Dental 3D Research Articles

The Effect of Image Count on Accuracy in Digital Measurements in Dentistry.

Objective: This study investigated how the number of images collected for digital measurements in dentistry affects accuracy compared with traditional methods. Methods: A Frasaco maxillary model was scanned using a SHINING 3D AutoScan-DS-MIX dental 3D scanner to create an STL file. The maxilla was molded 10 times using polyvinyl siloxane (Zhermack Elite HD+) to produce plaster models, which were scanned with the same reference scanner to generate 10 STL files. The Frasaco model was scanned 10 times, capturing images in intervals of 800-1000, 1000-1200, and 1200-1500 using a 3Shape TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner, creating additional STL files. These were analyzed with reverse engineering software. Results: The most accurate measurements were obtained using 1200-1500 images. Conventional impression techniques performed significantly worse. There was a significant difference between the groups Digital 1200-1500 and Plaster (p < 0.001) and between Digital 800-1000 and Plaster (p = 0.007). No significant difference was found when the digital groups were compared among themselves. There was also no significant difference between the Plaster and Digital 1000-1200 groups. To compare precision values that were normally distributed across three or more methods, a one-way ANOVA was used. Trueness values that were not normally distributed with three or more methods were compared employing the Kruskal-Wallis test. Conclusions: Different image counts affect digital measurement accuracy. The most accurate measurements were obtained when collecting 1200-1500 images. Conventional impression techniques were shown to perform significantly worse than digital impression.

The Evaluation of the Trueness of Dental Mastercasts Obtained through Different 3D Printing Technologies.

In contemporary dentistry, several 3D printing techniques, including a stereolithography apparatus (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), liquid crystal display (LCD), and PolyJet 3D inkjet printing technology (PolyJet), are employed for model production. Despite their widespread use, there remains a paucity of the literature regarding the trueness and precision of these devices in dental applications. Existing studies comparing the accuracy of dental models manufactured by different printing technologies yield disparate conclusions regarding dental prosthesis manufacturing. This study aimed to test two null hypotheses: first, that the trueness of various new-generation 3D printers is equivalent, and second, that the trueness of printing by these printers is sufficient for achieving high-precision mastercasts in dental prosthodontics manufacturing. The research focuses on evaluating the trueness of five contemporary dental 3D printers: Anycubic Mono X 6Ks (Hongkong Anycubic Technology Co., Hongkong, China), Asiga Max (Asiga, Sydney, Australia), Creo C5 (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland), Form 3B (Formlabs, Boston, MA, USA), and J5 Dentajet (Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The methodology employed involved the creation of a digital test object using Blender software, adhering meticulously to the dimensions outlined in ISO standard 20896-1. These dimensions were chosen to be both relevant for this study and representative of clinical scenarios. Subsequently, the test object was printed and precise measurements were conducted utilizing a metrology-type Nikon XTH225 ST Reflection target in conjunction with VGStudio MAX analysis software. The results of our investigation revealed clinically negligible deviations in ball dimensions across all printers, with the maximum observed deviations ranging between 1.17% and 2.03% (notably observed in the Creo C5 printer). Transversal distortion exhibited variance based on the linear accuracy of each printer, with Stratasys21 and Formlabs 3B demonstrating superior accuracy among the evaluated printers. Distortions in the analyzed dimensions (specifically, anterior b-c, posterior a-d, and oblique a-c) were found to be uniform. In conclusion, while the first null hypothesis was rejected, indicating variations in trueness among the 3D printers assessed, our findings affirm the suitability of all five analyzed 3D printers for clinical applications. Consequently, these printers can be utilized for the fabrication of high-precision mastercasts in dental prosthodontics manufacturing.

