Demographic Structure Of Population Research Articles

Habitat use of Amazonian birds varies by age and foraging guild along a disturbance gradient.

Patterns of habitat use directly influence a species' fitness, yet for many species an individual's age can influence patterns of habitat use. However, in tropical rainforests, which host the greatest terrestrial species diversity, little is known about how age classes of different species use different adjacent habitats of varying quality. We use long-term mist net data from the Amazon rainforest to assess patterns of habitat use among adult, adolescent (teenage) and young understory birds in forest fragments, primary and secondary forest at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil. Insectivore adults were most common in primary forest, adolescents were equally likely in primary and secondary forest, and all ages were the least common in forest fragments. In contrast to insectivores, frugivores and omnivores showed no differences among all three habitat types. Our results illustrate potential ideal despotic distributions among breeding populations of some guilds of understory birds where adult insectivores may competitively exclude adolescent individuals from primary forest. Secondary forest recovery appears to hold promise as a breeding habitat for frugivore and omnivore species but only as a pre-breeding habitat for insectivores, but as the forest ages, the demographic structure of bird populations should match that of primary forest.

Phylogeography and population structure of Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845) (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae) in the South China Sea.

The climate fluctuations during the Late Pleistocene significantly influenced the phylogeographic structure and historical dynamics of marine fishes in the marginal seas of the western Pacific Ocean. The puffer fish, Lagocephalus spadiceus, holds substantial nutritional and economic value in the South China Sea. To investigate the demographic history and population structure of the L. spadiceus, the mitochondrial DNA COI and Cyt b gene datasets from 300 individuals across eight populations in the South China Sea were sequenced. Our findings revealed high haplotype diversity (0.874 ± 0.013) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00075 ± 0.00058). The phylogenetic tree and haplotype networks revealed no significant genetic differentiation along the northern coast of South China Sea. Neutrality tests, mismatch distribution analyses, and Bayesian skyline plots suggested that L. spadiceus underwent population expansion during the Late Pleistocene. Both ocean currents and climate change significantly influenced the geographical distribution and genetic population structure of L. spadiceus.

Econometric analysis of the development of labor potential of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan

The goal is to reveal the basis for the formation of labor potential in agriculture, its condition and role in socio-economic development of rural areas. Consider theoretical foundations of economic and mathematical modeling of dynamics of the formation of human resources in agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - application of methodology for carrying out forecast calculations based on econometric model in the form of a system of joint equations, tracing the connection of labor market with changes in demographic structure of the country's rural population. The study used statistical data series provided by the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An overview of government support measures aimed at increasing labor reserves in rural areas is presented. As a result of scientific research, calculation forecast models were obtained, on the basis of which the values of main statistical indicators characterizing the dynamics of labor activity in rural areas of the republic for the long-term period were determined. Results - ways to overcome negative trends that slow down labor activity and form effective labor potential in rural areas are proposed: ensuring real growth in rural employment in all areas of activity; creation of additional high-performance jobs; improvement of social infrastructure. Conclusions - based on forecast calculations of indicators reflecting the directions of development of human capital in agricultural sector, opportunities for increasing GDP of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries have been identified. Studying the problems of rural labor economics makes it possible to note imbalances in the supply and demand of qualified specialists. In this regard, there is a need for active labor policy, stimulation of job search, training in professional skills, acquisition of a new profession.

Genetic formation of Sui populations in southwest China

AbstractThe Sui people living in Guizhou province have a unique ethnic culture and population history due to their long‐time isolation from other populations. To investigate the genetic structure of Sui populations in different regions of Guizhou, we genotyped 89 individuals from four Sui populations using genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms arrays. We analyzed the data using principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE analysis, f‐statistics, qpWave/qpAdm, TreeMix analysis, fineSTRUCTURE, and GLOBETROTTER. We found that Sui populations in Guizhou were genetically homogeneous and had a close genetic affinity with Tai‐Kadai‐speaking populations, Hmong‐Mien‐speaking Hmong, and some ancient populations from southern China. The Sui populations could be modeled as an admixture of 33.5%–37.9% of Yellow River Basin farmer‐related ancestry and 62.1%–66.5% of Southeast Asian‐related ancestry, indicating that the southward expansion of northern East Asian‐related ancestry influenced the formation of the Tai‐Kadai‐speaking Sui people. Future publications of more ancient genomics in southern China could effectively provide further insight into the demographic history and population structure of the Sui people.

