Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Research Articles

Genome-Wide Identification and Role of the bHLH Gene Family in Dendrocalamus latiflorus Flowering Regulation.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is a crucial regulator in plants, orchestrating various developmental processes, particularly flower formation, and mediating responses to hormonal signals. The molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering regulation remains unresolved, limiting bamboo breeding efforts. In this study, we identified 309 bHLH genes and divided them into 23 subfamilies. Structural analysis revealed that proteins in specific DlbHLH subfamilies are highly conserved. Collinearity analysis indicates that the amplification of the DlbHLH gene family primarily occurs through segmental duplications. The structural diversity of these duplicated genes may account for their functional variability. Many DlbHLHs are expressed during flower development, indicating the bHLH gene's significant role in this process. In the promoter region of DlbHLHs, different homeopathic elements involved in light response and hormone response co-exist, indicating that DlbHLHs are related to the regulation of the flower development of D. latiflorus.

Conservation and Divergence of PEPC Gene Family in Different Ploidy Bamboos.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), as a necessary enzyme for higher plants to participate in photosynthesis, plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon metabolism and the stress response. However, the molecular biology of the PEPC family of Bambusoideae has been poorly studied, and the function of its members in the growth and development of Bambusoideae is still unclear. Here, we identified a total of 62 PEPC family members in bamboo. All the PEPC genes in the bamboo subfamily were divided into twelve groups, each group typically containing significantly fewer PEPC members in Olyra latifolia than in Phyllostachys edulis, Dendrocalamus latiflorus and Dendrocalamus brandisii. The results of an intraspecific and interspecies collinearity analysis showed that fragment replication and whole genome replication were the main driving forces of bamboo PEPC members. Furthermore, the Ka/Ks values of collinear genes showed that bamboo PEPC experienced purification selection. In addition, the promoter region of PEPC genes contains cis-acting elements related to light response, plant hormone response and response to stress. An analysis of the expression levels of the PEPC family in different developmental stages and tissues of bamboo shoots has shown that PhePEPC7, PhePEPC9 and PhePEPC10 were highly expressed in the leaves of non-flowering plants and culms. Furthermore, PhePEPC6 was significantly upregulated in leaves after GA treatment. Further research has shown that PhePEPC6 was mainly localized in the cell membrane. This provides a solid bioinformatics foundation for further understanding the biological functions of the bamboo PEPC family.

Projecting the Impacts of Climate Change, Soil, and Landscape on the Geographic Distribution of Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) in China

Projecting the Impacts of Climate Change, Soil, and Landscape on the Geographic Distribution of Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) in China

Expression of Iron Metabolism Genes Is Potentially Regulated by DOF Transcription Factors in Dendrocalamus latiflorus Leaves.

Transcription factors (TFs) are crucial pre-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that can modulate the expression of downstream genes by binding to their promoter regions. DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) proteins are a unique class of TFs with extensive roles in plant growth and development. Our previous research indicated that iron content varies among bamboo leaves of different colors. However, to our knowledge, genes related to iron metabolism pathways in bamboo species have not yet been studied. Therefore, in the current study, we identified iron metabolism related (IMR) genes in bamboo and determined the TFs that significantly influence them. Among these, DOFs were found to have widespread effects and potentially significant impacts on their expression. We identified specific DOF members in Dendrocalamus latiflorus with binding abilities through homology with Arabidopsis DOF proteins, and established connections between some of these members and IMR genes using RNA-seq data. Additionally, molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions between these DlDOFs and the DOF binding sites in the promoter regions of IMR genes. The co-expression relationship between the two gene sets was further validated using q-PCR experiments. This study paves the way for research into iron metabolism pathways in bamboo and lays the foundation for understanding the role of DOF TFs in D. latiflorus.