Wear properties of acrylic dental material 3D printed via digital light processing: Influence of process settings

The digital light processing (DLP) is one of the additive manufacturing methods, renowned for its precision and efficiency, with wide-ranging applications, notably in dentistry. Recent advancements in photocurable resins and DLP technologies have profoundly influenced dentistry. Despite their common clinical use, some resins lack comprehensive empirical studies on their mechanical and wear properties. In addition, analyzing the wear resistance of dental materials manufactured via additive manufacturing is imperative for ensuring their prolonged durability and dependability within authentic oral settings. Profound comprehension of the manner in which these materials withstand abrasive forces ensures their capability to withstand the mechanical strains imposed by chewing and brushing activities, thereby preserving their structural robustness and functional efficacy. The aims of this research are to investigate the effect of DLP process parameter setting, including: layer thickness, exposure time, and light intensity, on the wear resistance of acrylate dental materials. Using a pin-on-disc apparatus, wear tests were conducted. A steel pin, with a diameter of 5 mm, moved linearly over the specimen surface under the speed of 15 m/min and applying a force of 20 N. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the worn surface and wear mechanisms. Additionally, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized to assess parameter effects and correlations. The findings indicate that parameter configurations exert a considerable influence on wear resistance and represent a cost-effective avenue for enhancing the wear resistance of components produced through additive manufacturing. The results revealed a direct correlation between resin curing and wear resistance, with inadequate or excessive curing leading to increased wear rates. The samples with a layer thickness of 25 µm, exposure time of 7.2 s, and light intensity of 160 W/m2, exhibited the lowest wear rate (11 × 10−2 mm3/min). Conversely, samples with a layer thickness of 100 µm, exposure time of 2.8 s and light intensity of 160 W/m2, demonstrated the highest wear rate (55 × 10−2 mm3/min). Additionally, the analysis of variance confirmed correlations between parameters, noting a negative correlation between intensity and time parameters, and positive correlations among other inter-parameter correlations.

Accuracy of soy-based resins for dental 3D printing.

To verify the accuracy of soy-based resins for dental three-dimensional (3D) printing. After conducting a power analysis, models of 10 consecutively treated patients were produced from four different resins using a dental 3D printer. Two of these resins were soy based and therefore biodegradable. These 20 models were measured manually with a caliper as well as digitally by software and compared based on measurement parameters in all three spatial axes. No statistically significant differences were found between the four different resins or between the manual and digital measurements. Soy-based resin seems to be a suitable material for orthodontic 3D printing and is a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional dental resins. Digital model analysis seems to produce comparable results to manual measurement.

3D Digital Modeling of Dental Casts from Their 3D CT Images with Scatter and Beam-Hardening Correction.

Dental 3D modeling plays a pivotal role in digital dentistry, offering precise tools for treatment planning, implant placement, and prosthesis customization. Traditional methods rely on physical plaster casts, which pose challenges in storage, accessibility, and accuracy, fueling interest in digitization using 3D computed tomography (CT) imaging. We introduce a method that can reduce both artifacts simultaneously. To validate the proposed method, we carried out CT scan experiments using plaster dental casts created from dental impressions. After the artifact correction, the CT image quality was greatly improved in terms of image uniformity, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and edge sharpness. We examined the correction effects on the accuracy of the 3D models generated from the CT images. As referenced to the 3D models derived from the optical scan data, the root mean square (RMS) errors were reduced by 8.8~71.7% for three dental casts of different sizes and shapes. Our method offers a solution to challenges posed by artifacts in CT scanning of plaster dental casts, leading to enhanced 3D model accuracy. This advancement holds promise for dental professionals seeking precise digital modeling for diverse applications in dentistry.

Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Actual Popular Technologies.

In this comprehensive review, the current state of the art and recent advances in 3D printing in dentistry are explored. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of 3D printing with a focus on vat photopolymerization (VP), the most commonly used technological principle in dental practice, which includes SLA, DLP, and LCD (or mSLA) technologies. The advantages, disadvantages, and shortcomings of these technologies are also discussed. This article delves into the key stages of the dental 3D printing process, from computer-aided design (CAD) to postprocessing, emphasizing the importance of postrinsing and postcuring to ensure the biocompatibility of custom-made medical devices. Legal considerations and regulatory obligations related to the production of custom medical devices through 3D printing are also addressed. This article serves as a valuable resource for dental practitioners, researchers, and health care professionals interested in applying this innovative technology in clinical practice.

