Glass Density Research Articles

Development of compact electrolytic enrichment system for environmental tritium analysis.

The new electrolytic enrichment system with compact glass cell was designed. Three (Ni-Fe-Ni) electrodes are used, and electrolysis is carried out at a rate of 2.45g per h with constant current density of 120mA per cm2. This enrichment system allows the enrichment for small, limited sample volumes (e.g. Tritiated Water (HTO) recovered from air). With an initial water volume of 100ml, the tritium enrichment factor of 7 within 2days and a detection limit of 0.12Bq per L can be obtained by Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) measurement for 1000minutes, which is better than the direct measurement with 50ml sample water using large vial. It is also possible to perform the high enrichment process. The initial sample volume of 700ml enriched for 12days by manual refilling yields a tritium enrichment factor of around 43 and detection limit of 0.02Bq per L for 1000minutes of LSC measurement.

Gamma absorption/scattering parameters and nuclear radiation shielding performance of AlSN–Zr glass system: Potential use in medical facilities

This study investigated the glass density and gamma shielding capacity of xAl2O3–40SiO2–5BaO–10Bi2O3–20ZrO2-(25-x)Na2O glass system, where x = 0, 5, and 10 mol%. This glass system was synthesized and the density of the samples increased from 2.92 g/cm³ to 3.14 g/cm³ as the Al2O3 content rose from 0 to 10 mol %. The mass attenuation coefficients ranged from 0.0316 to 38.9421 cm2/g for AlSN–Zr1, 0.0315–38.8504 cm2/g for AlSN–Zr2, and 0.0311–37.0391 cm2/g for AlSN–Zr3. The mean free path and half-value layer for the gamma energy spectrum were approximately 7.54–0.01 cm and 10.87–0.01 cm for AlSN–Zr1, 7.19–0.01 cm and 10.38–0.01 cm for AlSN–Zr2, and 7.14–0.01 cm and 10.31–0.01 cm for AlSN–Zr3, respectively. The effective Z values range from 14.65 to 55.13 for AlSN–Zr1, 14.41–55.74 for AlSN–Zr2, and 14.10–55.01 for AlSN–Zr3. Moreover, the Al2O3 content incorporation reduced photon buildup factors and improved the photon shielding performance of the glass system. Based on the results, AlSN–Zr3 demonstrated the potential to replace conventional shielding materials such as glasses, concrete, and rocks. These glasses a promising candidate for durable gamma-ray shielding applications.

Densely packed glass structure caused by seven-coordinated Zr in high elastic modulus Al2O3–SiO2–ZrO2 glasses

Al2O3–SiO2–ZrO2 ternary glasses were fabricated using a levitation technique. The addition of ZrO2 to the Al2O3–SiO2 glasses strongly affected their thermal, mechanical, and structural properties. Several compositions were partially vitrified at the laser-melted area without levitation although their melting required temperatures higher than 2000°C. With increasing ZrO2 content, the elastic moduli linearly increased, and the 50Al2O3–20SiO2–30ZrO2 glass exhibited a Young′s modulus of 166 GPa and Vickers hardness HV of 11 GPa. Conversely, crack resistance significantly decreased with the addition of ZrO2. Density measurements, Zr L2,3-edge and K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analyses, and 27Al and 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed to investigate the local structure around Zr, Al, and Si in the glasses. Zr formed distorted ZrO7 as in monoclinic ZrO2, which has been rarely found in conventional oxide glasses. The highly oxygen-coordinated Al atoms such as AlO5 and AlO6, were the main components in the glasses rather than AlO4. The majority of Si atoms form SiO4 with four bridging oxygen (Q4). Among the four bridging oxygens, the number of oxygens connected to Al or Zr clearly increased with decreasing SiO2 content. The high packing density of the ternary glasses that resulted in high elastic moduli originated from the highly oxygen-coordinated Zr and Al and their close bonding with SiO4 without generating nonbridging oxygens.

