Acid Site Density Research Articles

Selective Capture of Phenol from Biofuel Using Protonated Faujasite Zeolites with Different Si/Al Ratios

The purification of biofuels becomes a challenging issue because of the harmfulness of remaining phenolic molecules for human health and engines. To this end, protonic Y zeolites with different Si/Al ratios were explored as effective adsorbent materials to remove phenol from isooctane solution by using a dual experimental/computational strategy. Phenol was selectively removed from isooctane over HY and USY zeolites with a maximal adsorption capacity of 2.2 mmol·g–1, which corresponds to 3–4 phenol molecules per zeolitic supercage. The adsorption equilibrium was reached faster over dealuminated zeolites, due to the presence of large pores at the expense of microporosity as well as a low density of acidic sites. We further evidence that the presence of acid sites limits the regeneration capacity since phenol was strongly adsorbed on both Bronsted and Lewis acid sites. USY zeolite with the highest Si/Al ratio presents the best regeneration capacity since it has the lower aluminum loading. A fundamental under...

Hydrogen transfer versus olefins methylation: On the formation trend of propene in the methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction over Beta zeolites

Beta zeolites with similar textural properties but variable Brønsted acid site (BAS) densities in the range of 25.5–203.8 μmol g−1 were fabricated and investigated as catalysts in the methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction. The intrinsic influence of BAS amount, BAS density and methanol conversion on the reaction mechanism was investigated. Interestingly, methanol conversion depends on the BAS amount regardless of the BAS density. The increase of methanol concentration could modulate the product distribution by promoting the methanol-induced hydrogen transfer reaction and enhancing the olefins methylation as well as inhibiting the cracking of higher olefins. As the BAS density decreases from 203.8 to 56.6 μmol g−1, hydrogen transfer reaction is gradually restrained while the olefin interconversion is enhanced, leading to gradual replacement of aromatics-based cycle by the olefins-based cycle and thus increasing the propene selectivity. However, as BAS density further decreases from 56.6 μmol g−1, the propene selectivity declines because the methylation route in the olefins-based cycle is much more favoured than the cracking route. After detailed investigation of the deactivation behaviours of involved Beta zeolites, it has been found that the accumulation of long-chain alkanes and large polycyclic aromatics is responsible for the catalyst deactivation. These results provide further insights into the effect of BAS density on the reaction mechanism and product selectivity.

Production of light olefins from methanol over modified H-ZSM-5: effect of metal impregnation in high-silica zeolite on product distribution

Improvement of H-ZSM-5 catalyst to convert methanol to light olefins was studied in this research. High-silica H-ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 200) was prepared by a hydrothermal method and modified by impregnation with different promoters (Cs, Mg, Ag, Mn, Fe, Ni, Ir, or P). The parent and modified catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and NH3-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) measurements. Performance tests were performed for all samples in a fixed-bed reactor at 480 °C, 1 bar, and methanol weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 0.9 h−1, using feed with methanol to water weight ratio of unity. The results revealed that the parent catalyst was stable during the impregnation process and that the promoted catalysts exhibited nearly the same crystallinity and BET surface area compared with the parent sample. The acidity of the catalysts was decreased after impregnation of promoters except for Ag. It was found that the propylene selectivity was strongly dependent on the structure, texture, and acidic properties of the catalysts, being affected by the type of promoter. The phosphorus- and iron-promoted H-ZSM-5 catalysts showed high propylene selectivity (45.7 % and 43.7 %, respectively) and good catalytic stability, which was attributed to the moderate density and distribution of acidic sites over these catalysts.