Comparative Analysis of Tooth Measurements on Conventional and Digital Study Model – Validity Reliability Study

Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy, consistency, and reproducibility of tooth measurements by comparing conventional dental cast models with their digital equivalents. Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 50 before-treatment, diagnostic, conventional cast models utilized for study and evaluation. Tooth measurements on the dental cast models were done using a digitized Vernier caliper (Precision, IP54). Three-dimensional (3D) model tooth measurements were obtained through scanning the conventional cast models using the Maestro 3D Dental Scanner (Italy). The comparison of validity and reliability between conventional and digital cast models was done through independent t-tests, Cronbach’s alpha test, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The Independent t-test showed no statistically significant difference between conventional and digital cast models. Cronbach’s alpha test demonstrated high reliability between conventional and digital cast models, surpassing 0.9 in this study. Intraexaminer reliability (ICC) was nearly perfect agreement ranging from 0.82 to 0.99. Conclusion: The digital cast models exhibited user-friendly features and were shown to be a feasible substitute for conventional dental cast models, providing similar levels of accuracy and effectiveness. Consequently, the dental arch tooth measurements of digital cast models were equally accurate and consistent when compared to those obtained from conventional dental cast models.

Cost-Effective Full-Color 3D Dental Imaging Based on Close-Range Photogrammetry.

Dental imaging plays a crucial role in clinical dental practice. Conventional 2D dental imaging serves general-purpose tasks, such as patient documentation, while high-precision 3D dental scanning is tailored for specialized procedures, such as orthodontics and implant surgeries. In this study, we aimed to develop a cost-effective 3D imaging technique that could bridge the gap between conventional dental photography and high-precision 3D dental scanning, with the goal of improving patient dental care. We developed a 3D imaging technique based on close-range photogrammetry and termed it close-range photogrammetry-based dental imaging (CPDI). We evaluated this technique on both in vitro dental models and in vivo teeth. For dental models, we conducted a parametric study to examine the effects of the depth of field and specular reflection on reconstruction quality. We showed that the optimal results were achieved with an f/5.6 lens and without a circular polarizer for reflection suppression. This configuration generated 3D scans with 57.7 ± 3.2% and 82.4 ± 2.7% of reconstructed points falling within ±0.1 mm and ±0.2 mm error margins, respectively. With such accuracy, these 3D dental models can faithfully represent dental morphology and features. During in vivo imaging, we were able to reconstruct high-quality 3D models of the anterior arch, further demonstrating its clinical relevance. The reconstructed models carry both 3D shapes and detail full-color surface textures, which positions CPDI as a versatile imaging tool in different areas of clinical dental care.

Artificial intelligence and skull imaging advancements in forensic identification

ABSTRACT Managing the massive losses associated with large-scale disasters requires significant resources. The unexpected violence of these events generally remains a matter of casualties that urgently need to be identified in a reliable and cost-effective manner. To overcome these difficulties, many researchers have attempted to develop automated methods; moreover, a few recent research have investigated the applicability of artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods using skull, dental, and maxillofacial forensic imaging. In this review, we speculate on the advancement and potential of AI in Dental and Maxillofacial imaging that can help simplify person or victim identification and speed up the process with good accuracy. Using a few prefix search phrases, an online literature search was conducted (AI, Forensic, Skull, Dental, Imaging, Radiology) to identify papers about the advancement of AI in forensic dentistry in all kinds of radiographs, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) radiographs, cone beam computed tomography (CT) and CT. Most of the studies reported that automated methods of human identification based on 2D and 3D Dental and Skull radiographs using a convolutional neural network showed to assist in the fast and accurate identification by expertise evaluating a lot of images and quickly coming up with potential matches for identification. We advocate the application of AI techniques in the identification of individuals. However, there is a need to continue research with emphasis to validate models in skull identification.

Introduction to photopolymerization-based dental 3D printers

3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique with popularity in dental fields for fabricating a wide range of structures and complex geometries. Photosensitive resin-based materials are the most widely used indental clinics, from manufacturing orthodontic devices to implant surgical guides. Each device for 3D printingcarries advantages and disadvantages as well as specific requirements for understanding the printing process.This article contains an introduction of the vat photopolymerization-based dental 3D printing devices to en-hance understanding, thus gaining feasibility of the clinical use.

A Critical Analysis of the Limitation of Deep Learning based 3D Dental Mesh Segmentation Methods in Segmenting Partial Scans.