Variations in characteristics of bamboo vascular bundles between Dendrocalamus and Bambusa

Unraveling the characteristics of bamboo vascular bundles is critical for understanding their physiology and mechanical properties. However, different bamboo species have different vascular bundles, leading to significant variations in their industrial applications. In this paper, the You Only Look Once algorithm was applied to examine the vascular bundles of several species representatives within Dendrocalamus (Dendrocalamus farinosus, Dendrocalamus asper, and Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and Bambusa (Bambusa pervariabilis, Bambusa textilis, and Bambusa arundinacea), considering their economic and ecological importance. The analysis included the classifications of vascular bundles, their dimensions, and the areas of fiber sheaths. The results showed that the vascular bundles of Dendrocalamus and Bambusa were mainly broken-waist type. Along the radial direction, both Dendrocalamus and Bambusa exhibited gradient variability in vascular bundles, suggesting a similar underlying structural pattern. Quadratic functions could be employed to represent the radial distributions of vascular bundle size and fiber sheath area. Statistically, the fiber sheath area was positively correlated with vascular bundle size (P<0.05). In addition, significant differences in vascular bundles were detected among different bamboo species, which may lead to substantial variations in their mechanical properties. In particular, Bambusa arundinacea had the highest vascular bundle length (724.57 μm) and length/width ratio (1.69), while Dendrocalamus asper had the highest vascular bundle width (552.20 μm) and fiber sheath area (0.22 mm2). Nevertheless, principal component analysis indicated substantial similarity in the vascular bundles of Dendrocalamus and Bambusa. Moreover, the interspecific variations in vascular bundles were notably more pronounced within Dendrocalamus compared to those observed within Bambusa. Overall, our study examined the variations in vascular bundles between Dendrocalamus and Bambusa, offering insights that hold significant potential for bamboo taxonomy and the design of bio-inspired materials.

Analysis of 14–3-3 Gene Family and Functional Characterization of DlGRF8/11 modulating flowering time in Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)

14–3–3 proteins, also known as general regulatory factors (GRFs), are common regulatory proteins that play a critical role in growth, development, and environmental responses in plants. However, there is limited understanding of the members and functions of 14–3–3 gene family in ma bamboo. In this study, 25 Dl14–3–3 genes were identified and designated as DlGRF1-DlGRF25, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of DlGRF genes provided insights into the conservation and diversity during evolution in ma bamboo. It’s verified that the expression patterns of DlGRFs were discrepant in different flowering tissues. To further explore the floral transition, Y2H, BiFC, and LCI assays revealed that DlGRF8 interacted with DlFT1/DlTFL1 in the cytoplasm and with DlFT2/DlFD1 in the nucleus. Interestingly, DlGRF11 exclusively interacted with DlFD1 in the nucleus. Overexpressing experiments in rice indicated that DlGRF8 promoted flowering, while DlGRF11 delayed flowering. Moreover, they exhibited diverse expression patterns in response to drought and ABA treatments. These results provide preliminary insights into the role of DlGRF genes in floral transition, growth, and development.

Use of “Dendrocalamus latiflorus” bamboo as a support layer in anaerobic filter to remove BOD and COD in sanitary effluent treatment

Use of “Dendrocalamus latiflorus” bamboo as a support layer in anaerobic filter to remove BOD and COD in sanitary effluent treatment

Screening of Antagonistic Bacillus against Brown Rot in Dendrocalamus latiflorus and Preparation of Applying Bacterial Suspension.

The aim of this study was to isolate biocontrol bacteria that could antagonize brown rot of Dendrocalamus latiflorus, optimize the culture conditions, and develop an effective biocontrol preparation for brown rot of D. latiflorus. This study isolated a bacterium with an antagonistic effect on bamboo brown rot from healthy D. latiflorus rhizosphere soil. Morphology, molecular biology, and physiological biochemistry methods identified it as Bacillus siamensis. The following culturing media and conditions improved the inhibition effect of B. siamensis: the best culturing media were 2% sucrose, 1.5% yeast extract, and 0.7% potassium chloride; the optimal culturing time, temperature, pH, and inoculation amount were 48 h, 30℃, 6, and 20%. The optimum formula of the applying bacterial suspension was 14% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate emulsifier, 4% Na2HPO4·2H2O, 0.3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thickener, and 20% B. siamensis. The pot experiment results showed the control effect of applying bacterial suspension, diluted 1,000 times is still better than that of 24% fenbuconazole suspension. The applying bacterial suspension enables reliable control of brown rot in D. latiflorus.