Design of Ordered Mesoporous Sulfonic Acid Functionalized ZrO2/organosilica Bifunctional Catalysts for Direct Catalytic Conversion of Glucose to Ethyl Levulinate

AbstractOrdered mesoporous sulfonic acid functionalized ZrO2/organosilica catalysts (SO42−/ZrO2‐PMO‐SO3H) bearing tunable Brønsted, and Lewis acid site distributions were prepared by a P123‐directed sol‐gel co‐condensation route followed by ClSO3H functionalization. As‐prepared catalysts were applied in the conversion of glucose to ethyl levulinate in ethanol medium. The SO42−/ZrO2‐PMO‐SO3H‐catalyzed target reaction followed a glucose‐ethyl glucoside‐ethyl fructoside‐5‐ethoxymethylfurfural‐ethyl levulinate pathway dominated by the synergistic effect of the super strong Brønsted acidity, and moderate Lewis acidity of the catalysts. Additionally, by combining the advantages of the considerably high Brønsted (696 μeq g−1), Lewis acid site density (703 μeq g−1), optimal Brønsted/Lewis molar ratio (0.99), and excellent porosity properties, the SO42−/ZrO2‐PMO‐SO3H1.0 obtained at an initial Si/Zr molar ratio of 1.0 exhibited the highest ethyl levulinate yield (42.3 %) among the various tested catalysts. Moreover, the SO42−/ZrO2‐PMO‐SO3H can be reused three times without obvious changes in activity, morphology, and chemical structure.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis with metal-modified ZSM-5 catalysts in inert and hydrogen atmospheres

The objective of this work was to determine the impact of hydrogen-activating metals on catalytic fast pyrolysis over ZSM-5 with and without hydrogen addition. Ga-, Ni-, Cu-, Co-, and Pt-modified ZSM-5 catalysts with metal-to-aluminum molar ratios of 2 were prepared by incipient wetness method. The catalysts were evaluated for hydrocarbon and oxygenate yields and for deactivation by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC–MS), and post-reaction catalysts for characterization were prepared in a larger fixed-bed reactor. In inert atmosphere, there was a linear correlation between both the hydrocarbon yield and coke formation and density of strong acid sites, and the main impact of the metals was occlusion of active sites in ZSM-5, leading to proportional reductions in hydrocarbon and coke yields. With the addition of hydrogen, several metals (Pt, Ni, Cu, Co) activated hydrogen and further reduced coke formation, leading to improvements in the ratio of hydrocarbons to coke. No metal-modified catalyst out-performed fresh unmodified ZSM-5 in terms of hydrocarbon yield; however, Ni/ZSM-5 and Cu/ZSM-5 in hydrogen produced comparable hydrocarbon yields to ZSM-5 while reducing coke formation.

Performance Evaluation of Carbon-based Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst Derived From Hura crepitans Seed Pod for Esterification of High FFA Vegetable Oil

Efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts from low-cost material is a research target in biodiesel industry to reduce production cost and minimize waste generation. The performance of carbon-based heterogeneous acid catalysts prepared from Hura crepitans seed pod via partial carbonization and sulfonation was evaluated in this study. Different catalysts, 0HuSO3H, 30HuSO3H, 60HuSO3H, 90HuSO3H, and 120HuSO3H, obtained by varying preparation conditions were characterized using emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric and titrimetric analyses. The activity of the catalysts towards esterification of high free fatty acid-containing H. crepitans seed oil was assessed. Effects of process parameters, temperature, catalyst load, methanol/oil ratio, reaction time, and their various optimum levels on the esterification reaction, were investigated using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array method of optimization. The results showed that the H. crepitans seed pod-derived solid acid catalysts exhibited superior catalytic properties primarily due to high acid density (2.0 mmol/g). The resident time of carbonization before sulfonation showed a strong influence on the acid site density, pore sizes, hydrophobicity, and acid site retention capacity. The optimum process conditions as predicted by the optimization model gave 94.81% ester conversion. The catalyst was effective up to four cycles with only 1.44% decrease in activity.