Tooth segmentation from intraoral scans is a crucial part of digital dentistry. Many Deep Learning based tooth segmentation algorithms have been developed for this task. In most of the cases, high accuracy has been achieved, although, most of the available tooth segmentation techniques make an implicit restrictive assumption of full jaw model and they report accuracy based on full jaw models. Medically, however, in certain cases, full jaw tooth scan is not required or may not be available. Given this practical issue, it is important to understand the robustness of currently available widely used Deep Learning based tooth segmentation techniques. For this purpose, we applied available segmentation techniques on partial intraoral scans and we discovered that the available deep Learning techniques under-perform drastically. The analysis and comparison presented in this work would help us in understanding the severity of the problem and allow us to develop robust tooth segmentation technique without strong assumption of full jaw model.Clinical relevance- Deep learning based tooth mesh segmentation algorithms have achieved high accuracy. In the clinical setting, robustness of deep learning based methods is of utmost importance. We discovered that the high performing tooth segmentation methods under-perform when segmenting partial intraoral scans. In our current work, we conduct extensive experiments to show the extent of this problem. We also discuss why adding partial scans to the training data of the tooth segmentation models is non-trivial. An in-depth understanding of this problem can help in developing robust tooth segmentation tenichniques.

Observation of surface roughness and grinding angle by automatic barrel finishing process of dental 3D printed resin

Observation of surface roughness and grinding angle by automatic barrel finishing process of dental 3D printed resin

Orthodontic correction in rodents and hare-like animals: principles and methods of treatment

The aim: Our particular interest in this study is not only the ability to extrapolate the experience of orthodontics of humane medicine for effective orthodontic correction in representatives of the animal world, but also the possibility of using teleroentgenometry and craniometry to study the skull of rodents and hare-like animals for the early preclinical diagnosis of dental disease.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The data of teleroentgenography (TRG), cranio- and gnatometry, biochemistry of connective tissue (GAG, GP, HST), fluoroscopy, densitometric parameters for early subclinical detection of dental disease in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera (n=20)), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus (n=48)) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus(n=52)) are presented. All stages of the effective correction of mesial occlusion of incisors in rabbits (N=5) and dystropia of premolars in guinea pigs (N=5) are described. The camputation of efforts and points of their application that are necessary to move the tooth of the ellodont type is carried out. There are given the sequential stages of creating a dental imprint or 3D models, as well as the manufacture of fixed orthodontic structures, including an elastophore, orthodontic buttons with an Enlight Ormco fixation for incisors; and individual extraoral devices with expanding screws for premolars are presented.&#x0D; Results. Namely, among animals with dental disease, the following anatomical characteristics reliably took place. The basal angle of inclination of the base of the jaws to each other characterizing the vertical position of the jaws increased by 11 %; the body of the lower jaw shortened by 18 %; the height of the branches of the jaw increased by 17.5, and the mandibular angle, which is measured between the tangents to the lower edge of the lower jaw and the back surface of its branches, increased by 6 %. These data must be considered together with a reliable densitometric decrease in bone density and changes of biochemical components of the connective tissue in the blood serum. An analysis of bone strength of rabbits and guinea pigs is given in Tab. 2, which shows that the bone marrow of animals with dental history is statistically significantly different from the strength of animal bones without such among patients of rabbits and guinea pigs (p = 0.012 and p = 0.024, respectively). Thus, the method of program densitometry can be used to quantify the severity of metabolic disorders in the bone tissue to predict the further course of the reparative process, to appoint adequate pharmacological correction and to control the evaluation of therapeutic measures.&#x0D; Conclusions. The study of dental pathology of rodents and hare-like animals using densitometric, craniometric and biochemical methods allows detection of disorders in the early preclinical stage. And the extrapolation of the experience of humane orthodontics solves the issue of correcting the occlusion of these types of animals to restore the possibility of self-feeding

Automatic registration of dental CT and 3D scanned model using deep split jaw and surface curvature

