Dental Aesthetic Index Scores Research Articles

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in children with special needs in district Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Malocclusion plays an important role in overall oral health of every individual because it is associated with periodontal disease, temporomandibular disorder and may be complicated by an individual disability and special need.To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children with special needs in District, Mandi, Himachal, Pradesh, India, using DAI and IOTN, and to assess whether the observed malocclusion is affected by sex. The study was consists of 200 children with mental retardation, physical disability, sensory impairment between 10-18 years of age from various special schools for people with special needs. A pre-structured proforma was used to record the findings and socio-demographic information. The special need children were examined in respective schools under natural light, using Dental aesthetic Index (DAI) and Index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN).The prevalence of the malocclusion was found to be more in the subjects with the mental retardation and physical disability followed by hearing and visual impairment. There were no statistically significant differences in DAI and IOTN scores between gender.: The need for orthodontic treatment was found to be more in mentally retarded group than the other groups of special need children as per the IOTN and DAI scores in District, Mandi, Himachal, Pradesh.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren in Imphal East, Manipur by using Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

Abstract Background: Epidemiologically, the prevalence of malocclusion varies from country to country. Studies of occlusion and malocclusion not only help in orthodontic treatment planning and evaluation of dental health services but also offer a valid research tool for ascertaining the operation of distinct environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of malocclusion. Aim: The present study aims to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren of Imphal East, Manipur by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Result: Among 12 years old the mean DAI score was 22.69 ± 6.518, among 13 years old it was 21.98 ± 5.965, among 14 years old it was 22.13 ± 5.364 and among 15 years old it was 21.93 ± 5.811. About the gender-wise distribution of DAI score among school children. The mean value for male is 21.95 ± 5.819 and for female is 22.56 ± 5.975 with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: The DAI was found to be reproducible and valid. The finding of the present study remains significant in providing one of the first baseline data on the malocclusion status of school-going children of Manipur.

Comparison of Malocclusion Prevalence, Type and Severity between Cerebral Palsy and Healthy Subjects: A Prospective Case-Control Study

Background: To analyze the prevalence, type and severity of malocclusions in a group of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) using a facial and occlusal analysis and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Methods: A prospective, case–control study was made of two groups, a cerebral palsy and a control group, with the determination of the facial and occlusion analysis in the three spatial planes. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to assess the severity of malocclusion. Results: The patients with CP presented a higher prevalence of increased facial lower third height and a greater tendency towards right-side canine and molar class II malocclusion, narrower transverse relationship and crossbite. The DAI scores were statistically significantly higher in the CP group. Increased physical impairment in the CP group was associated to greater DAI scores. Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of malocclusion were significantly greater in the CP group. The type of malocclusion predominantly found in these patients was molar class II, with open bite, increased overjet and a narrow arch. The CP group also presented mixed breathing with higher DAI scores and decreased facial lower third height.

Does Malocclusion Severity affect the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics among Nigerian Adolescents?

The impact of malocclusion on the psyche of an individual could range from mild reservations about teeth appearance to debilitating anxiety about self-image and self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychosocial impact of malocclusion, determine its association with severity of malocclusion, and assess the effect of gender, age and academic level on psychosocial impact of malocclusion in Nigerian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 96 adolescents with an age range of 13 to 19 years recruited from patients at a hospital dental clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered having sociodemographic section and the English version of the standardized questionnaire measuring the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics (PIDAQ). The participants were assessed clinically and categorized into four malocclusion severity levels based on their Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scores. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the sample’s sociodemographic characteristics as well as the mean PIDAQ and DAI scores. Bivariate analysis (ANOVA) was used to investigate the impact of the DAI scores on the mean PIDAQ scores. The interrelation among DAI and PIDAQ was analyzed using correlation analysis. The mean PIDAQ score was 42.5 ± 11.0. Severity of malocclusion as measured by DAI had no significant effect on psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics. The total PIDAQ score and its subscales showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) by age, gender, and academic level. Malocclusion severity has no significant linear relationship with the psychosocial impact of malocclusion.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 15-year-old adolescents of the Arkhangelsk region