Design of Specific Acid-Base-Properties in CeO2-ZrO2-Mixed Oxides via Templating and Au Modification

Ceria-zirconia mixed oxides and gold supported oxides exhibit very good thermal stability and catalytic activity, as well as great selectivity. This work has been focused on the controlled synthesis and characterization of cationic- and amphiphilic-templated ceria, zirconia, and ceria-zirconia mixed oxides from nitrate and iso-propoxide precursors, and ceria-zirconia mixed oxides modified with gold via the deposition precipitation method with urea. The characterization of the acidic and basic properties was carried out through two test reactions. A complete chemical and structural characterization of the materials was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller Surface Analysis (N2-BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), NH3- Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)/CO2-TPD, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Template techniques led to the formation of high surface area mesoporous materials with high activity and thermal stability. In general, the acid sites density was decreased, whereas the basic site density was increased by modification with Au or incorporation of zirconia in case of mixed oxides.

Tuning Zeolite Properties for a Highly Efficient Synthesis of Propylene from Methanol.

A series of nanosized ZSM-5 samples was synthesized at 170, 150, 120, and 100 °C. Experimental data show that the decrease of crystallization temperature leads to significant changes in zeolite properties. Crystals synthesized at 100 °C exhibit many framework defects with lower acid-site density, strength, and a larger external surface area. The selectivity to light olefins and the propylene-to-ethylene ratio increases as the crystallization temperature decreases. A propylene-to-ethylene ratio of above 6 with the highest selectivity to propylene of 53 % was obtained over ZSM-5 catalyst prepared at 100 °C. The stability of the nanosized zeolite in methanol to olefins (MTO) was also improved compared to the industrial sample with a similar Si/Al ratio. This catalytic performance is a result of the decrease in the acid-site density, strength, and the crystals' size, providing a shorter diffusion path and larger external surface area. The presence of structural defects and a different external surface in the crystals has been shown to play an important role in the MTO catalyst performance.

Reduced graphene oxide supported V2O5-WO3-TiO2 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx

We present a reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO)-supported V2O5-WO3-TiO2 (VWTi) catalysts for the efficient selective catalytic reduction of NOx. The rGO support provides well-dispersed functional sites for the nucleation of nanoparticles, allowing the formation of VWTi catalysts with high specific surface areas. The dispersion of the nanoparticles, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), confirmed the uniform dispersion of the particles on the rGO surface. Detailed Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) analyses indicated that the high density of acidic sites provided by the rGO is key to the observed enhancement of NOx removal efficiency, and the rGO-supported catalysts exhibit improved NOx removal efficiencies with smaller amounts of V2O5 and WO3 compared with the commercially available V2O5-WO3-TiO2 catalysts.

Preparation and performance investigation of a lignin-based solid acid catalyst manufactured from olive cake for biodiesel production

Abstract In this study, the olive cake was successfully developed and applied as a substrate to produce a lignin-based catalyst for biodiesel production. Three lignin-based solid acid catalysts were prepared from the incomplete carbonized alkali lignin using concentrated sulfuric acid. The catalyst underwent a detailed characterization analysis in terms of its functional groups of active sites, surface area, acid sites density and morphological structure. For the catalytic activity test, prepared catalysts were studied for their ability to catalyze both esterification and transesterification reactions of waste vegetable oil (WVO) ≈2 FFA (% w/w). The results revealed that a sulfonated lignin-derived acid catalyst has a high potential to esterify waste vegetable oil to about (92%) conversion. Furthermore, it demonstrated about 57% conversion to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) under the following optimum condition: sulfonation time of 1 h, catalyst loading of 10 wt %, the methanol-to-WVO molar ratio of 35:1, a reaction temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 6 h. Also, the results showed that the lignin-based acid catalyst can be reused at least ten times with high FFA conversion (>75%).

Optimization of Lignin-Based Biocatalyst Production from Pine Sawdust and Wheat Straw.

Pine sawdust and wheat straw are abundant lignocellulosic wastes that have been recently converted into bioethanol under a biochemical platform scheme whose main waste is lignin. Lignin can be transformed into a wide variety of high added-value products, including its functionalization as a catalyst. A key step in the synthesis of a lignin-based catalyst is the sulfonation reaction, whose operating conditions, namely, H2SO4 to lignin ratio (mL/g), temperature and time, have been arbitrarily chosen. In this contribution, an optimization methodology (i.e., Box-Behnken) is applied in order to found the operating conditions during the sulfonation reaction that maximizes the total acid sites density of lignin-based catalysts from pine sawdust and wheat straw. The optimization results show that the time in sulfonation reactions can be significantly reduced, compared to those previously reported, without affecting the performance of both catalysts in esterification reactions. These results could be further considered for energy and costs reduction purposes during the conceptual design engineering of the sulfonation reaction.

