materials Protect Against Erosion/Abrasion-a Prolonged In Situ Study.

While patient compliance is key to preventive measures related to dental erosion, the application of resin-based materials could serve as an additional treatment to inhibit erosion progression. This in situ study evaluated the effect of applying resin-based materials, including resin infiltrant, on previously eroded enamel subjected to prolonged erosive and abrasive challenges. The factors under study were types of treatment (infiltrant [Icon], sealant [Helioseal Clear], adhesive [Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus], and control [no treatment]); wear conditions (erosion [ERO] and erosion + abrasion [ERO + ABR]) and challenge time (5 and 20 days) in a single-phase study. The blocks were prepared from bovine enamel, eroded (0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3 for 30 seconds) and randomized among treatments, wear conditions, and volunteers. The application of resin-based materials followed the manufacturers' recommendations. Twenty-one volunteers wore the palatal intraoral device, in which one row corresponded to ERO and the other to ERO + ABR. In each row, all treatments were represented (2 blocks per treatment). For 20 days, the erosive challenge was performed 4 times/day (immersion in 0.01 M HCl, pH 2.3, for 2 minutes) for the ERO condition. For the ERO + ABR condition, two of the erosive challenges were followed by abrasion for 15 seconds with fluoride dentifrice slurry. Enamel and/or material loss was measured using profilometry (initial, after treatment, and after the end of the fifth and 20th days of in situ erosive challenge) and analyzed by ANOVA models and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The results showed that the application of resin-based materials did not cause superficial enamel loss. The infiltrant group showed a thicker layer of material above the enamel compared with the other materials (p=0.001). After the erosive challenge, there was no difference between the conditions ERO and ERO + ABR (p=0.869). All materials protected the enamel against erosion progression compared with the control group (p=0.001). Based on these results, we conclude that the application of resin-based materials results in protection of previously eroded enamel subjected to in situ erosive and abrasive challenge for 20 days.

Is the dentifrice containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and fluoride able to protect enamel against chemical mechanical wear? An in situ/ex vivo study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a dentifrice that contains calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and fluoride on erosive-abrasive enamel wear. This randomized, single-blind in situ/ex vivo study was conducted with four crossover phases of 5days (one group tested per phase). Bovine enamel blocks (n = 256) were allocated to 16 volunteers and 8 groups. The groups under study were test dentifrice, with calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and 1450ppm sodium monofluorophosphate; tin dentifrice, with 3500ppm stannous chloride, 700ppm amine fluoride, and 700ppm sodium fluoride; conventional dentifrice, with 1450ppm sodium monofluorophosphate; and control (deionized water). Half of the enamel blocks were subjected to erosion and the other half to erosion plus abrasion. The daily extraoral protocol consisted in four citric acid exposures (2min) and two applications of dentifrice slurry on all blocks for 30s; after, half of the blocks were brushed for 15s. The response variable was enamel loss. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's test (p < 0.05). For erosion, the test dentifrice promoted less enamel loss than water (4.7 ± 3.1 and 5.8 ± 2.5μm, respectively, p < 0.05), and did not differ from tin (4.8 ± 2.5μm) and conventional (4.8 ± 1.4μm) dentifrices (p > 0.05). However, the test dentifrice (7.7 ± 3.8μm) promoted higher wear after erosive plus abrasive procedures than tin (5.4 ± 1.5μm) and conventional (6.2 ± 1.7μm, p < 0.05) dentifrices, and did not differ from water (6.9 ± 2.0μm). The investigated dentifrice reduced enamel loss against acid challenge but had no effect against acid and brushing challenge. Little is known regarding the preventive effect of dentifrices indicated for dental erosion. The tested anti-erosive dentifrice was unable to protect enamel when erosion was associated to toothbrushing abrasion.