Relevance. Purpose of the study to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 15-year-old adolescents of the Arkhangelsk region.Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study is a part of the Third National dental examination of children and adolescents of the Russian Federation. The sample consisted of 1091 teenagers from 7 urban and 5 rural settlements. The study assessed the prevalence of malocclusion and calculated the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to evaluate orthodontic treatment needs according to the sex and place of residence. The prevalence of malocclusion was presented by proportions with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) calculated by the Wilson method. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The numeric variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results. The malocclusion prevalence was 67% (95% CI: 64,2–69,8) without sex or location of residence differences. The mean DAI score was 24,0 (95% CI: 23,2–24,8) for the rural and 22,9 (22,5–23,4) for the urban adolescents (p < 0,001). 33,5 % of the 15-year-olds needed orthodontic treatment, with no differences in sex or place of residence. 18,7% of adolescents exhibited overt malocclusion, 9,7% had severe malocclusion, and 5,0% – very severe.Conclusions. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in the Arkhangelsk region remain high. The mean DAI score was higher in rural than in urban adolescents. All the above mentioned indicates the necessity to prevent and timely treat orthodontic pathology in adolescents.

Effect of socioeconomic, nutritional status, diet, and oral habits on the prevalence of different types of malocclusion in school-children.

Objective:Although there have been many reports on the prevalence of malocclusion, there is a paucity of data concerning factors associated with it. The present study aimed to study the effects of three environmental factors namely socio-economic status (SES), nutritional status, and oral habits on malocclusion.Material and Methods:A total number of 765 students [Low socio-economic status (LSS; 369 subjects) and High socio-economic status (HSS; 396 subjects)] based on Modified Kuppuswamy scale were examined within the age group of 13- 15 years amongst various government and private schools in Chandigarh, India. A survey questionnaire was filled up by the subjects, which was followed up with clinical examination using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI index). Additionally, the provisional diagnosis, retained, transposed teeth, and overbite were estimated.Results:The total prevalence of malocclusion in the population was 49.7%. The prevalence of malocclusion in LSS was found to be 42.90% and in HSS was 57.10% (P: 0.003). The mean DAI score in LSS was 26.011 and in HSS was 27.179. The mean DAI score in soft eaters was 29.527, average eaters was 26.369 and hard eaters was 26.410.Conclusion:The total prevalence of malocclusion in Chandigarh was 49.7%. Class I type 1 was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. Adolescents belonging to HSS had more malocclusion as compared to those belonging to LSS. Soft diet caused increased malocclusion. The present study highlighted the effect of diet pattern on the prevalence of malocclusion. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Dental Aesthetic Index (Dai) Score Among Patients with Antero-Posterior Basal Bone Discrepancy

Aim: To determine the mean Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) malocclusion score among patients with Antero-posterior basal bone discrepancy (APBBD) and to assess the treatment need of the patients with horizontal jaw deformities as calculated by DAI guidelines. Methodology: The descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in the Orthodontic department, University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore. Lateral cephalograms of the patients were analyzed for anteroposterior basal bone discrepancy by measuring angle ANB. Two hundred and thirty one subjects were included in the study having ANB >4° or <1° through non probability consecutive sampling technique. Study casts were obtained and malocclusion parameters for Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) were calculated. Results: The mean Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) score in APBBD was 37.10 ± 7.62, in skeletal class II (37.14 ± 7.90) and in skeletal class III (36.98 ± 6.68), (p-value 0.75). Moderate positive correlation existed between DAI score and ANB in skeletal class II subjects (R 0.49, p <0.001). Conclusion: The mean DAI score in APBBD showed mandatory treatment need in patients with Antero-posterior basal bone discrepancy. Moderately positive correlation existed between ANB and DAI score in skeletal class II patients. Keywords: Malocclusion, Dental Aesthetic Index, Jaw disharmony

Orthodontic status and treatment need of 13 to 15 year-old children in Kwa-Zulu Natal South Africa: An epidemiology study using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