Modelling the Distribution of the Little Owl Athene noctua in Bulgaria

The Little owl Athene noctua (Scopoli 1769) is believed to be widespread in Bulgaria but its actual distribution and ecology are insufficiently studied. Historical records and unpublished information on its abiotic requirements, habitat preferences, breeding biology and distribution were analyzed to generate an Ecological Niche Model and documented that A. noctua is found across 90.8% of Bulgaria. We also estimated its potential distribution and ecological requirements within part of its range using Maxent. The Environmental Niche Model has a high degree of predictability. The climate changes are affecting the distribution. Our results revealed that the vertical distribution of the species expands by 100 m a.s.l. In Bulgaria, the main factors which determine the status of the population are elevation, type of land use, human population density and demographic structure which seem to account for most of the variation in suitable climatic conditions, and climatic factors – Annual Mean Temperature and Mean, Driest Quarter. Threats to the Little owl in Bulgaria include habitat loss, destruction of breeding sites, vehicle collisions, poisoning, predation, and persecution due to negative stereotypes or beliefs. Bulgaria, with a high number of breeding pairs as compared to elsewhere in Europe has an opportunity and obligation to preserve the species. The results of this study will help inform conservation decisions and efforts to maintain Little owl populations in Bulgaria.

Dispersal of juvenile Barrow’s goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) mirrors that of breeding adults

Barrow’s goldeneyes across western North America have been shown to have a high degree of subpopulation independence using several data types. However, evidence for structured populations based on mitochondrial DNA, band recoveries, and tracking of adults is discordant with evidence from autosomal DNA. We used satellite tracking data from both juveniles and adults marked on natal and breeding grounds, respectively, in British Columbia, Canada to evaluate the hypothesis that male-biased juvenile dispersal maintains genetic panmixia of Pacific Barrow’s goldeneyes otherwise structured by migratory movements and high winter and breeding site fidelity of adults. We found that juvenile males traveled to overwintering sites located within the range of the overwintering sites of juvenile females, adult males, and adult females. Juvenile males migrated at the same time, travelled the same distance when moving between natal and overwintering sites, and had the same winter dispersion as juvenile females. Although juveniles did not travel with attendant females, all juveniles overwintered within the wintering range of adults. We tracked some juveniles into the following spring/summer and even second winter. Prospecting juveniles of both sexes travelled from their wintering grounds to potential breeding sites in the proximity of Riske Creek and within the bounds of the breeding locations used by adults. Juveniles tracked for more than a year also showed relatively high winter site fidelity. Because Barrow’s goldeneyes pair on wintering grounds, our tracking data are not consistent with the hypothesis that male-biased juvenile dispersal explains the genetic structure in the mitochondrial DNA and panmixia in the autosomal DNA of Barrow’s goldeneye. We suggest that uncommon or episodic dispersal of males might be enough to homogenize autosomal DNA but is unlikely to influence demographic population structure relevant to contemporary population management.

How to Survive Intensive Harvesting: The High Recruitment Rates of the Precious Mediterranean Red Coral (Corallium rubrum L. 1758)

The recruitment process is a fundamental step in population life cycles that determines survival, population demographic structure, and dynamics. The success of recruitment events repeated over successive years greatly affects the survival of long-lived gorgonian populations. Here, we report the recruitment process of the precious, heavily harvested Mediterranean gorgonian Corallium rubrum (red coral) on both settlement tiles and natural substrates over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral is a gonochoric internal brooder that reproduces in early summer. Lecithotrophic planulae settle 15–30 days after release in semi-dark environments at depths between 15 and 800 m. In autumn, 0.58–0.68 mm-wide recruits can be observed on the vaults of small crevices and caves and on rocky cliffs and boulders. Owing to their small size, there is limited knowledge of C. rubrum recruitment in the field. In this study, we examined the recruitment density and distribution in Canadells (Banyuls sur Mer, France) and Calafuria (Livorno, Italy) and compared these findings with those collected over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral exhibited high recruitment values ranging from 0.43 to 13.19 recruits dm−2. The distribution pattern of recruits, examined at a small spatial scale via nearest-neighbor distance analysis, revealed a significantly higher patch frequency on the natural substrate than on settlement tiles, presumably because of the scarcely available spots of free space on the former substrate, which are crowded by competitor species.