Effect of Li2O on physical, structural, thermal, optical, and electrical properties of mixed alkali borate glasses containing silver nanoparticles

In this work, mixed alkali borate glasses doped with Li2O were prepared with a molar composition of (75-x) B2O3-15Na2O-8CaO-1V2O5-1AgCl-xLi2O; x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol% by using traditional melt-quenching process. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the amorphous nature of the samples. Upon Li2O doping the glass density, measured at ambient temperature, increases from 2.336to 2.518 g/cm3, while molar volume decreases from 29.637 to 24.337 cm3/mol. The direct and indirect band gap energies determined using UV–Visible absorption analysis was in the range 3.000 –3.285 eV and 2.910–3.218 eV respectively. The DTA measurements indicated that with Li2O addition the thermal stability of the glasses has improved. FTIR study revealed the vibrational modes corresponding to the functional groups present in the glasses. The DC conductivity of the samples (measured at 588 K) was found to increase from 2.394 x 10-4 to 3.987 x 10-4 Ω-1m-1with Li2O content. The temperature dependency of DC conductivity followed Mott’s Small Polaron Hopping (SPH) model at high temperature and Variable Range Hopping (VRH) model at low temperatures. The linear fit of the data to the SPH model yielded the activation energy (W) values in the range 0.152 to 0.693 eV, whereas the density of states at Fermi level evaluated by the VRH model was in the order of 1030 eV-1m-3. The improved electrical conductivity of the prepared Li doped glasses together with their good thermal stability and transparency render them as potential candidates for optoelectronics device applications.

Tailoring the Structural and Optical Properties of Oxychloride Magnesium Tellurite Glass with the Addition of Samarium Ions

In this study, samarium-doped oxychloride magnesium tellurite glass with composition (79−x)TeO2−xMgO−20Li2O−1Sm2O3 (Series 1) and (79−x)TeO2xMgCl2−20Li2O−1Sm2O3 (Series 2) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 15 mol% was prepared by the melt-quenching technique. The structural and optical properties of synthesized samples were investigated, and the XRD results dictated an amorphous nature for both samples. The glass density of both Series 1 and 2 decreased with increasing MgO and MgCl2 content. However, the molar volume behaves in a completely opposite manner to an increase in MgO or MgCl2 content. FTIR spectra revealed from the vibrational wavenumber shift of TeO4 and TeO3 structural units showed a significant rise in HOH vibration mode, which implies its usefulness in boosting water and light absorption. Four absorbance bands were observed via UV-Vis NIR, while the indirect optical band gap around (3.42–3.36) eV and (3.42−3.30) eV for Series 1 and Series 2 were observed from UV-Vis spectroscopy. The emission spectra from the photoluminescence study revealed four distinct bands centered at 562.54, 599.14, 645.63 and 708.40 nm which are attributed to the transition from 4G5/2 – 6HJ/2 (J = 5,7,9,11) of states of Sm3+. The optimum glass with a composition of TeO-MgO 15% demonstrates a high potential for optical device development.

Cu role in the optical constants of Cu2x Ge40−x S60−x films for optoelectronics and photovoltaic applications

Physical characteristics of ternary glasses based on sulphur, are the main topic of the investigation. Cu2xGe40−xS60−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 8 at. %) chalcogenides was fabricated using the conventional melt-quench method. With an increase in Cu-concentration, the glass's density (ρ) increased but the molar volume (Vm) decreased. Transmittance and reflection measurements of the films were made over 0.35–2.5 µm spectral-range. The estimated envelopes (RM, Rm) of the reflection spectrum might be used to determine the complex refractive index and the film thickness. With increasing Cu-concentrations, the refractive index (n) increased while the optical gap (Eg) decreased. Cu-concentrations affects the film's nonlinear refractive index (n2), 3ed-susceptibility (χ(3)) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (χa) were investigated. In Cu2xGe40−xS60−x system, the n2, χ(3), and χa values increase with the Cu-additions. Finally, the films analyzed here exhibit interesting properties for application in various optical devices.