The prevalence of malocclusion among school going children in KwaZulu-Natal remains poorly defined despite the known physiological and psychological impact of this dental occurrence. The aim and objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and possible treatment need in 13-15 year-old school going children in Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted on 270 school-going children aged 13 to 15 years, in the Umlazi and Pinetown school districts. A two-staged clustered and systematic random sampling technique was used to draw the study sample. Data was collected through an intraoral examination of occlusal status and the malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need was assessed through use of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Questionnaires were developed to collect information on the learners’ health status and socio demographic profile. The results indicated that 144 (53.3%) of the 270 learners had DAI scores <25 (no abnormality or minor malocclusion not requiring orthodontic treatment); 26 learners (9.6%) had DAI scores of between 26-30 (definite malocclusion requiring elective orthodontic treatment); 59 learners (21.9%) had DAI scores of between 31-35 (severe malocclusion requiring orthodontic treatment); and 41 learners (15.2%) had DAI scores >36 (very severe or handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory orthodontic treatment). There was an increase in the proportion of malocclusion in older children. The age group of 15 years old had a mean and standard deviation of 30.02+8.9 when compared to the age group 13 years old (27.76+12.17). The association between gender distribution and severity of malocclusion was found to be statistically significant (p=0.01). The present study primarily indicated a significant prevalence of malocclusion in the identified children. Although 53.3% of children did not require treatment, 37.1% presented with severe and handicapping malocclusion. This suggests a definite and mandatory treatment need for this group of children. The study could provide useful baseline epidemiological data that could inform oral health planning on the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need for 13-15 year-old school going children in the identified geographical area.

The Dental Aesthetic Index and Its Association with Dental Caries, Dental Plaque and Socio-Demographic Variables in Schoolchildren Aged 12 and 15 Years.

The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was determined in 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren to ascertain the prevalence of malocclusion and to assess its association with dental caries experience, dental plaque accumulation, and socio-demographic variables. We performed a cross-sectional study with a stratified two-stage sampling design. An oral health survey and oral examination were conducted, and socio-demographic data were recorded. The sample comprised 1453 schoolchildren aged 12 (868) and 15 (585). These two samples were analyzed separately because statistically significant differences were found: the 12-year-old age group displayed a higher frequency of schoolchildren who attended state-run public schools (p = 0.004) and belonged to a lower social class (p = 0.001); the 15-year-old age group registered higher levels of caries (p = 0.001) and lower levels of dental plaque (p < 0.001). The malocclusion was 9.5% higher (p = 0.001), and the global mean DAI score was likewise higher among the 12-year-olds (p < 0.001). The multivariate regression analysis not only showed that caries and dental plaque were the variables that were the most strongly associated with malocclusion, but that caries (OR = 1.5) and dental plaque (OR > 2) were also risk factors for malocclusion in both groups. In conclusion, this study revealed a higher prevalence of malocclusion and dental plaque at age 12. A higher risk of caries and dental plaque was found to be related to the presence of malocclusion in both age groups.

Malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among young Danish adults. Is there a difference between subjects who received orthodontic treatment during adolescence and subjects without treatment need? A cross-sectional study

Objectives To evaluate and compare malocclusion traits and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) between untreated young adults assessed to have no orthodontic treatment need during childhood, and young adults treated orthodontically during childhood. In addition, to investigate the relationship between malocclusion and OHRQoL. Materials and methods One hundred undergraduate students were screened for eligibility. Subjects had intraoral scans and completed OHIP-14 questionnaires. Angle molar relationship, overjet, overbite, arch length and width, Little's Irregularity Index (LII), Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scores were assessed. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare outcomes between treated and untreated subjects. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to model the relationship between OHIP-14 and several prognostics simultaneously. Results Ninety-six subjects were included (mean age ± SD = 23.7 ± 1.8 years): 41 treated and 55 untreated. The untreated subjects had significantly higher LII (p = .02), PAR (p = .01), DAI (p < .01) and overbite (p = .03). The treated subjects had significantly larger inter-canine and inter-premolar distances. No relationship was found between OHIP-14 and LII, PAR, DAI, age, gender and presence/absence of previous orthodontic treatment. However, the DAI score was significantly correlated with the OHIP-14 functional limitation domain. Conclusions Untreated subjects had significantly higher LII, PAR and DAI scores than the treated subjects. DAI score was significantly correlated with the OHIP-14 functional limitation domain.