Background and objectives: In the medical field, various image registration applications have been studied. In dentistry, the registration of computed tomography (CT) volume data and 3D optically scanned models is essential for various clinical applications, including orthognathic surgery, implant surgical planning, and augmented reality. Our purpose was to present a fully automatic registration method of dental CT data and 3D scanned models.Methods: We use a 2D convolutional neural network to regress a curve splitting the maxilla (i.e., upper jaw) and mandible (i.e., lower jaw) and the points specifying the front and back ends of the crown from the CT data. Using this regressed information, we extract the point cloud and vertices corresponding to the tooth crown from the CT and scanned data, respectively. We introduce a novel metric, called curvature variance of neighbor (CVN), to discriminate between highly fluctuating and smoothly varying regions of the tooth crown. The registration based on CVN enables more accurate fine registration while reducing the effects of metal artifacts. Moreover, the proposed method does not require any preprocessing such as extracting the iso-surface for the tooth crown from the CT data, thereby significantly reducing the computation time.Results: We evaluated the proposed method with the comparison to several promising registration techniques. Our experimental results using three datasets demonstrated that the proposed method exhibited higher registration accuracy (i.e., 2.85, 1.92, and 7.73 times smaller distance errors for individual datasets) and smaller computation time (i.e., 4.12 times faster registration) than one of the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the proposed method worked considerably well for partially scanned data, whereas other methods suffered from the unbalancing of information between the CT and scanned data.Conclusions: The proposed method was able to perform fully automatic and highly accurate registration of dental CT data and 3D scanned models, even with severe metal artifacts. In addition, it could achieve fast registration because it did not require any preprocessing for iso-surface reconstruction from the CT data.

Design of an interactive system for access cavity assessment: Anovel feedback tool for preclinical endodontics.

A software program was developed to provide visual, guided feedback to students for access cavity preparations in preclinical learning. The specific aim of the study was to investigate students' overall experiences with the new learning method and compare their experiences with traditional teaching. A workflow based on freely available software was designed to interactively register three-dimensional models of molars with access cavities, and to metrically compare these to instructor-prepared standard cavities. Third-year students practicing molar endodontics access cavity preparation in the preclinical course were then surveyed. A total of 44/79 students completed self-administered questionnaires prior and after the use of the feedback software to gauge their learning experience. The results of the post-training questionnaire illustrated that all surveyed students agreed/strongly agreed that the software assisted their learning in access cavity preparation. In addition, 86 and 89%, respectively, of students agreed that the use of the software improved their skills of access cavity preparation and felt more confident about their access cavity preparation skills after using the software package, 3D Dental Align. The presented software solution permitted setting and comparing access cavity preparations by students against a standard access prepared by an instructor. The process of data acquisition and registration was fast and straightforward. Student feedback was very positive and suggested the integration of this type of experiential learning into the preclinical curriculum. This feasibility study demonstrated the utility of the new technology to assist dental students' access cavity preparation learning.

Effects of heat-treatment methods on cytocompatibility and mechanical properties of dental products 3D-printed using photopolymerized resin.

The purpose of this study was to test heat-treatment methods for improving the cytocompatibility of dental 3D printable photopolymer resins. Nextdent C&B resin and a digital light processing 3D printer were used to print all specimens, which were divided into seven groups as follows: 1-month storage at controlled room temperature, 20 to 25 °C (RT), 24-hour storage at RT, 24-hour storage in RT water, 1-min immersion in 80 °C water, 1-min immersion in 100 °C water, 5-min immersion in 100 °C water, and autoclaving. Cell viability tests, cytotoxicity tests, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to analyze the cytocompatibility of the 3D-printed resin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed after heat-treatment to determine the degree of conversion (DC). Immersing printed resin samples in 100 °C water for 1 or 5 min after the curing process was an effective method for increasing cytocompatibility by inducing the preleaching of toxic substances such as unpolymerized monomers, photoinitiators, and additives. Moreover, the DC can be increased by additional polymerization without affecting the mechanical properties of the material. Immersing the printed photosensitive dental resins in 100 °C water for 5 min is a suitable method for increasing cytocompatibility and the DC.