Properties of foam glass produced with the use of soot from a cement factory as a foaming agent: A Study Based on Taguchi Design of Experiments

Cellular glass is a lightweight, porous medium with excellent heat transfer resistance that can be used in a variety of industries. This study investigated the use of soot from cement plants as a new foaming agent for producing foam glass. The experiments were designed using the Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE) method. By applying this approach, instead of creating and testing 27 different groups of samples, only 9 groups were produced. The properties of the remaining 18 sample groups were then predicted based on Taguchi analysis. Soot and silicon carbide were used simultaneously (at weight ratios of 2% and 3%) as foaming agents in the samples. Alumina was also used as a modifier with weight ratios of 4%, and 8%. Mechanical strength, water absorption, density, and thermal resistance were evaluated. The findings indicated a direct correlation between elevated soot content and increased water absorption (open porosity), coupled with a reduction in compressive strength and overall density of the foam glass. Electron microscopy observations revealed a wide range of crystallite morphologies in the resulting foam glass, which results in diverse properties in the material. The developed glass foams exhibit a density spanning from 125 to 700 kg/m3, with compressive strength varying between 1.2 and 6.7 MPa, and thermal conductivity in the range of 0.08–0.5 W/m·K. The samples with 3% soot, 0% alumina, and 3% SiC exhibited exceptional thermal insulation properties. In contrast, the samples containing 1% soot, 8% alumina, and 1% SiC demonstrated the highest compressive strength. Overall, this study found that soot from cement plants is a viable foaming agent for producing foam glass with desirable properties. The use of soot from cement plants can not only reduce the dispersion of pollution in the environment but also produce a wide range of foam glass with different properties at a lower cost.

Fracture behavior of brittle particulate composites consisting of a glass matrix and glass or ceramic particles with elastic property mismatch

The aim of this work is two-fold: i) elaborating dense and transparent inorganic glass composites with improved fracture properties, and ii) testing the theoretical analysis proposed in [1] and based on Poisson's ratio mismatch. Particulate composites, consisting of glass or ceramic particles embedded in a soda-lime-silica glass matrix, were synthesized and their fracture behavior was studied by means of the Single Edge Precraked Beam (SEPB) and Double Cantilever Drilled (DCDC) methods, using in situ experiments with X-ray tomography where possible. An important effect of the T-stress on the fracture toughness (KIc) was observed in the case of DCDC exdperiments. KIc is increased by about 40 % by incorporating 7 vol. % amorphous silica beads or SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy ceramic particles (SAED) with a 40 μm mean particle size. It is suggested that toughening results from the crack front trapping and pinning at particle sites and from the tortuous crack path in the case of a-SiO2 particles, and from the contribution of the intrinsic fracture surface energy of the ceramic particles, which are cleaved by the propagating crack, in the case of the SAED particles. The thermally induced stress field is believed to play a major role in the case of a-SiO2 particles. Two glass grades possessing Young's moduli similar to the one of the matrix but much larger Poisson's ratios were used to produce glass beads. However, the incorporation of these latter beads in the matrix was found to have a minor incidence on the fracture behavior.

Design, fabrication, and features investigations of high concentration of Yttrium Oxide doped germanate tellurate borate glass system for optical and radiation shielding application

Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) is a well-known material that could change the glass density and optical properties. For this reason, a set of Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 have been fabricated with a composition formula of (35-x) B2O3-20TeO2-10GeO2-35MgO-xY2O3, where x = 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, all in mol%. A temperature of 1100 °C for 20 min was used to melt the glass, while 350 °C for 5 h was chosen for annealing. The Y7.5 sample was examined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) to ensure the glassy amorphous structure of the glasses since it contains the highest concentration of Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3). Optical absorption using UV–visible was measured for all Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 samples to study their optical properties. Radiation shielding properties were investigated for all samples. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was highest at 0.0395 MeV, with the value of 8.121 cm2/g for Y7.5, 7.927 cm2/g for Y5, and 7.716 cm2/g for Y2.5. The transmission factor (TF) at low energy levels was minimal, reaching as low as 0.0004 for Y7.5. The results highlight Y7.5 as the most effective sample for radiation shielding among all samples due to its high Y2O3 content and density.

Gamma absorption and radiation shielding properties of apatite-wollastonite containing SiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2

This research presents the gamma interaction parameters of glass-ceramics with the apatite-wollastonite (AW) crystal structure within the SiO2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–P2O5–CaF2 glass (AW) doped with 10% SiO2 (AW-10Si), Fe2O3 (AW-10Fe), and TiO2 (AW-10Ti) by weight. The density of the glass ceramics was determined based on the Archimedes method while the mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of the glasses were estimated using the PHITS simulation code for gamma photons within the 15 keV-15MeV energies. The obtained densities of AW, AW-10Si, AW-10Ti, and AW-10Fe are 2.90, 2.92, 2.91, and 3.05 g/cm3, respectively. The linear attenuation coefficients of the glasses followed the order LACAW<LACAW−10Si<LACAW−10Ti<LACAW−10Fe. The addition of the metal oxides improves the attenuation coefficients of AW. A gradual increase in the HVLs was observed as the glass density decreased. AW-10Fe has the best photon absorption and scattering interaction cross-sections among the investigated glasses. This study showed that AW-x glasses are nontoxic, cheaper, environmentally friendly, and effective shields compared to some commercial and recently researched shielding glasses.