Generation and applications of simulated datasets to integrate social network and demographic analyses.

Social networks are tied to population dynamics; interactions are driven by population density and demographic structure, while social relationships can be key determinants of survival and reproductive success. However, difficulties integrating models used in demography and network analysis have limited research at this interface. We introduce the R package genNetDem for simulating integrated network-demographic datasets. It can be used to create longitudinal social network and/or capture-recapture datasets with known properties. It incorporates the ability to generate populations and their social networks, generate grouping events using these networks, simulate social network effects on individual survival, and flexibly sample these longitudinal datasets of social associations. By generating co-capture data with known statistical relationships, it provides functionality for methodological research. We demonstrate its use with case studies testing how imputation and sampling design influence the success of adding network traits to conventional Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) models. We show that incorporating social network effects into CJS models generates qualitatively accurate results, but with downward-biased parameter estimates when network position influences survival. Biases are greater when fewer interactions are sampled or fewer individuals observed in each interaction. While our results indicate the potential of incorporating social effects within demographic models, they show that imputing missing network measures alone is insufficient to accurately estimate social effects on survival, pointing to the importance of incorporating network imputation approaches. genNetDem provides a flexible tool to aid these methodological advancements and help researchers testing other sampling considerations in social network studies.

High genetic diversity in an endemic and vulnerable species: evidence from Astragalus cyclophyllon (Fabaceae) in Iran

The genus Astragalus L. with about 3000 species is the largest genus of flowering plants. It is also the largest genus in the flora of Iran with more than 850 taxa. Astragalus cyclophyllon Beck is an endemic taxon belonging to Astragalus sect. Incani DC. It occurs scattered in the steppe and semi-steppe areas of the western and central parts of Iran. This species is one of the most important forage taxa of Astragalus. According to IUCN criteria it has been classified as a vulnerable taxon in Iran, as it occurs in habitats intensely used by herders for their livestock. Here we evaluate the genetic diversity of the populations of this species in Iran to see whether genetic diversity is high or if reductions have already happened. For this purpose, sampling was done in all geographical areas with A. cyclophyllon populations in Iran. In total, 80 individuals representing 29 populations were studied using 33 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. ISSR revealed 240 bands which all were polymorphic. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis divided the individuals in four groups, Principal Coordinate Analysis and Bayesian population assignment analysis in Structure resulted in three genetic units. Morphological variation showed no correlation with the molecular data. The mean of Gst and Nm indices are 0.516 and 0.468, respectively, which indicate a very high genetic differentiation and low gene flow between the studied populations. According to these results, we conclude that genetic diversity is high in this species and that, therefore, the major threat for A. cyclophyllon is currently not related to inbreeding depression in populations, but might be due to livestock grazing that could change the population demographic structure by reducing regular establishment of new offspring.

Immigration as the main driver of population dynamics in a cryptic cetacean.

Empirical evidence about the role and interaction of immigration with local demographic processes in shaping population dynamics is still scarce. This knowledge gap limits our capability to derive a conceptual framework that can be used to inform conservation actions. Populations exposed to nonstationary environment do not converge to a stable stage distribution, implying the need for evaluating the demographic role of both vital rates and stage distribution using appropriate tools. This is particularly important for species with larger generation times like cetaceans. We explored the relative demographic role of vital rates and population structure of a poorly known cetacean, the Mediterranean Cuvier's beaked whale, while accounting for the exposure to nonstationary environments. We performed a retrospective analysis through transient life table response experiments (tLTRE) using demographic rates and population structure of both sexes obtained from an integrated population model. The contribution of immigration to variation in realized population growth rates was 4.2, 7.6, and 12.7 times larger than that of female apparent survival, proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2-year-old calf, and proportional abundance of breeding females with a 3-year-old calf, respectively. Immigration rate and proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2- or 3-year-old calf explained, respectively, 65% and 20% of total temporal variability in realized population growth rates. Changes in realized population growth rate between successive years were mainly driven by changes in immigration and population structure, specifically the proportional abundance of breeding females with a 2-year-old calf. Our study provides insight into the demographic processes that affect population dynamics and in a cryptic cetacean. We presented an analytical approach for maximizing the use of available data through the integration of multiple sources of information for individuals of different distinctiveness levels.