An evaluation of marginal fit of resin single crown manufactured using a dental 3D printer

An evaluation of marginal fit of resin single crown manufactured using a dental 3D printer

Evaluating the Accuracy of Automated Orthodontic Digital Setup Models

Orthodontic tooth setup provides the orthodontist an insight into the possibilities and limitations of treatment and enables visualization of the final goal of treatment. Lately, artificial intelligence techniques have been applied to the digital setup software to automate the process of tooth segmentation and alignment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of automated digital setup software. The diagnostic digital impression data of 30 patients (mean age, 29.8 ± 14.4 y) who underwent non-extraction orthodontic treatment from 2020 to 2022 were collected. Three automated digital setup software programs, Autolign (Diorco, Yongin, Korea), Outcome Simulator Pro (Align Technology, Inc., Arizona, USA), and Ortho Simulation (Medit, Seoul Korea) were tested and compared to the manual setup model using the Maestro 3D Dental Studio software (AGE Solutions S.r.l., Pontedera, Italy). The linear and angular transposition with respect to six dimensions of tooth movements, including occlusal-gingival, facial-lingual, and mesial-distal bodily movement, as well as crown rotation, mesial-distal crown tip, and facial-lingual crown torque, were calculated. The mean error for linear and angular movement ranged 0.39 – 1.40 mm and 3.25 – 7.80 °, respectively. The effectiveness of automated digital setup systems varies among software, tooth type, and the dimension of movement. Although the setup results have shown improvement in the occlusion indices, further manual adjustments may be needed for clinical use, such as indirect bonding and clear aligner therapy.

Accuracy, Precision, and Efficiency of Three-Dimensional (3D) Dental Lab Scanners: A Comparative Study of Two Systems

Purpose: To compare the accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, and time efficiency between two digital lab scanners (inEos X5 Sirona and KaVo SMD ARCTICA CAD/CAM Scanners) by the traditional method using a digital caliper. Methods: Pair of dental casts (upper and lower) were duplicated using an elastic putty mold to make ten copies of each. Following that, a total of twenty models were scanned in each scanner (Sirona and KaVo) separately by three different calibrated operators. Each operator repeated the scan at an interval of 48 hours. Fifteen measurements for each model were obtained in three different planes (vertical, horizontal, and transfers) following the same protocol. Measurements were obtained manually using a Boley gauge and digitally by the scanner company software. The two scanners that were assessed were; Sirona and KaVo indirect lab Scanners. Results: The coefficient of variations was between 1%- 8%, although statistically significant in some groups, but clinically the differences were insignificant and within the accepted range. Correlations between the inter and Intra operator reliability were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient in Tables 5-6. The reliability of the increased distance of the measurement seems more consistent. The variations of Correlations among operators increased as the distance measured decreased, even though all operators were calibrated respectively. Operators’ feedback was that KaVo was easier to learn. However, timewise Sirona seemed more efficient. The average time for the Sirona scanner was less than half a minute with average scanner time (4.3 and 3.8 minutes). Based on various parameters recorded, both scanners proved to be accurate with no clinically significant differences detected between the groups. Conclusion: Both scanners proved to be accurate with no clinically significant differences detected between the groups. These two scanners were reliable tools to scan and reproduce digital dental records. The inEos X5 Sirona Scanner seemed to be more efficient time-wise than the KaVo SMD ARCTICA CAD/CAM Scanners.

Accuracy of five different 3D printing workflows for dental models comparing industrial and dental desktop printers

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, in terms of trueness and precision, of printed models using five different industrial and dental desktop 3D printers.Materials and methodsFull-arch digital models with scanbodies of 15 patients were printed with five different 3D printers. The industrial printers were 3D system Project MJP2500 (3DS) and Objet30 OrthoDesk (Obj). The dental desktop printers were NextDent 5100 (ND), Formlabs Form 2 (FL) and Rapidshape D30 (RS). A total of 225 printed models were analysed. The printed models were digitized and compared with the reference cast model using the Control X software (Geomagic). The descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey test were performed (α = 0.05).ResultsThe one-way ANOVA for the trueness and precision of the printed model presented the best results for the 3DS, followed by ND, Obj, FL and RS (P < 0.01). In the scanbody zone, the best results were for the 3DS group, followed by Obj, ND, FL and RS (P < 0.01). Comparing the technologies, the Multijet technology used in industrial printers presented better results than the DLP and SLA technologies used in dental desktop printers (P > 0.01).ConclusionsThere were statistically significant differences in terms of the accuracy of the printed models, with better results for the industrial than the dental desktop 3D printers.Clinical relevanceThe industrial 3D printers used in dental laboratories presented better accuracy than the in-office dental desktop 3D printers, and this should be considered when the best accuracy is needed to perform final prosthetic restorations.