Analyzing the Impact of Simulated Nitrogen Deposition on Stoichiometric Properties and Yield of Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) Shoots, Leaves, and Soil Substrate

The growth dynamics of Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) are intricately linked to nitrogen availability, a pivotal nutrient. Escalating global nitrogen deposition, primarily driven by anthropogenic factors, is reshaping nutrient fluxes and productivity within forest and bamboo ecosystems. Such alterations bear significant implications for the growth equilibrium and yields of rapid-growth species such as Ma bamboo, thereby influencing their sustainable management strategies. This investigation delves into the responses of Ma bamboo under varying nitrogen deposition scenarios (0 g·clump−1, 11.2 g·clump−1, 13.5 g·clump−1, and 22.5 g·clump−1), examining stoichiometric attributes in bamboo shoots, leaves, and soil across distinct growth phases. Our empirical findings reveal that in the early growth stage, nitrogen enrichment markedly augmented N and P concentrations in the foliage and shoots, alongside a corresponding enhancement in soil P content. This was paralleled by a substantial reduction in the C:N ratio in leaves and the C:P ratio in shoots and soil, indicating an amplified uptake of P and N in both plant and soil matrices. During the middle stage, all nitrogen treatments boosted nitrogen levels across various plant tissues, while concurrently, soil C content exhibited a notable decline with increased nitrogen supplementation. In the late stage, leaf and soil N content continued to ascend; however, alterations in C content in both soil and leaves were not pronounced. Contrastingly, N and P levels in shoots showed a gradual decrement. Yield assessments disclosed that during the early stage, the N3 treatment (22.5 g·clump−1) not only delayed shoot emergence by 14 days but also surged the yield by 115.87% in comparison to the control (CK). In the late stage, the N2 treatment (13.5 g·clump−1) extended emergence duration by 10 days, with the yield apex under N3 treatment (22.5 g·clump−1) evidencing a 116.67% yield augmentation over CK. In summation, this study elucidates the stoichiometric balancing and distribution strategies within the plant–soil system of Ma bamboo, investigating its adaptability and responsive feedback to diverse nitrogen deposition gradients. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of plant nutrient adaptation mechanisms in the context of nitrogen deposition, enriches the discourse on plant population stoichiometry, and offers valuable insights and scientific underpinnings for broader-scale community or ecosystem stoichiometry studies.

Uncovering the miRNA-mediated regulatory network involved in Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) de novo shoot organogenesis

Abstract Bamboo is an important non-timber forest product and is well-known for its reluctance to regenerate. Recently we have established a de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) protocol in Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and revealed the transcriptomic dynamics during Ma bamboo regeneration, which suggested the potential roles of Ma bamboo microRNAs (DlamiRNAs) in this process. However, how DlamiRNAs regulate bamboo DNSO is poorly understood. Here we performed integrated analysis with sRNAome, degradome, and transcriptome sequencing by using samples covering the four stages of the bamboo DNSO process. A total of 727 DlamiRNAs showed differential expression during the bamboo DNSO process, and the core DlamiRNA–DlamRNA- mediated regulatory networks for bamboo DNSO were constructed. Based on the results, DlamiR156 was selected for further functional characterization of its potential roles in bamboo DNSO. Transgenic bamboos with increased DlamiR156 levels exhibited an enhancement in their regeneration efficiency. Conversely, when DlamiR156 levels were downregulated, the regeneration efficiencies of transgenic bamboos decreased. Our findings show that the DlamiRNA-mediated regulatory pathways are significant in the process of bamboo regeneration and will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing plant organogenesis in a more comprehensive manner.

Identification and characterization of the cupin_1 domain-containing proteins in ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and their potential role in rhizome sprouting.