Demographic structure across all known populations of the rheophyte Dyckia brevifolia Baker (Bromeliaceae) in the Itajaí-Açu River, Southern Brazil.

Understanding the distribution and demographic structure of populations is essential for species conservation. In Brazil, the rheophyte group has been greatly affected by the construction of hydroelectric dams. All know populations of Dyckia brevifolia Baker along Itajaí-Açu River were studied. The plants were classified as seedlings, immature or reproductive rosettes. In addition, the number of dead rosettes, except for seedlings, was determined in five populations of D. brevifolia. The total number of rosettes per population ranged from 273 to 7,185, totaling 30,443 rosettes, and 1,789 seedlings (5.9%). Only 2.4% of rosettes occurred isolated and 97.6% occurred clumped into 2,254 clumps. The number of rosettes per clump ranged from two to 339 rosettes. The percentage of reproductive rosettes per population ranged from 7.8 to 26.7%. The correlation between the number of clumps or between the total number of rosettes and the area of occupation was significant and positive (r = 0.82; P < 0.05). The production of offshoots (1-4) occurred on immature and reproductive rosettes. Dyckia brevifolia has herbivory by Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (capybara). These rosettes die or often resprout, emitting from 1 to 20 shoots. The populations did not present a pattern of distribution of rosettes in the diametric classes, but in all populations a decrease in the number of rosettes can be observed in the classes with the largest diameter. The small area of occupation (9,185 m2) showed high environmental specificity and vulnerable to habitat loss and environmental changes. Therefore, the maintenance these sites is essential for the long-term conservation of D. brevifolia.

ДОЛГОЖИТЕЛИ В ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ

The subject of the study is a cohort of the Russian population aged 90+ (centenarians). The purpose of the work is to conduct a theoretical study of the place of the cohort of centenarians in the demographic structure of the country's population. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that longevity is still a fairly rare phenomenon, attracting the attention of many specialists. The iden- tification of its determining factors remains an important medical, social, and state problem. Today there is no universal answer to the question "what determines the level of longevity?". In light of the search for an answer to it, it is necessary at least to give an accurate picture of longevity in Russia, both on the national scale and in the context of its regions. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the level of longevity in Russia and the spatial pattern of the spread of this phenomenon on the territory of the country. The statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as analytical publications in periodicals, served as the information base of the study. The research methods include general logical, analytical, statistical, and cartographic methods. To measure the level of longevity, such indicators were used (including calculated) as the absolute number of centenarians (persons aged 90+); the proportion of centenarians (aged 90+) in the total population; the index of longevity or longevity for groups aged 90+. In the course of the study, the authors obtained the following results: indicators of the level of longevity in Russia and in its regions were determined. In order to visualize the obtained regional data, their mapping was carried out. Factors influencing spatial differences in the level of longevity in the country have been identified. The authors conclude about the positive dynamics of the longevity level of the population of Russia in 1990-2021. Among the macro-regions of Russia, the Central Federal District is the leader in terms of the absolute number of cen tenarians, their share in the total population, and the value of the longevity index. The Far Eastern Federal District is an outsider according to these parameters. At the same time, the territories that in Russia are traditionally considered “hotbeds” of longevity – the North Caucasus and Siberia – do not show high values of longevity indicators. Outsider regions in terms of the longevity of the population are mainly “areas of new development”.

Modeling the Population Demographics &amp; Viability of Imperiled Guzmania monostachia Populations

Guzmania monostachia is a large, long-lived bromeliad whose leaves grow in a rosette pattern and is native to the Americas, but endangered in Florida due to damage caused by the invasive weevil Metamasius callizona. Each G. monostachia rosette can reproduce sexually via flowers or asexually by producing clonal offshoot rosettes. We model the population dynamics and demographic structure of a G. monostachia population using a Lefkovitch matrix model where each state represents a demographic class of rosettes. Model analysis over a range of uncertain parameters show the conditions under which a G. monostachia population is viable in the absence and presence of M. callizona, and the expected demographic structure under those conditions. In particular, our analysis illustrates that proportional reductions in survival have a qualitatively stronger impact on population viability than proportion reductions in clonal fecundity.