Highly efficient gas-phase dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane to 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene over mesoporous nano-aluminum fluoride prepared from a polyol mediated sol-gel process

Gas-phase dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) to 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze), one of the new fourth-generation refrigerants was performed over the mesoporous nano-aluminum fluoride (nano-AlF3) synthesized through a facile polyol mediated sol-gel process. The solvent, molar ratio of HF/Al precursor and calcination temperature during preparation can affect the crystal structures and textural properties, especially the acidity amount of the resulting nano-AlF3. The prepared nano-AlF3 catalysts exhibit the apparent reaction rate among 5.5–7.7 mmol h−1 g−1 with total selectivity above 97% to HFO-1234ze at 280 °C, which are higher than those on conventional β-AlF3 and fluorinated Cr2O3 catalysts. With regard to intrinsic reaction rate and apparent turn over frequency (TOF), β-AlF3 displays the highest activity among the tested catalysts. The characterization results reveal that the density of acid sites of nano-AlF3 is associated with its TOF in this reaction, and reducing the density of acid sites is beneficial to achieving high activity. However, the distribution of cis, trans-isomers for HFO-1234ze is not easily tuned by adjusting the preparation conditions of nano-AlF3. Catalytic stability tests show that nano-AlF3 exhibits almost constant activity over 200 h, which are much more stable than conventional AlF3 and fluorinated Cr2O3 catalysts.

Isobutene oligomerization on MCM-41-supported tungstophosphoric acid

Oligomerization offers a broad potential for converting light olefins into liquid fuels. Here, tungstophosphoric acid, TPA, was impregnated on a mesoporous silica support, MCM-41, at varying loadings from 1 to 90 wt%. The IR and XRD results indicated the presence of interactions between the TPA clusters and MCM-41, especially at loadings below 50 wt%. These interactions led to variations in acid site density and their corresponding strength as evidenced by the results of temperature programmed desorption of ammonia measurements. Consequences of these changes were investigated on isobutene oligomerization. Results obtained at 393 K and 15 bar indicated that the TPA/MCM-41 catalysts provide more than 75 wt% isobutene conversions at a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 46 h−1. Results further showed that the catalysts were more selective towards distillate range products especially at very low TPA loadings. The relative selectivity of trimers over dimers in the oligomerization product pool was approximately four at a TPA loading of 1 wt% and it decreased to 1.5 with increasing TPA loading. Ruling out the presence of any strong correlations between acid strength and catalytic performance, the data presented a strong dependence of the product selectivity on the availability and vicinity of the acid sites.

Pushing the Limits on Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Catalyst Support: NU-1000 Supported Tungsten Catalysts for o-Xylene Isomerization and Disproportionation.

Acid-catalyzed skeletal C-C bond isomerizations are important benchmark reactions for the petrochemical industries. Among those, o-xylene isomerization/disproportionation is a probe reaction for strong Brønsted acid catalysis, and it is also sensitive to the local acid site density and pore topology. Here, we report on the use of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) encapsulated within NU-1000, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), as a catalyst for o-xylene isomerization at 523 K. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), 31P NMR, N2 physisorption, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the catalyst is structurally stable with time-on-stream and that WO x clusters are necessary for detectable rates, consistent with conventional catalysts for the reaction. PTA and framework stability under these aggressive conditions requires maximal loading of PTA within the NU-1000 framework; materials with lower PTA loading lost structural integrity under the reaction conditions. Initial reaction rates over the NU-1000-supported catalyst were comparable to a control WO x-ZrO2, but the NU-1000 composite material was unusually active toward the transmethylation pathway that requires two adjacent active sites in a confined pore, as created when PTA is confined in NU-1000. This work shows the promise of metal-organic framework topologies in giving access to unique reactivity, even for aggressive reactions such as hydrocarbon isomerization.