Cupin_1 domain-containing protein (CDP) family, which is a member of the cupin superfamily with the most diverse functions in plants, has been found to be involved in hormone pathways that are closely related to rhizome sprouting (RS), a vital form of asexual reproduction in plants. Ma bamboo is a typical clumping bamboo, which mainly reproduces by RS. In this study, we identified and characterized 53 Dendrocalamus latiflorus CDP genes and divided them into seven subfamilies. Comparing the genetic structures among subfamilies showed a relatively conserved gene structure within each subfamily, and the number of cupin_1 domains affected the conservation among D. latiflorus CDP genes. Gene collinearity results showed that segmental duplication and tandem duplication both contributed to the expansion of D. latiflorus CDP genes, and lineage-specific gene duplication was an important factor influencing the evolution of CDP genes. Expression patterns showed that CDP genes generally had higher expression levels in germinating underground buds, indicating that they might play important roles in promoting shoot sprouting. Transcription factor binding site prediction and co-expression network analysis indicated that D. latiflorus CDPs were regulated by a large number of transcription factors, and collectively participated in rhizome buds and shoot development. This study significantly provided new insights into the evolutionary patterns and molecular functions of CDP genes, and laid a foundation for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of plant rhizome sprouting.

Characterization of microbial diversity and important off-odor compounds in fermented Ma bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)

Ma bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) are widely distributed in southern China and play an important role as a valuable natural resource. However, the inherent odor produced during fermentation is not accepted by most consumers, which limits the use of fermented Ma bamboo shoots as popular foods. Therefore, reducing the inherent odor of fermented Ma bamboo shoots is still a bottleneck problem in processing.In general, indigenous microorganisms play an important role in the formation of volatile compounds in various fermented products. Therefore, the change of microbial diversity in Ma bamboo shoots during fermentation was studied to establish the relationship between microbial diversity and fermentation odor formation. The results showed that the abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella, and Lactococcus increased significantly during fermentation. Five significantly different volatile compounds were detected. Among them, two highly regulated VOCs, methylpyrazine and p-cresol, were identified as the major odor components. In general, lactic acid bacteria showed increased abundance and were the possible producer of off-odors. These results will provide new ideas and strategies for the removal or attenuation of off-odors by microbiological methods.

Effects of cold plasma treatment on maintaining the quality of fresh-cut bamboo shoots during shelf-life storage

Cold plasma (CP) is an emerging preservation technology that involves minimal processing and retains the freshness of fresh-cut products. In this study, we applied CP (50 kV, 30 s) to evaluate the potential use on the freshly cut Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) shoots using physicochemical, headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolomic analyses. The results showed that the firmness of CP treated bamboo was 57% higher than control groups, and CP treatment could effectively inhibit yellowing for up to 5 day at 25 °C. Six key flavor compounds (odor activity value (OAV) > 1) were detected. 4-Hydroxy-benzaldehyde was the most abundant compound, accounting for 45.53%–78.46% in bamboo shoots. Aldehyde, ketone, and ester contents increased significantly, whereas alcohols and alkenes were reduced by CP treatment. CP induced higher microorganism community diversity within four days. Freshly cut bamboo shoots had a high concentration of metabolites that were closely related to the lignin biosynthesis. Through the accumulating of stress-related hormones, fatty acids, and flavonoids, CP boosted the response to external stress. This method offers a new approach to preserve the quality of freshly cut bamboo shoots.