Effect of biomass burning on premature mortality associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Equatorial Asia

The health burden from exposure to ambient fine particulates (PM2.5) in Equatorial Asia is substantially affected by the peatland fires in Indonesia, but the long-term health effect of the fires on local inhabitants is unclear. In this study, PM2.5-associated excess mortality in Equatorial Asia over the past 30 years (1990–2019) was estimated and then the health effect of biomass burning was identified. The PM2.5-related death in Equatorial Asia almost tripled from 113 (95% confidence interval, 100–125) thousand in 1990 to 337 (300–373) thousand in 2019, with a rate of increase of 6.4 (6.2–6.9) thousand/yr. The intense biomass burning between 1990 and 2019 was estimated to have induced 317 (282–348) thousand excess deaths in the study regions, with excess deaths mainly occurring in the El Niño years, such as in 1997, 2006, 2015 and 2019. Although the remote sensing data and emission inventories both reveal that the effective control measures have reduced biomass burning intensity in Equatorial Asia (especially in Sumatra and Borneo), the corresponding health benefit has been offset by variations in demographic factors, i.e., population and age structure. Over the same period, fossil fuel emissions continued to increase rapidly. Thus, more stringent and ambitious policies are required to reduce the health burden from biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions simultaneously to maximize the health benefits from government measures and policies.

Tourism towards healthy lives and well-being for older adults and senior citizens: Tourism Agenda 2030

Turismo hacia una vida sana y el bienestar de las personas mayores: Agenda de turismo 2030ResumenObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar una revisión exhaustiva de la contribución del turismo al desarrollo de vidas saludables y a la promoción de sentimientos de bienestar para los adultos mayores. Esto se relaciona con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 3 de la Agenda 2030 de “garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar para todas las personas en todas las edades”.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueEste trabajo se presenta como una revisión conceptual que salvará la brecha de investigación entre el turismo y la demografía y se centrará en los viajes de los turistas mayores que apoyan un estilo de vida saludable y ayudan a desarrollar sentimientos positivos de bienestar.ConclusionesEl envejecimiento de la población y el cambio de la estructura demográfica presentarán tanto posibilidades como dificultades para la economía, los servicios y la sociedad. Es importante desarrollar formas innovadoras para ayudar a las personas a mantenerse activas a medida que envejecen, así como proporcionar medidas para combatir la soledad es primordial. El turismo y los viajes pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la consecución de este ODS.OriginalidadEste estudio proporciona una visión cualitativa de la literatura existente, examinando el papel del turismo desde una perspectiva física, psicológica (o intelectual), social y espiritual que ha demostrado ser importante en la promoción de un estilo de vida saludable, así como en la creación de sentimientos positivos de bienestar para los viajeros mayores. También ofrece direcciones futuras y construye la teoría a través de un modelo holístico de las dimensiones del bienestar. Además, propone futuras prioridades de investigación relacionadas con las personas mayores que están vinculadas a estilos de vida saludables que incluyen experiencias turísticas.

Genetic population structure and demographic history of the endemic fish Paralichthys olivaceus of the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

The Northwest Pacific marginal waters comprising the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan have unique geomorphic features. The Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, which is endemic to the Northwest Pacific, has high nutritional, economic, and ecological value. To allow the examination of the demographic history and population structure of the most common P. olivaceus species range over the five marginal seas (East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea, Northwest Pacific Ocean, and the Sea of Japan), the mitochondrial DNA control region of 91 individuals from six populations in China was sequenced. These sequences were combined with 233 sequences from four populations distributed in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean for analysis. Higher levels of nucleotide diversity (0.032 ± 0.016) and haplotype diversity (0.996 ± 0.001) were observed. The peripheral Fuqing population in the East China Sea had the relatively lowest genetic diversity and highest differentiation. Furthermore, when the results of the isolation by distance test, spatial analysis of molecular variation and geographic barrier analysis are also considered, there is a clear need to prioritize resource conservation and enhancement measures in this area. The phylogenetic trees, structure assignment test, and haplotypes network revealed no significant differences in the genealogical structure among ten populations. Mismatch distribution analysis, Bayesian skyline plots, and neutrality tests suggested that P. olivaceus experienced population expansion during the Pleistocene. Ocean currents and climate change play important roles in shaping the geographical distribution and genetic population structure of P. olivaceus.