Correlation of dental aesthetic index and oral aesthetic subjective impact scale among 12 and 15 years school going children of Lucknow city- A cross- sectional study

Malocclusion is one of the most common dental problems in mankind. Malocclusion can also impair dento-facial aesthetics, difficulty in mastication, swallowing, speech and also affects quality of life by affecting function, appearance, interpersonal relationships, socializing, self-esteem and psychological well-being. Aim: To assess the correlation of Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) in 12 and 15 years school going children of Lucknow city. Materials and Method: The present study was cross-sectional study, among 12 and 15 years age group with a sample of 310. Information was collected regarding socio-demographic factors, Dental Aesthetic Index (WHO Oral Assessment Form 1997) was used to assess the prevalence and severity of malocclusion and Oral Aesthetics Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) questionnaire was used to evaluate the self perceived dental appearance. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: Among 310 students, 148 were males and 162 were females. The prevalence of malocclusion (DAI score >25) among the study population was 22.3%. A statistically significant association was found between DAI and poorer oral aesthetics self perception in multivariate analysis was observed. Conclusion: The present study yielded a significant association between malocclusion and OASIS as students with definite, severe or handicapped malocclusion may have negative impact on their social and affective interactions. Keywords: Esthetic self-perception, malocclusion, OASIS, School children

Relationship between the Dental Aesthetic Index and Discrepancy Index.

To establish the association between malocclusion severity and orthodontic case complexity as assessed by the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index (ABO-DI), respectively. Cross-sectional study. Pre-treatment dental casts and radiographs from 500 individuals (294 women and 206 men; mean age = 26.06 ± 11.58 years) were randomly selected from the orthodontics department of a private university. Malocclusion severity was assessed using DAI and case complexity was evaluated with ABO-DI. Three previously calibrated operators performed the measurements. Spearman's correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and a linear generalised model were used for statistical evaluation (P < 0.05 was considered significant). Although the correlation (r = 0.45; P < 0.0001) between malocclusion severity and case complexity was moderate, strong evidence of an association (P < 0.001) between dichotomised DAI and ABO-DI total scores was observed. The linear generalised model showed that for each point of increase in DAI score, the ABO-DI score increased an average of 0.3624 points (P < 0.0001). An association between malocclusion severity and case complexity is suggested. A linear generalised model could be used to predict the complexity of the case from the malocclusion severity (DAI score).

Self perceived oro-facial behaviour and malocclusion among young adults in Hyderabad city.

Aesthetic alterations in the face can be self-perceived and can affect quality of life in young adults. To assess the impact of malocclusion on self- perceived oro-facial behaviour among young adults. A Cross sectional study was conducted among 638 young adults (aged 18-21 years) of Hyderabad city. One college from each of the five zones of the Hyderabad city (five colleges) were selected by simple random sampling procedure. A 21-item Oro-facial investment scale (OFIS) questionnaire assessing self-perceived oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) assessing the severity of malocclusion was used. Data were analysed with standard statistical software (SPSS, Statistical package for the social sciences, version 20.0). p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Males had higher mean scores for knowledge (2.90±0.49) than females (2.73±0.82) and was statistically significant (p=0.002*). No statistically significant gender differences were found in relation to attitude and practice. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference in all the three scores (knowledge, attitude, practice) with respect to age, with significantly high score for knowledge and practice among 18 year old subjects (p=0.0001*; p=0.0003* respectively) and attitude among 21 year old subjects (p=0.0049*). No statistically significant age, gender differences were found in relation to DAI scores. Upon correlation, DAI significantly and positively correlated with knowledge (p=0.03*) and attitude (p=0.0001*). This study has shown significant impact of malocclusion on the self-perceived oro-facial behaviour.

Impact of malocclusion on self-esteem (SE) and orthognathic quality of life (OQOL) amongst dental undergraduate students

Introduction: While malocclusion exerts both physical and emotional effects on laypersons, with increasing awareness of malocclusion and its aesthetic impairment, there must be psychological impact of malocclusion amongst students entering into a dental school. The null hypothesis proposed was increasing grades of the course results in higher self esteem and poorer quality of life amongst students pursuing on undergraduate course in dentistry. Aim: The aim was to determine the relationship between severity of malocclusion, self esteem (SE) and orthognathic quality of life (OQoL) among female dental undergraduate students. Material and Methods: The study sample was divided batchwise into four groups according to the grades. Written questionnaires for SE and OQoL were given to 83 female undergraduate students with no craniofacial anomalies, medical problems, and history of previous orthodontic treatment. To determine the severity of malocclusion, the subjects were later examined for Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) score. Descriptive statistics for DAI, SE and OQOL were performed and elements of each group were compared using ANOVA. Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient was done to measure the level of association between the variables. Results & Discussion: While 3rd year students presented with higher DAI and least OQOL score, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between DAI and OQOL, indicating more negative psychological impact of malocclusion with learning. Interns had higher SE and maximum OQoL. ANOVA results showed only statistically significant difference between the groups for SE indicating more armour propre with training and maturity. However, no significant correlation was noted between SE and OQol. Conclusions: Malocclusion does hamper the quality of life but increasing grades and cumulative understanding also influence the self esteem amongst dental undergraduates. Keywords: Malocclusion, Self esteem, Orthognathic quality of li

Assessment of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among Subjects with Dental Aesthetic Index: A Clinical Study.