Aboveground Biomass Productivity and Nutrient Use Dynamics of Clumping Tropical Bamboos in Northern Thailand

Bamboo has great potential in restoring degraded lands while providing multiple environmental benefits and harvestable products at regular intervals due to its unique characteristics of rapid growth. However, a comprehensive and species-specific knowledge of biomass productivity, nutrient dynamics, and potential harvest-induced nutrient losses is lacking. This study compared the biomass and nutrient dynamics of four bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxburgh, and Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz in Northern Thailand. Field measurements, laboratory analyses, and statistical modeling were used to estimate their aboveground biomass (AGB), nutrient use efficiency (NUE), and nutrient stocks. Culm diameter at breast height (DBH) and age were identified as the most reliable predictors of AGB. The study revealed that D. brandisii had superior productivity and NUE compared to the other species, particularly the introduced non-native bamboo species. These findings emphasize the need for species-specific strategies that consider both biomass productivity and nutrient dynamics. Furthermore, D. brandisii can be suggested as a native candidate for bamboo plantations in Northern Thailand and similar environments, given its high productivity and efficient nutrient use, underpinning its potential contribution to environmental rehabilitation and rural livelihoods. However, more research is required to minimize nutrient losses and maintain a productive age structure.

Predicting Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage for Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) Plantations

The purpose of this study was to predict aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground carbon storage (AGCS) in Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) plantations. A total of 25 bamboo samples were selected and felled based on age and diameter at breast height (DBH) classes. Two types of allometric equations (with and without an age factor) were used to develop biomass models for foliage, branches, culms and aboveground parts. Moreover, three intensively managed Ma bamboo plantations were used in this study to predict AGB and AGCS. The above two biomass models and a diameter distribution model were used to predict AGB for the three bamboo stands. The AGCS was predicted based on the AGB and percent carbon content. The results showed that the proportions of foliage, branches and culms to AGB were 11.1, 23.7 and 65.2%, respectively, at the individual bamboo level. The mean percent carbon content was predicted to be 41.68, 44.21 and 46.72% for foliage, branches and culms, respectively. The allometric equation with the age factor had better predictive ability than that without the age factor, with the former having higher R2 and lower root mean square error values. Compared to the AGB predicted by the allometric model with the age factor at the stand level, the range of relative error was from −16.56 to 5.26% and from −40.0 to 71.7% for the AGB predicted by the allometric model without the age factor and that by the diameter distribution model, respectively. According to the allometric model with the age factor, the AGB and AGCS were predicted to be 35.7 ± 3.4 and 16.3 ± 1.5 Mg ha−1, respectively, in Ma bamboo plantations. The results also reflected that the current status of Ma bamboo management is intensive management, where the focus is on harvesting bamboo shoots.

Combined melatonin and UV-C treatment maintains the quality of fresh-cut bamboo shoots during storage by altering microbial diversity and metabolites

The quality of fresh-cut Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) shoots was evaluated via physicochemical, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolomic analyses. Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant bacteria. Melatonin and UV-C treatments most inhibited Lactobacillaceae and Cyanobacteriales, respectively. Differential metabolic profiling revealed that 47 and 44 metabolites were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the shoots during storage. Significant metabolite accumulation, including secondary metabolite precursors related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine), was detected. This corresponded to the lignin content and firmness. Melatonin and UV-C treatments increased resistance to external stress via the accumulation of fatty acids and flavonoids. UV-C irradiation upregulated 19 of 22 fatty acyls, including ethyl linoleate, ethyl palmitoleate, 2-isopropylmalic acid, and jasmonic acid, whereas melatonin treatment increased 12 of 16 flavonoids, including hildgardtene and butein 4′-arabinosyl-(1->4)-galactoside. A combined melatonin and UV-C treatment exhibited the merits of both and best maintained the quality of the shoots.

Technological and prebiotic aspects of young bamboo culm flour (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) combined with rice flour to produce healthy extruded products

Young bamboo culm flour (YBCF) has proved to be a healthy and sustainable ingredient, due to its high fiber content and high yield of bamboo crops. The present study evaluated the effects of YBCF from Dendrocalamus latiflorus on the physicochemical, technological properties and prebiotic activity of rice-based extrudates aiming to expand its application. The extrudates were produced in a twin-screw extruder with different RF:YBCF concentrations (100:0; 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15 %). During the process, the specific mechanical energy increased as YBCF content increased because of the high shear favored by YBCF particles. With increasing RF replacement by YBCF, the extruded products presented a significant (p < 0.05, by the Scott-Knott test) increase in hardness (57.37 to 82.01 N) and water solubility index (12.80 to 34.10 %), as well as a decrease in color luminosity (L*=85.49 to 82.83), expansion index (2.68 to 1.99), and pasting properties. In addition, all extrudate samples presented bifidogenic activity. Therefore, YBCF exhibited attractive technological properties and can be used as an ingredient in the production of healthy and sustainable extruded products.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of three types of bamboo shoot powders