Developing and implementing a methodology for forecasting of medical doctors in Slovenia

Abstract Issue/problem Modelling and forecasting the number of health professionals in Slovenia, in particular medical doctors, and nurses, has been a serious challenge for health policy for decades. No serious methodology has ever been implemented to support this process. Description of the problem Methodology was developed with the support of the EU SRSS (Structural Reform Support Service) mechanism and further adapted according to the specifics of the Slovenian health system and of the needs of the MoH. The project took two years and was developed jointly with the relevant stakeholders - MoH, National Health Insurance, Medical and Nursing Chambers, Association of Public providers of health care. It was building on the experiences of Austria and Germany. Methodology included the supply and demand side of retrospective data and forecasting data on the population demographic structure as well as the current numbers of doctors and nurses in training. Results We have developed a model for forecasting the needs for medical specialists and we tested it on the example of paediatrics, gynaecology, orthopaedics, general surgery, neurology, infectious diseases, and urology. We calculated the forecasted needed numbers for the year 2035 for each of the specialties, where we also indicated the increases and decreases in demand expected based on the demographic, epidemiological and service use projections. Lessons Most importantly, the report was endorsed by all the participating stakeholders in the process. The MoH adopted the methodology as a part of the planning mechanism for prospective and current needs for medical specialists in training. Some flaws in the processes identified together with the inadequacies in the updating of data on health professionals led to the MoH’s recommendations to providers on regularly updating their data in the national health providers’ registry. Key messages • Methodology developed in the project was implemented as a part of the requirement for the planning of medical specialists. • Processes enacted in the project contributed to the improvements in the national health providers registry.

ШЫҒЫС ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЭТНОДЕМОГРАФИЯЛЫҚ ҮДЕРІСТЕРДІҢ КЕЙБІР МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ (ХХ ғ. 20-30 жж.)

The article is dealing with the study of ethnodemographic processes in East Kazakhstan in the 1920-1930s. The paper analyzes aspects of the growth and decline of ethno-demographic changes in the studies of the twentieth century, the political situation in Kazakhstan in 1920-1930s and its influence and changes in ethno-demography, the state of the political life of the deported ethnic groups, the course and directions of ethno-cultural development in the region and the role of ethnic groups in the culture of Kazakhstan .The 1920s and 1930s were full of political events and campaigns. During the Civil War, the situation was aggravated by the neglect of taxes and the confiscation by the military of all food available to the army, despite protests. The article discusses the features of the study of demographic processes, population structure, location and significance. The political changes of the 1930s had a significant impact on the socio-demographic development of the population of the East Kazakhstan region. The local population has decreased, but the population growth has occurred at the expense of other nationalities. In the article, based on extensive archival materials, the author introduces the history of the peoples who moved to the Semipalatinsk and East Kazakhstan regions in 1930. Studies of the demographic situation of the population of the region during the famine of the 1930s were written using archival documents and periodicals, scientific research. The system of concepts of demographic science was also analyzed, its history and current state, its connection with sociology and social policy were considered.

Assessment of Factors Associated With Community-Acquired Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infections in France