ABSTRACTBackground:Malocclusion is commonly seen condition in young adults. This study aimed to assess malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among subjects with dental aesthetic index (DAI).Materials and Methods:This study comprised 486 subjects with an age range of 16–24 years of either genders. A careful oral examination was performed and all findings were recorded based on Oral Health Survey—Basic Methods. DAI was used to assess orthodontic treatment needs among subjects.Results:A maximum of 129 (26.5%) patients (male, 47 [22.8%], female, 82 [29.2%]) had DAI score of >36. Missing teeth was the most commonly observed condition, especially in females. There was a significant difference in spacing, crowding, maxillary, mandibular irregularity, overjet, and spacing between both genders.Conclusion:It was found that maximum patients had severe malocclusion with DAI score >36. This indicates the orthodontic treatment needs among subjects.

Relationship between normative and self-perceived criteria for orthodontic treatment need and satisfaction with esthetics and mastication in adolescents

Orthodontic treatments are performed to improve esthetics and masticatory functions. In general, clinical criteria are used to recommend such treatments without considering the opinion of the patient. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between technically defined orthodontic need (normative criteria) and the need for treatment perceived by adolescent patients. A total of 215 students aged between 15 and 19years were selected and asked to respond to a questionnaire concerning their perception of need for orthodontic treatment and their satisfaction with their own esthetics and mastication. One trained and calibrated examiner obtained normative data using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) on the need for orthodontic treatment of these students. Associations were found between the DAI score and the patient's perception of need for orthodontic treatment (P<0.001), satisfaction with esthetics (P=0.003), and satisfaction with mastication (P=0.047). When occlusal characteristics were analyzed separately, associations between several normative and perceived needs, as well as for satisfaction with esthetics, were found. Satisfaction with mastication analysis was only found to be associated with open bite malocclusion (P=0.003). The DAI revealed a consistent opinion in adolescents to link their perceived malocclusion-related conditions to esthetics.

Association between malocclusion, caries and oral hygiene in children 6 to 12 years old resident in suburban Nigeria

BackgroundThere are conflicting opinions about the contribution of malocclusions to the development of dental caries and periodontal disease. This study’s aim was to determine the association between specific malocclusion traits, caries, oral hygiene and periodontal health for children 6 to 12 years old.MethodsThe study was a household survey. The presence of malocclusion traits was assessed in 495 participants. The caries status and severity were assessed with the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index and the pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula and abscess (pufa/PUFA) index. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Gingival Index (GI) were used to assess periodontal health. The association between malocclusion traits, the presence of caries, poor oral hygiene, and poor gingival health were determined with chi square and logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was inferred at p < 0.05.ResultsSeventy-four (14.9%) study participants had caries, with mean (SD) dmft/DMFT scores of 0.27 (0.82) and 0.07 (0.39), respectively, and mean (SD) pufa/PUFA index scores of 0.09 (0.43) and 0.02 (0.20), respectively. The mean (SD) OHI-S score was 1.56 (0.74) and mean (SD) GI score was 0.90 (0.43). Dental Aesthetic Index scores ranged from 13 to 48 with a mean (SD) score of 20.7 (4.57). Significantly greater proportions of participants with crowding (p = 0.026) and buccal crossbite (p = 0.009) had caries. Significantly more children with increased overjet (p = 0.003) and anterior open bite (p = 0.008) had moderate to severe gingivitis. Poor oral hygiene (OR: 1.83; CI: 1.05–3.18 p = 0.033), crowding (OR: 1.97; CI: 1.01–3.49; p = 0.021) and buccal crossbite (OR: 6.57; CI: 1.51–28.51 p = 0.012) significantly increased the odds of having caries. Poor oral hygiene (p < 0.001), increased overjet (p = 0.003), and anterior open bite (p = 0.014) were the only significant traits associated with gingivitis.ConclusionsCrowding and buccal cross bite were associated with caries, whereas increased overjet and anterior open bite were associated with gingivitis. These findings justify the recommendation of orthodontic treatment to improve oral health.