Influence of ZnO variation on glass characteristics: Physical, mechanical properties and radiation shielding

This study examines the effects of different ZnO concentrations on the mechanical and radiation shielding characteristics of a glass series that is fabricated using the melt quenching method, where x = 0, 10, 20, and 30 mol.% and the chemical formula is (75-x) B2O3+15Na2O+5CuO+(5 + x) ZnO. The physical and mechanical properties of the prepared glass samples were investigated, where the increase in ZnO concentration between 5.00 mol.% and 35.00 mol.% increases the prepared glass density between 2.319 and 3.032 mol.%, respectively. Additionally, the Makishima-Makinze model was used to examine the mechanical properties of prepared glass samples. The elastic moduli reduced with increasing the substitution of B2O3 by ZnO, where the increase in ZnO concentration between 5.00 mol.% and 35.00 wt% reduces the micro-hardness between 5.279 and 4.578 GPa. Furthermore, the NaI (Tl) detector was used to examine the radiation shielding properties of prepared glass samples. The measurements show an enhancement in the linear attenuation coefficient of prepared glass samples with increasing the ZnO content, where the increase in the ZnO concentration between 5.00 and 35.00 mol.% increases the linear attenuation coefficient by 29.927 %, 25.919 %, 30.917 %, 34.529 %, and 43.942 %, respectively at gamma-ray energies of 0.511, 0.662, 1.173, 1.275, and 1.332 MeV.The increase in the linear attenuation coefficient enhances the radiation protection efficiency of prepared samples and decreases the half-value layer for the prepared glass samples.

Influence of the pressure of compacted glass powders on the final structure of sintered glass-ceramics

In reported investigation we studied sintered glass-ceramics from a model diopside glass with moderate crystallization ability by in-situ optical dilatometeric experiments. The initial glass was ground and sieved below 75 μm. Then thus prepared powders were pressed with different pressures between 50 and 250 MPa. In this way were obtained samples out of pressed powders with different initial porosities determined with gas pycnometry. Then the samples were heat treated in a contactless horizontal optical dilatometer and their porosities were measured one more time. Both pressed green samples and synthesized glass-ceramics were analyzed further with X-Ray micro tomography.We observed that the densification of all samples completes in the same moment which corresponds to the formation of a critical percentage crystal phase. Notwithstanding the continuation of the crystallization process, we obtain materials with different percentage of residual porosity. Then no volume variation of the system is observed. This approach is well demonstrated by the first derivative of the shrinkage curves with time.After the end of the shrinkage of the system, the crystallization leads to the formation of crystallization induced porosity (called by us CIPs) observed here.

Radiation shielding, dose rate and stopping power of cadmium - bismuth - lead - zinc - borate glass system: influence of Bi2O3 doping

Glass systems of the form (70-x)B2O3-10ZnO-10PbO-10CdO-xBi2O3 (with x = 0 to 20 mol%) were prepared by the standard melt-quenching approach and characterized. The role of varying Bi2O3 doping contents on the radiation shielding, dose rate, and stopping power of the proposed glasses was examined. Various radiation shielding properties, such as exposure buildup factors, gamma-ray constants and dose rates, and total neutron removal cross-section, were estimated. The x-ray diffractometer patterns of the samples showed their amorphous characteristics. Glass density was increased from 5.34 to 6.95 g/cm3, and the energy band gap was reduced with the increase in Bi2O3 doping contents. In addition, both mass attenuation numbers and effective atomic numbers of the samples (calculated using Phy-X software) in the gamma-ray energy range of 0.015 to 15 MeV were increased with the increase in Bi2O3 contents. With the increase in Bi2O3 doping, the gamma-ray shielding, stopping power, and neutron removal cross-section of the glasses were improved. This new glass composition was asserted to be a good candidate for radiation shielding applications.