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is considered a leading pathogen contributing to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. To better understand factors associated with the heterogeneity of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) in France. This cross-sectional study performed from January 1 to December 31, 2021, was based on data collected via PRIMO (Surveillance and Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Primary Care and Nursing Homes), a nationwide clinical laboratory surveillance system in France. Strains of E coli isolated from community urine samples from January 1 to December 31, 2019, from 59 administrative departments of metropolitan France were included. Quasi-Poisson regression models were used to assess the associations between several ecological factors available on government and administration websites between 2010 and 2020 (demographic population structure, living conditions, baseline health care services, antibiotic consumptions, economic indicators, animal farming density, and environmental characteristics) and the number of ESBL-producing E coli strains isolated from urine samples of individuals with community-acquired UTI in 2019. Among 444 281 E coli isolates from urine samples tested in 1013 laboratories, the mean prevalence of ESBL-producing E coli was 3.0% (range, 1.4%-8.8%). In an adjusted model, the number of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli UTIs in each department was positively associated with the percentage of children younger than 5 years (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.112 [95% CI, 0.040-0.185]; P = .004), overcrowded households (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.049 [95% CI, 0.034 to 0.062]; P < .001), consumption of fluoroquinolones (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.002 [95% CI, 0.001-0.002]; P < .001), and tetracyclines (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.0002 [0.00004 to 0.00039]; P = .02), and poultry density (adjusted β1 coefficient, 0.0001 [95% CI, 0.0001-0.0002]; P < .001). The social deprivation index (adjusted β1 coefficient, -0.115 [95% CI, -0.165 to -0.064]; P < .001) and the proportion of water surface area (adjusted β1 coefficient, -0.052 [-0.081 to -0.024]; P = .001) were negatively associated with a higher number of community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli UTIs. The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that multiple human health, animal health, and environmental factors are associated with the occurence of community-acquired ESBL E coli UTI. Strategies to mitigate ESBL in the community should follow the One Health approach and address the role played by fluoroquinolones, tetracycline use, poultry density, overcrowded households, and preschool-aged children.

Genocid nad Bošnjacima i demografske promjene na području Višegrada 1991-2013.

Commission of individual and mass crimes against values protected by international law, including the crime of genocide, was also directed towards changes in ethnic and demographic structures of population. All these are the features of fascistic, great state ideologies and policies. The most severe and most brutal forms of the implementation of the great state projects took place in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-1995. Namely, the great-Serbian genocidal ideology and policy has in continuity for more than two centuries practiced mass crimes against values protected by international law, including the crime of genocide against Bosniacs. Already in 1992, and independent, sovereign and internationally recognised Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was exposed to a brutal armed aggression by the neighbouring Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). The objective of the aggression was fulfilment of several century long great state goal, and/or final completion of the space in which Serbs would dominantly live – the great Serbia. This goal was not possible without execution of grave forms of war crimes, namely in final destruction Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state and society. Impacts of such approach are particularly visible in the aspect of changes in demographic structure of population. Strategically important space for great-Serbian genocidal ideology and policy was and is the space of Bosnian Podrinje. Crime committed against Bosniacs in 1992-1995, including those committed in Višegrad, are essential part of the enforcement of the great-Serbian genocidal plan on making ethnically “clean” territories. According to 1991 census, there were 21,199 residents of Višegrad, of which 13,471 Bosniacs (63.54%) and 6,743 Serbs (31.80%). The Bosniacs of Višegrad were, especially in spring and summer of 1992, subjected to different forms of crimes, including mass murders, setting on fire, incarceration in camps, rapes, and persecution of civilians. Regardless of huge extent of crimes, the genocidal ideology was not given up even after the signing of the Dayton peace agreement. Adapted to peacetime conditions, even today, thirty years since the aggression, different forms of psychological and physical violence against Bosniacs have been used in Višegrad. Frequent attacks and harassment of returnees are followed by, for example line-up of members of the Ravna Gora Chetnic movement, a symbol of crimes against Bosniacs of Podrinje area in the WWII, or celebration of the Day of Russian Volunteers, who took part in the attacks and crimes against Podrinje Bosniacs during the aggression. Open discrimination and dehumanisation of Bosniacs returnees, permanent celebration of crimes and criminals are everyday events. All of this negatively affects continuation of the process of return of Bosniacs to their historic residence. The analysis of the contents of the relevant archives, especially two relevant censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 and 2013) shall elaborate the demographic changes, which took place in Višegrad in this relevant period. It is the fact that the Bosniacs are today the absolute minority in Višegrad, which is the result of the committed crimes, including the genocide against Bosniacs, which ultimately resulted in the altered ethnic demographic structure of population. Višegrad is also subjected to a fast process of ageing, both due to the reduced number of returnees and due to the emigration of biologically productive population. Even all the other demographic indicators suggest that Višegrad is becoming the town of old people and general societal hopelessness, which shall be also detailed in the paper. This is also one of the ways to fully implement the practice of ethnically clean “Serb” territories. Nowadays, the political leaders of the smaller BiH entity and municipality Višegrad are preoccupied with the policy of denial of Bosniacs identity markers and provision of hopelessness for returnees, which finally brings no good to population in general, regardless of their ethnic background.