Orthodontic treatment need of children and adolescents with special healthcare needs resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

This study determined differences in the orthodontic treatment need of children and adolescents with and without special healthcare needs (SHCN) resident in Ile-Ife. Participants were children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years with and without SHCN recruited from regular and special schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, respectively. SHCN were categorised as hearing impairment (HI), visual impairment (VI), physical impairment (PI) or intellectual disability (ID). The orthodontic treatment need was determined using the aesthetic component (AC) and dental health component (DHC) of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) and the dental aesthetic index (DAI). Chi-squared tests were used to determine differences in orthodontic treatment need; one-way analysis of variance was used to compare participants' mean DAI scores. Statistical significance was inferred at p < 0.05. The data of 164 participants with SHCN and 208 participants without SHCN were analysed. Significantly more children and adolescents with SHCN than those without SHCN had great need for treatment on the AC (15.2% vs. 4.3%; p<0.001) and the DHC (28.0% vs. 18.3%; p = 0.005) of IOTN and mandatory need for treatment using the DAI (28.0% vs. 12.0%; p < 0.001). The orthodontic treatment need of participants with intellectual disability, visual impairments and multiple SHCN differed significantly from the control group, those with intellectual disability also had greater need for orthodontic treatment compared with those with physical and hearing impairments (p < 0.05) CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with SHCN, resident in Ile-Ife, are at greater risk of having malocclusion traits that require orthodontic treatment when compared with their peers without SHCN, especially those with intellectual disability.

Orthodontic Treatment Need and the Psychosocial Impact of Malocclusion in 12-Year-Old Hong Kong Children.

Objectives To determine the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need in 12-year-old children in Hong Kong and its relationship with the psychosocial impact of malocclusion and to assess their associations with sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods A random sample of 687 12-year-old children was recruited from 45 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Orthodontic treatment need was assessed on study models by five indices: the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-DHC), the Aesthetic Component of the IOTN (IOTN-AC), the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), the Index of Complexity Outcome and Need (ICON), and the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR). The psychosocial impact of malocclusion on participants and sociodemographic factors were obtained from a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the correlations between treatment need and the psychosocial impact of malocclusion as well as their associations with sociodemographic factors. Results The final number of participants was 667 (339 boys and 328 girls, participation rate 667/687 = 97.1%). The prevalence of orthodontic treatment need varied depending on the indices used (10.9–47.8%), but significant correlations were found among the five indices (p < 0.01). The uptake of treatment among the cohort was 2.3%. Boys had higher IOTN-DHC (p < 0.05), DAI (p < 0.05), and PAR (p = 0.05) scores than girls. IOTN-AC was significantly associated with the psychosocial impact of malocclusion (p < 0.05). Parents' level of education and household income were not significantly associated with either treatment need or the psychosocial impact of malocclusion (p > 0.05). Conclusion The need for orthodontic treatment in 12-year-old children in Hong Kong remained high, and the uptake of treatment was low. Boys had a higher normative treatment need than girls. Among the five indices, IOTN-AC appears to be the best indicator of the psychosocial impact of malocclusion.

Orthodontic treatment need, self-esteem, and oral health-related quality of life among 12-yr-old schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 12-yr-old children. The study also assessed whether self-esteem modifies and/or moderates this relationship. Cross-sectional data on 406 schoolchildren aged 12yr were analyzed. Data on socio-economic and demographic characteristics, dental pain, self-esteem, and OHRQoL were collected using validated questionnaires. Orthodontic treatment need was assessed, through dental examinations, using the dental aesthetic index (DAI). Multiple negative binomial regression and path analysis were used to estimate the association of orthodontic treatment need and self-esteem with OHRQoL. A modifying effect of self-esteem on the relationship between DAI and OHRQoL was observed. Self-esteem did not mediate the abovementioned relationship. Children with lower scores of self-esteem had worse OHRQoL among those with lower orthodontic treatment need (a DAI score of<31). However, self-esteem did not influence the association between DAI and OHRQoL in children with greater orthodontic treatment need (a DAI score of≥31). Self-esteem attenuated the impact of malocclusion on OHRQoL in children with minor or definite malocclusion, but not among those with severe or very severe malocclusion. Self-esteem appears to buffer the impact of malocclusion on OHRQoL in children with minor orthodontic treatment need.