Utilizing bypass cement dust in the production of radiation shielding bismuth borate glass

Using the melting-quench technique, a new method for removing bypass cement dust (BCD) was developed in this study using an active environmental glassy system with the chemical formula (65–x)B2O3–5Li2O–5CdO–25BCD–xBi2O3, where x varied from 0 to 30 mol%. A glass density of 3.137 g/cm³ is attained without bismuth, while a density of 5.345 g/cm³ is obtained with 30 mol% Bi2O3. The unit peaks BO3 and BO4 in the FTIR spectra signify the presence of the BLCDBi-series structure. Elevated Bi2O3 concentrations augment BO4 units. Defects influence the optical absorbance of glass within the wavelength range of 190–1000 nm. These defects in the glass network are created by silicon electrons, silicon hole centers, and BCD as well as Bi3+ or Bi6+ after the addition of bismuth oxide to the glassy system. Eg values were found to decrease as Bi2O3 concentration increased, whereas EU and n values exhibited the opposite behavior. A gamma spectroscopy system and the Phy-X/PSD software are used to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron density (Neff) of samples. In addition, the Phy-X/PSD software demonstrated good agreement between experimental and theoretical interpretations. Overall, the results showed that the BLCDBi-30 sample is suitable for use in radiation protection.

Interpretable machine learning for understanding compositional and testing condition effects on refractive index, density, dielectric constant, and loss tangent of inorganic melts and glasses

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have enabled property-targeted design of glasses. Several machine learning models and open-source tools in the literature allow researchers to predict the optical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of glasses as a function of their chemical compositions. However, these properties also depend on testing conditions. In this paper, we train machine learning models by considering composition and wavelength, temperature, and frequency to predict the refractive index, density, and the two electrical properties, i.e., dielectric constant and loss tangent of glasses, respectively. The predictions of trained models are explained using SHAP analysis, revealing that testing conditions, such as wavelength and temperature, interact majorly with network formers while predicting refractive index and density. In the case of electrical properties, network formers and frequency have the highest interactions, followed by network modifiers and intermediates, and hence govern predictions of dielectric constant and loss tangent. Overall, AI/ML models that can predict the properties of glasses as a function of their composition and testing conditions, coupled with SHAP plots, provide a practical tool to develop a range of glasses for application under varying conditions.

Shear strength and optical bandgap in As2Se3 glasses permanently compacted under GPa pressures

The application of GPa pressures on glassy As2Se3, at temperatures just below and above its glass transition, leads to permanently compacted glasses that exhibit increased densification. Also, melt-quenching of the same glass under a pressure of 7 GPa gives rise to the formation of its crystalline β-phase. The structure of these As2Se3 compacted solids have been explored by X-ray diffraction. Measurements of 10 MHz ultrasound velocities reveal that the density increase is associated with a substantial hardening of the elastic continuum as well as a growing shear strength of glassy solids: the shear modulus G increases by more than 35 % and the Poisson's ratio ν decreases by more than 13 %. The optical properties have been investigated by UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which shows a well defined linear reduction of the optical bandgap Eg with increased density. All of these observations have been explained by considering a disordered layered structure of glassy As2Se3, where densification produced by compaction under GPa pressures gives rise to a progressive strengthening of the interlayer interactions.

Hysteretic response to different modes of ramping an external field in sparse and dense Ising spin glasses

We consider the hysteretic behavior of Ising spin glasses at T=0 for various modes of driving. Previous studies mostly focused on an infinitely slow speed Ḣ by which the external field H was ramped to trigger avalanches of spin flips by starting with destabilizing a single spin while few have focused on the effect of different driving methods. First, we show that this conventional protocol imposes a system size dependence. Then, we numerically analyze the response of Ising spin glasses at rates Ḣ that are fixed as well, to elucidate the differences in the response. Specifically, we compare three different modes of ramping (Ḣ=c/N, Ḣ=c/N, and Ḣ=c for constant c) for two types of spin glass systems of size N, representing dense networks by the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model and sparse networks by the lattice spin glass in d=3 dimensions known as the Edwards Anderson model. Depending on the mode of ramping, we find that the response of each system, in form of spin-flip avalanches and other observables, can vary considerably. In particular, in the N-independent mode applied to the lattice spin glass, which is closest to experimental reality, we observe a percolation transition with a broad avalanche distribution between phases of localized and system-spanning responses. We explore implications for combinatorial optimization problems pertaining to sparse systems.