Powders were prepared from fresh Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo shoots (P. pubescens), Dendrocalamopsis oldhami bamboo shoots (D.oldhami) and Dendrocalamus latiflorus bamboo shoots (D.latiflorus), and their physical, chemical, adsorption and powder properties were determined. All three of these powders were high in dietary fiber and protein, with P. pubescens powder containing the highest concentration of dietary fiber (50.34 ± 0.65 g∙100 g-1). The water holding, oil holding, and swelling capacities of this powder were all higher than those of the other two kinds of powders. The P. pubescens powder also showed the highest capacity to adsorb glucose, cholesterol and nitrite. In addition, the measured repose and slip angles of this powder were lower than those of the other two powders, indicative of it having good fluidity. And the bulk density and tap density of this powder were significantly higher than those of the others as well, indicative of its superior filling property.

Genome-Wide Identification of MIKCc-Type MADS-Box Family Gene and Floral Organ Transcriptome Characterization in Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro).

Most bamboos die after flowering, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for flowering is poorly understood. The MIKCc-type MADS-box family gene is involved in the flowering process. To explore the mechanism of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene and phytohormone regulation in the flowering of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (D. latiflorus), characterized by extremely rapid growth and widely cultivated woody bamboo, we initially did a genome-wide analysis of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene in D. latiflorus. In the meantime, transcriptome analysis was performed using the floral organs. A total of 170 MIKCc-Type MADS-Box genes were identified and divided into 15 categories. The cis-acting element analysis in promoters regions revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box family genes were associated with hormones, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which was found at 79, 476, 96, 486 sites and cover 61, 103, 73, 128 genes. Genome synteny analysis showed subgenome AA and BB were better than CC and obtained 49, 40, 39 synteny genes compared with Oryza sativa (O.&amp;nbsp;sativa). In transcriptome analysis of floral organs, the enriched pathway from DEGs included circadian, vernalization and gibberellin pathways associated with the flowering process. We found that the jasmonic acid synthesis gene is highly expressed in the pistil, which may be the cause of Ma bamboo pollen abortion. The expression profile showed that most MIKC-type MADS-box genes exhibited high expression in flower organs. The consequences of this study will provide insight into the irregular flowering and low pollen counts of Ma bamboo.

Lower Light Intensities Increase Shoot Germination with Improved Leaf Biosynthesis in Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) is a major bamboo species cultivated in southern China with high economic, ecological, and social value. However, highly dense forests and reasonable structures in bamboo forests have unclear and adverse effects on light transmittance and forest productivity that are not adequately understood. Here, we investigated varied light-intensity treatments during different phases of shoot emergence and development on Ma bamboo shoots. The amount of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, gas exchange indicators, and biosynthetic products were also compared to explore the response mechanism of shoot germination on downstream biochemical pathways. We found that compared to the L0 treatment (full sunlight), the number of germinated bamboo shoots under the L1 treatment (40% light) increased significantly by 44.07% and 101.32% in the shooting initial-phase and metaphase, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) during the shooting initial-phase and metaphase was the highest in the L1 treatment, while the L4 (10% light) and L0 treatments inhibited chlorophyll synthesis. Further, the accumulation of leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was higher in the L1 treatment than in other treatments. Ma bamboo showed rich carbohydrate contents under L0 and L1 treatments in the shooting initial-phase and metaphase. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that the L1 treatment positively correlated with bamboo shoot germination and biochemical activity during the shooting periods. Ultimately, our data suggest that the L1 treatment is the most optimal for promoting bamboo shoot germination, providing a scientific basis for cultivating shoot-used bamboo forests in southern China.