Advanced oxidation process for coke removal: A systematic study of hydrogen peroxide and OH-derived-Fenton radicals of a fouled zeolite

The regeneration process of a fouled catalyst typically involves treatments at high temperature which often cause irreversible damages on the catalyst’s properties. In this work, Fenton chemistry-derived OH• species, and H2O2, are proposed as oxidizing agents to reactivate a porous catalyst at mild conditions, below 100 °C. The chosen catalyst is a microporous ZSM-5 zeolite, which is a challenging candidate due to the mass transfer limitations with possible recombination of the hydroxyl radicals; thereby being an obstacle to oxidize organics occluded in the micropores. The organics deposition over a ZSM-5 zeolite during the D-glucose dehydration reaction was confirmed by a number of characterization techniques, which revealed a considerable decrease in the surface area, pore volume and acid site density in the fouled catalyst. By properly selecting the regeneration conditions, reactivation via Fenton or H2O2 was highly effective in terms of removal of the organics as well as recovery of the initial catalytic activity. The properties of the H2O2 treated-zeolite, the optimal treatment in this case study, were preserved with similar structural and textural features and improved acidity. Hot water extraction was ineffective to remove the humins from ZSM-5. Mechanistically, the presence of Fe impurities in the zeolite structure did not allow to discriminate between a homo, heterogeneous, or a direct H2O2 pathway, or a combination of them. The exhibited conversion by the regenerated zeolite was comparable to that of the fresh one.

Solvent‐Free Synthesis and n‐Hexadecane Hydroisomerization Performance of SAPO‐11 Catalyst

SAPO‐11 catalysts are prepared by both solvent‐free and hydrothermal methods. SAPO‐11 samples prepared by the solvent‐free method have a higher density of acid sites compared with the samples obtained by the hydrothermal method. We performed 29Si NMR spectroscopy to determine the acid properties of the samples, and most Si species exist in the SAPO region. The SAPO‐11 materials were loaded with the noble metal Pt at a content of approximately 0.5 wt.‐%, and the bifunctional catalysts were applied in the hydroisomerization of n‐hexadecane. Remarkably, a higher catalytic activity and isomer yield were obtained for the catalyst synthesized by the solvent‐free method. In particular, the higher yield of multibranched isomers, including dibranched and tribranched isomers, can be ascribed to the lower nPt/nA ratio (an expression of the balance between metal and acid sites) accompanied by the longer residence of carbenium ions at the acid sites. The solvent‐free samples can produce isomer products with lower pour points and enhanced low‐temperature mobility.

A Rational Revisiting of Niobium Oxophosphate Catalysts for Carbohydrate Biomass Reactions

Niobium oxophosphate acid catalyst (NbP) has great success in aqueous heterogeneous catalysis, in particular for carbohydrate biomass valorization, thanks to the water-tolerant acid properties of the LA (Lewis) and BA (Bronsted) sites. Attempts to tailor the acid properties of NbP by chemical treatment or dilution in inert matrix to disperse active NbP phase have been recently proposed in the literature (Carniti et al., Appl Catal B 193:93–102, 2016; Aronne et al., J Phys Chem C 121:17378–17389, 2017). The obtained samples have been used with success in the hydrolysis reaction of inulin to fructose and in hydrolysis plus dehydration of cellobiose to HMF. The samples have been further studied with calorimetric acid-titration measurements using 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) basic probe in various liquids (cyclohexane, water, isopropanol, and water-isopropanol mixtures) to study their intrinsic and effective acid strength. A rational revisiting of the surface acid properties of NbP and modified samples, that wants to take into account the acid-sites density and strength and the LAS to BAS ratios measured under different liquid environments in relation with their catalytic activity, is presented.