Improved oxidation and ablation resistance of SiCf/SiC-HfB2 composites: Role of oxygen-blocking scale and protection mechanism

To improve the oxidation and ablation resistance of SiCf/SiC composites, the as-synthesized ultrafine HfB2 powder was used as the modification phase to fabricate SiCf/SiC-HfB2 composites, and their oxidation and ablation behaviors were investigated. Compared with the unmodified SiCf/SiC composites, the oxidation resistance at 800–1500 °C and the ultra-high temperature ablation resistance of SiCf/SiC-HfB2 composites were significantly improved. After oxidation, a compact compound glass scale consisting of HfO2, HfSiO4 and Si-Hf-O glass was formed, providing the effective oxidation protection. A dual-phase oxide scale composed of HfO2 skeleton and Si-Hf-O glass was formed after ablation, exhibiting the high viscosity, the significant oxygen-blocking effect and resistance to gas flow scouring. The improved oxidation and ablation resistance of SiCf/SiC-HfB2 composites could be attributed to the effective protective role of oxygen-blocking scales formed during the oxidation and ablation processes.

Influence of Mineral Additives on Strength Properties of Standard Mortar.

In the article, the authors presented the results of research on the assessment of the effect of selected mineral additives on the strength properties of the standard mortar. The modification of the composition of the standard mortar made on the basis of CEM I 42.5R cement and quartz sand consisted of using seven selected mineral additives in the form of compacted microsilica, Mikrosill microsilica, limestone flour, glass flour, glass granulate, basalt flour, and fly ash in the amounts of 10 and 20% in relation to cement as its substitute. Reducing the share of cement in the standard mortar by 10% has a beneficial effect on improving the compressive strength by over 40% with the addition of microsilica, and in the case of bending strength, even by 10%.

Compositional impacts of high CdO content on the structure and radiation shielding efficiency of CoO–Na2O–B2O3 glass system

Here, this study investigated the structural changes and radiation shielding efficiency of a borate glass host modified by varying cadmium oxide (CdO) concentrations. The glass composition consisted of boron oxide (B2O3; 80:56 mol%), sodium oxide (Na2O; 19.6 mol%), and cobalt oxide (CoO; 0.4 mol%), with cadmium oxide (CdO; 0:24 mol%). The glass structure was analyzed utilizing mass density and FT-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the 400 to 1600 cm−1 range, while radiation shielding properties were investigated utilizing the online Phy-X software in the 0.284–1.333 MeV energy window. Notably, the addition of CdO significantly impacted the glass density, increasing it by approximately 93 % as the added CdO concentration rose from 0 to 24 mol% (i.e., from 2.507 g/cm3 to 4.849 g/cm3). FTIR analysis revealed a concurrent increase in BO4 structural units with increasing CdO/B2O3 ratios. This observation was supported by the calculated N4BO4/(BO3+BO4) ratio, which increased from 40.73% for the CdO-free sample to 52.00% for the highest CdO content. This increase in BO4 units, denser than BO3 units, explains the observed density increase. Conversely, the concentration of non-bridging oxygens decreased from 10.14% to 4.34% with increasing CdO contents, indicating a more tightly packed glass network. Radiation shielding studies demonstrated that increasing CdO concentration from 0 to 24 mol% enhanced the shielding efficiency, evidenced by a decrease in the half-value layer parameter (HVL). The radiation protection efficacy (RPE) also increased from 0.214 to 0.426 for the CdO-free sample to the sample containing 24 mol% CdO at the investigated energy level. This finding highlights the superior shielding capability of the CdO-rich sample. Furthermore, the transmission factor (TF) was investigated for a constant thickness of 0.75 cm for glasses. The CdO-rich sample exhibited a lower TF compared to the CdO-free sample, particularly at lower energies. This finding confirms that, for a given thickness and energy, raising the cadmium oxide content in the current composition leads to an observed mitigation in the transmitted radiation.