Ni/SIRAL-30 as a heterogeneous catalyst for ethylene oligomerization

The oligomerization of ethylene is an important catalytic process for the production of higher olefins, and is also a key step for jet-fuel production from bioethanol. We herein investigated the use of Ni/SIRAL-30 as a heterogeneous catalyst for ethylene oligomerization, as it can be prepared easily and cheaply by the simple impregnation of a Ni precursor on a commercial SIRAL-30 support with a high Brønsted acid site (BAS) density. Pyridine-infrared spectroscopy confirmed that proton species in the bridge-type Si-OH-Al frameworks of SIRAL-30 were partially exchanged with Ni2+ cations without interfering with the Al3+ sites. In addition, the Ni species following catalyst calcination under air and pretreatment with N2 was identified to be the isolated Ni2+ by XPS, EXAFS and CO adsorption. The Ni/SIRAL-30 catalyst gave almost complete ethylene conversion and stability over 100 h at 200 °C, 10 bar pressure, and at a weight hourly space velocity of 0.375 h−1 during continuous ethylene oligomerization. A Ni loading of 4 wt% on SIRAL-30 was optimal for both ethylene conversion and for maximizing the proportion of C10+ products formed, while the pretreatment of Ni(4 wt%)/SIRAL-30 at 550 °C under N2 resulted in the best catalytic activity. Although a degree of deactivation was observed due to the adsorption of heavy oligomers, the initial catalytic activity was restored by heating the used catalyst at 550 °C under air. These results confirm that the Ni(4 wt%)/SIRAL-30 catalyst is both recyclable and an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for continuous ethylene oligomerization.

Hydrolysis of eucalyptus wood chips under hot compressed water in the presence of sulfonated carbon-based catalysts

Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars and derivatives is a key step in production of biofuels and commodity chemicals in a biorefinery. In this study, catalytic hydrolysis of eucalyptus chips with solid sulfonated carbon-based catalysts prepared from three different carbon precursors (sucrose, glucose, and xylose) was studied under hot-compressed water at 150–250°C with reaction time of 1–10min. Increasing temperature up to 200°C led to higher sugar yields from cellulose and hemicellulose while further increase in temperature caused higher formation of sugar degradation by-products. Sulfonated-sucrose (SO3H-Suc) showed the greatest performance on sugar production compared to other catalysts with less formation of furans and anhydroglucose; its high catalytic activity was related to its high acid site density as proven by NH3-TPD measurement. Size reduction and chemical pretreatment of the biomass were found to enhance the hydrolysis yield and reaction selectivity. The highest sugar yield of 40.7% comprising glucose, fructose, and xylose was achieved using 5% (w/w) SO3H-Suc at 200°C for 5min with milled biomass (60–100μm) pretreated by alkaline oxidation. The work provides an alternative catalytic process for hydrolysis of lignocellulose in biomass industry.

Green and efficient production of furfural from corn cob over H-ZSM-5 using γ-valerolactone as solvent

γ-Valerolactone is an excellent green solvent for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into platform chemicals. A green and efficient production process of furfural from corn cob was investigated under mild reaction temperature (170–210 °C): γ-valerolactone as solvent, H-ZSM-5 as catalyst. A maximum furfural yield of 71.68% was obtained under 190 °C for 60 min with 35 g/L H-ZSM-5 (1.4 g H-ZSM-5/g corn cob).The high yield of furfural could be primarily explained by the highly catalytic activity of H-ZSM-5 and suppression of condensation reactions between intermediates and furfural molecular due to the solvent effect of γ-valerolactone. Infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption was applied to measure the density of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in the H-ZSM-5. The Brønsted acid sites density of H-ZSM-5 was 656 μmol/g. The results showed that Brønsted acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolite were critical components which was benefit for the furfural production. More significantly, the Saeman model was exploited to estimate the concentration of furfural which well agreed with the experimental data. Additionally, the activation energy for furfural production from corn cob was 67.67 kJ/mol, which was calculated by a modified Arrhenius equation. The model gave a profound knowledge in the furfural production process from corn cob with H-ZSM-5 zeolite in γ-valerolactone.